gdb/valops.c

/* Perform non-arithmetic operations on values, for GDB.

   Copyright (C) 1986-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of GDB.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */

#include "event-top.h"
#include "extract-store-integer.h"
#include "symtab.h"
#include "gdbtypes.h"
#include "value.h"
#include "frame.h"
#include "inferior.h"
#include "gdbcore.h"
#include "target.h"
#include "demangle.h"
#include "language.h"
#include "cli/cli-cmds.h"
#include "regcache.h"
#include "cp-abi.h"
#include "block.h"
#include "infcall.h"
#include "dictionary.h"
#include "cp-support.h"
#include "target-float.h"
#include "tracepoint.h"
#include "observable.h"
#include "objfiles.h"
#include "extension.h"
#include "gdbtypes.h"
#include "gdbsupport/byte-vector.h"
#include "typeprint.h"

/* Local functions.  */

static int typecmp (bool staticp, bool varargs, int nargs,
		    struct field t1[], const gdb::array_view<value *> t2);

static struct value *search_struct_field (const char *, struct value *, 
					  struct type *, int);

static struct value *search_struct_method (const char *, struct value **,
					   std::optional<gdb::array_view<value *>>,
					   LONGEST, int *, struct type *);

static int find_oload_champ_namespace (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
				       const char *, const char *,
				       std::vector<symbol *> *oload_syms,
				       badness_vector *,
				       const int no_adl);

static int find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
					    const char *, const char *,
					    int, std::vector<symbol *> *oload_syms,
					    badness_vector *, int *,
					    const int no_adl);

static int find_oload_champ (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
			     size_t num_fns,
			     fn_field *methods,
			     xmethod_worker_up *xmethods,
			     symbol **functions,
			     badness_vector *oload_champ_bv);

static int oload_method_static_p (struct fn_field *, int);

enum oload_classification { STANDARD, NON_STANDARD, INCOMPATIBLE };

static enum oload_classification classify_oload_match
  (const badness_vector &, int, int);

static struct value *value_struct_elt_for_reference (struct type *,
						     int, struct type *,
						     const char *,
						     struct type *,
						     int, enum noside);

static struct value *value_namespace_elt (const struct type *,
					  const char *, int , enum noside);

static struct value *value_maybe_namespace_elt (const struct type *,
						const char *, int,
						enum noside);

static CORE_ADDR allocate_space_in_inferior (int);

static struct value *cast_into_complex (struct type *, struct value *);

bool overload_resolution = false;
static void
show_overload_resolution (struct ui_file *file, int from_tty,
			  struct cmd_list_element *c, 
			  const char *value)
{
  gdb_printf (file, _("Overload resolution in evaluating "
		      "C++ functions is %s.\n"),
	      value);
}

/* Find the address of function name NAME in the inferior.  If OBJF_P
   is non-NULL, *OBJF_P will be set to the OBJFILE where the function
   is defined.  */

struct value *
find_function_in_inferior (const char *name, struct objfile **objf_p)
{
  struct block_symbol sym;

  sym = lookup_symbol (name, nullptr, SEARCH_TYPE_DOMAIN, nullptr);
  if (sym.symbol != NULL)
    {
      if (objf_p)
	*objf_p = sym.symbol->objfile ();

      return value_of_variable (sym.symbol, sym.block);
    }
  else
    {
      bound_minimal_symbol msymbol
	= lookup_minimal_symbol (current_program_space, name);

      if (msymbol.minsym != NULL)
	{
	  struct objfile *objfile = msymbol.objfile;
	  struct gdbarch *gdbarch = objfile->arch ();

	  struct type *type;
	  CORE_ADDR maddr;
	  type = lookup_pointer_type (builtin_type (gdbarch)->builtin_char);
	  type = lookup_function_type (type);
	  type = lookup_pointer_type (type);
	  maddr = msymbol.value_address ();

	  if (objf_p)
	    *objf_p = objfile;

	  return value_from_pointer (type, maddr);
	}
      else
	{
	  if (!target_has_execution ())
	    error (_("evaluation of this expression "
		     "requires the target program to be active"));
	  else
	    error (_("evaluation of this expression requires the "
		     "program to have a function \"%s\"."),
		   name);
	}
    }
}

/* Allocate NBYTES of space in the inferior using the inferior's
   malloc and return a value that is a pointer to the allocated
   space.  */

struct value *
value_allocate_space_in_inferior (int len)
{
  struct objfile *objf;
  struct value *val = find_function_in_inferior ("malloc", &objf);
  struct gdbarch *gdbarch = objf->arch ();
  struct value *blocklen;

  blocklen = value_from_longest (builtin_type (gdbarch)->builtin_int, len);
  val = call_function_by_hand (val, NULL, blocklen);
  if (value_logical_not (val))
    {
      if (!target_has_execution ())
	error (_("No memory available to program now: "
		 "you need to start the target first"));
      else
	error (_("No memory available to program: call to malloc failed"));
    }
  return val;
}

static CORE_ADDR
allocate_space_in_inferior (int len)
{
  return value_as_long (value_allocate_space_in_inferior (len));
}

/* Cast struct value VAL to type TYPE and return as a value.
   Both type and val must be of TYPE_CODE_STRUCT or TYPE_CODE_UNION
   for this to work.  Typedef to one of the codes is permitted.
   Returns NULL if the cast is neither an upcast nor a downcast.  */

static struct value *
value_cast_structs (struct type *type, struct value *v2)
{
  struct type *t1;
  struct type *t2;
  struct value *v;

  gdb_assert (type != NULL && v2 != NULL);

  t1 = check_typedef (type);
  t2 = check_typedef (v2->type ());

  /* Check preconditions.  */
  gdb_assert ((t1->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
	       || t1->code () == TYPE_CODE_UNION)
	      && !!"Precondition is that type is of STRUCT or UNION kind.");
  gdb_assert ((t2->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
	       || t2->code () == TYPE_CODE_UNION)
	      && !!"Precondition is that value is of STRUCT or UNION kind");

  if (t1->name () != NULL
      && t2->name () != NULL
      && !strcmp (t1->name (), t2->name ()))
    return NULL;

  /* Upcasting: look in the type of the source to see if it contains the
     type of the target as a superclass.  If so, we'll need to
     offset the pointer rather than just change its type.  */
  if (t1->name () != NULL)
    {
      v = search_struct_field (t1->name (),
			       v2, t2, 1);
      if (v)
	return v;
    }

  /* Downcasting: look in the type of the target to see if it contains the
     type of the source as a superclass.  If so, we'll need to
     offset the pointer rather than just change its type.  */
  if (t2->name () != NULL)
    {
      /* Try downcasting using the run-time type of the value.  */
      int full, using_enc;
      LONGEST top;
      struct type *real_type;

      real_type = value_rtti_type (v2, &full, &top, &using_enc);
      if (real_type)
	{
	  v = value_full_object (v2, real_type, full, top, using_enc);
	  v = value_at_lazy (real_type, v->address ());
	  real_type = v->type ();

	  /* We might be trying to cast to the outermost enclosing
	     type, in which case search_struct_field won't work.  */
	  if (real_type->name () != NULL
	      && !strcmp (real_type->name (), t1->name ()))
	    return v;

	  v = search_struct_field (t2->name (), v, real_type, 1);
	  if (v)
	    return v;
	}

      /* Try downcasting using information from the destination type
	 T2.  This wouldn't work properly for classes with virtual
	 bases, but those were handled above.  */
      v = search_struct_field (t2->name (),
			       value::zero (t1, not_lval), t1, 1);
      if (v)
	{
	  /* Downcasting is possible (t1 is superclass of v2).  */
	  CORE_ADDR addr2 = v2->address () + v2->embedded_offset ();

	  addr2 -= v->address () + v->embedded_offset ();
	  return value_at (type, addr2);
	}
    }

  return NULL;
}

/* Cast one pointer or reference type to another.  Both TYPE and
   the type of ARG2 should be pointer types, or else both should be
   reference types.  If SUBCLASS_CHECK is non-zero, this will force a
   check to see whether TYPE is a superclass of ARG2's type.  If
   SUBCLASS_CHECK is zero, then the subclass check is done only when
   ARG2 is itself non-zero.  Returns the new pointer or reference.  */

struct value *
value_cast_pointers (struct type *type, struct value *arg2,
		     int subclass_check)
{
  struct type *type1 = check_typedef (type);
  struct type *type2 = check_typedef (arg2->type ());
  struct type *t1 = check_typedef (type1->target_type ());
  struct type *t2 = check_typedef (type2->target_type ());

  if (t1->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
      && t2->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
      && (subclass_check || !value_logical_not (arg2)))
    {
      struct value *v2;

      if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (type2))
	v2 = coerce_ref (arg2);
      else
	v2 = value_ind (arg2);
      gdb_assert (check_typedef (v2->type ())->code ()
		  == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT && !!"Why did coercion fail?");
      v2 = value_cast_structs (t1, v2);
      /* At this point we have what we can have, un-dereference if needed.  */
      if (v2)
	{
	  struct value *v = value_addr (v2);

	  v->deprecated_set_type (type);
	  return v;
	}
    }

  /* No superclass found, just change the pointer type.  */
  arg2 = arg2->copy ();
  arg2->deprecated_set_type (type);
  arg2->set_enclosing_type (type);
  arg2->set_pointed_to_offset (0);	/* pai: chk_val */
  return arg2;
}

/* See value.h.  */

gdb_mpq
value_to_gdb_mpq (struct value *value)
{
  struct type *type = check_typedef (value->type ());

  gdb_mpq result;
  if (is_floating_type (type))
    result = target_float_to_host_double (value->contents ().data (), type);
  else
    {
      gdb_assert (is_integral_type (type)
		  || is_fixed_point_type (type));

      gdb_mpz vz;
      vz.read (value->contents (), type_byte_order (type),
	       type->is_unsigned ());
      result = vz;

      if (is_fixed_point_type (type))
	result *= type->fixed_point_scaling_factor ();
    }

  return result;
}

/* Assuming that TO_TYPE is a fixed point type, return a value
   corresponding to the cast of FROM_VAL to that type.  */

static struct value *
value_cast_to_fixed_point (struct type *to_type, struct value *from_val)
{
  struct type *from_type = from_val->type ();

  if (from_type == to_type)
    return from_val;

  if (!is_floating_type (from_type)
      && !is_integral_type (from_type)
      && !is_fixed_point_type (from_type))
    error (_("Invalid conversion from type %s to fixed point type %s"),
	   from_type->name (), to_type->name ());

  gdb_mpq vq = value_to_gdb_mpq (from_val);

  /* Divide that value by the scaling factor to obtain the unscaled
     value, first in rational form, and then in integer form.  */

  vq /= to_type->fixed_point_scaling_factor ();
  gdb_mpz unscaled = vq.get_rounded ();

  /* Finally, create the result value, and pack the unscaled value
     in it.  */
  struct value *result = value::allocate (to_type);
  unscaled.write (result->contents_raw (),
		  type_byte_order (to_type),
		  to_type->is_unsigned ());

  return result;
}

/* Cast value ARG2 to type TYPE and return as a value.
   More general than a C cast: accepts any two types of the same length,
   and if ARG2 is an lvalue it can be cast into anything at all.  */
/* In C++, casts may change pointer or object representations.  */

struct value *
value_cast (struct type *type, struct value *arg2)
{
  enum type_code code1;
  enum type_code code2;
  int scalar;
  struct type *type2;

  int convert_to_boolean = 0;

  /* TYPE might be equal in meaning to the existing type of ARG2, but for
     many reasons, might be a different type object (e.g. TYPE might be a
     gdbarch owned type, while ARG2->type () could be an objfile owned
     type).

     In this case we want to preserve the LVAL of ARG2 as this allows the
     resulting value to be used in more places.  We do this by calling
     VALUE_COPY if appropriate.  */
  if (types_deeply_equal (make_unqualified_type (arg2->type ()),
			  make_unqualified_type (type)))
    {
      /* If the types are exactly equal then we can avoid creating a new
	 value completely.  */
      if (arg2->type () != type)
	{
	  arg2 = arg2->copy ();
	  arg2->deprecated_set_type (type);
	}
      return arg2;
    }

  if (is_fixed_point_type (type))
    return value_cast_to_fixed_point (type, arg2);

  /* Check if we are casting struct reference to struct reference.  */
  if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (check_typedef (type)))
    {
      /* We dereference type; then we recurse and finally
	 we generate value of the given reference.  Nothing wrong with 
	 that.  */
      struct type *t1 = check_typedef (type);
      struct type *dereftype = check_typedef (t1->target_type ());
      struct value *val = value_cast (dereftype, arg2);

      return value_ref (val, t1->code ());
    }

  if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (check_typedef (arg2->type ())))
    /* We deref the value and then do the cast.  */
    return value_cast (type, coerce_ref (arg2)); 

  /* Strip typedefs / resolve stubs in order to get at the type's
     code/length, but remember the original type, to use as the
     resulting type of the cast, in case it was a typedef.  */
  struct type *to_type = type;

  type = check_typedef (type);
  code1 = type->code ();
  arg2 = coerce_ref (arg2);
  type2 = check_typedef (arg2->type ());

  /* You can't cast to a reference type.  See value_cast_pointers
     instead.  */
  gdb_assert (!TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (type));

  /* A cast to an undetermined-length array_type, such as 
     (TYPE [])OBJECT, is treated like a cast to (TYPE [N])OBJECT,
     where N is sizeof(OBJECT)/sizeof(TYPE).  */
  if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
    {
      struct type *element_type = type->target_type ();
      unsigned element_length = check_typedef (element_type)->length ();

      if (element_length > 0 && type->bounds ()->high.kind () == PROP_UNDEFINED)
	{
	  struct type *range_type = type->index_type ();
	  int val_length = type2->length ();
	  LONGEST low_bound, high_bound, new_length;

	  if (!get_discrete_bounds (range_type, &low_bound, &high_bound))
	    low_bound = 0, high_bound = 0;
	  new_length = val_length / element_length;
	  if (val_length % element_length != 0)
	    warning (_("array element type size does not "
		       "divide object size in cast"));
	  /* FIXME-type-allocation: need a way to free this type when
	     we are done with it.  */
	  type_allocator alloc (range_type->target_type ());
	  range_type = create_static_range_type (alloc,
						 range_type->target_type (),
						 low_bound,
						 new_length + low_bound - 1);
	  arg2->deprecated_set_type (create_array_type (alloc,
							element_type, 
							range_type));
	  return arg2;
	}
    }

  if (current_language->c_style_arrays_p ()
      && type2->code () == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
      && !type2->is_vector ())
    arg2 = value_coerce_array (arg2);

  if (type2->code () == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
    arg2 = value_coerce_function (arg2);

  type2 = check_typedef (arg2->type ());
  code2 = type2->code ();

  if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX)
    return cast_into_complex (to_type, arg2);
  if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_BOOL)
    {
      code1 = TYPE_CODE_INT;
      convert_to_boolean = 1;
    }
  if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_CHAR)
    code1 = TYPE_CODE_INT;
  if (code2 == TYPE_CODE_BOOL || code2 == TYPE_CODE_CHAR)
    code2 = TYPE_CODE_INT;

  scalar = (code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT || code2 == TYPE_CODE_FLT
	    || code2 == TYPE_CODE_DECFLOAT || code2 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM
	    || code2 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE
	    || is_fixed_point_type (type2));

  if ((code1 == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT || code1 == TYPE_CODE_UNION)
      && (code2 == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT || code2 == TYPE_CODE_UNION)
      && type->name () != 0)
    {
      struct value *v = value_cast_structs (to_type, arg2);

      if (v)
	return v;
    }

  if (is_floating_type (type) && scalar)
    {
      if (is_floating_value (arg2))
	{
	  struct value *v = value::allocate (to_type);
	  target_float_convert (arg2->contents ().data (), type2,
				v->contents_raw ().data (), type);
	  return v;
	}
      else if (is_fixed_point_type (type2))
	{
	  gdb_mpq fp_val;

	  fp_val.read_fixed_point (arg2->contents (),
				   type_byte_order (type2),
				   type2->is_unsigned (),
				   type2->fixed_point_scaling_factor ());

	  struct value *v = value::allocate (to_type);
	  target_float_from_host_double (v->contents_raw ().data (),
					 to_type, fp_val.as_double ());
	  return v;
	}

      /* The only option left is an integral type.  */
      if (type2->is_unsigned ())
	return value_from_ulongest (to_type, value_as_long (arg2));
      else
	return value_from_longest (to_type, value_as_long (arg2));
    }
  else if ((code1 == TYPE_CODE_INT || code1 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM
	    || code1 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE)
	   && (scalar || code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR
	       || code2 == TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR))
    {
      gdb_mpz longest;

      /* When we cast pointers to integers, we mustn't use
	 gdbarch_pointer_to_address to find the address the pointer
	 represents, as value_as_long would.  GDB should evaluate
	 expressions just as the compiler would --- and the compiler
	 sees a cast as a simple reinterpretation of the pointer's
	 bits.  */
      if (code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	longest = extract_unsigned_integer (arg2->contents (),
					    type_byte_order (type2));
      else
	longest = value_as_mpz (arg2);
      if (convert_to_boolean)
	longest = bool (longest);

      return value_from_mpz (to_type, longest);
    }
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_PTR && (code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT  
				      || code2 == TYPE_CODE_ENUM 
				      || code2 == TYPE_CODE_RANGE))
    {
      /* type->length () is the length of a pointer, but we really
	 want the length of an address! -- we are really dealing with
	 addresses (i.e., gdb representations) not pointers (i.e.,
	 target representations) here.

	 This allows things like "print *(int *)0x01000234" to work
	 without printing a misleading message -- which would
	 otherwise occur when dealing with a target having two byte
	 pointers and four byte addresses.  */

      int addr_bit = gdbarch_addr_bit (type2->arch ());
      gdb_mpz longest = value_as_mpz (arg2);

      gdb_mpz addr_val = gdb_mpz (1) << addr_bit;
      if (longest >= addr_val || longest <= -addr_val)
	warning (_("value truncated"));

      return value_from_mpz (to_type, longest);
    }
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR && code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT
	   && value_as_long (arg2) == 0)
    {
      struct value *result = value::allocate (to_type);

      cplus_make_method_ptr (to_type,
			     result->contents_writeable ().data (), 0, 0);
      return result;
    }
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR && code2 == TYPE_CODE_INT
	   && value_as_long (arg2) == 0)
    {
      /* The Itanium C++ ABI represents NULL pointers to members as
	 minus one, instead of biasing the normal case.  */
      return value_from_longest (to_type, -1);
    }
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY && type->is_vector ()
	   && code2 == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY && type2->is_vector ()
	   && type->length () != type2->length ())
    error (_("Cannot convert between vector values of different sizes"));
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY && type->is_vector () && scalar
	   && type->length () != type2->length ())
    error (_("can only cast scalar to vector of same size"));
  else if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
    {
      return value::zero (to_type, not_lval);
    }
  else if (type->length () == type2->length ())
    {
      if (code1 == TYPE_CODE_PTR && code2 == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	return value_cast_pointers (to_type, arg2, 0);

      arg2 = arg2->copy ();
      arg2->deprecated_set_type (to_type);
      arg2->set_enclosing_type (to_type);
      arg2->set_pointed_to_offset (0);	/* pai: chk_val */
      return arg2;
    }
  else if (arg2->lval () == lval_memory)
    return value_at_lazy (to_type, arg2->address ());
  else
    {
      if (current_language->la_language == language_ada)
	error (_("Invalid type conversion."));
      error (_("Invalid cast."));
    }
}

/* The C++ reinterpret_cast operator.  */

struct value *
value_reinterpret_cast (struct type *type, struct value *arg)
{
  struct value *result;
  struct type *real_type = check_typedef (type);
  struct type *arg_type, *dest_type;
  int is_ref = 0;
  enum type_code dest_code, arg_code;

  /* Do reference, function, and array conversion.  */
  arg = coerce_array (arg);

  /* Attempt to preserve the type the user asked for.  */
  dest_type = type;

  /* If we are casting to a reference type, transform
     reinterpret_cast<T&[&]>(V) to *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&V).  */
  if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (real_type))
    {
      is_ref = 1;
      arg = value_addr (arg);
      dest_type = lookup_pointer_type (dest_type->target_type ());
      real_type = lookup_pointer_type (real_type);
    }

  arg_type = arg->type ();

  dest_code = real_type->code ();
  arg_code = arg_type->code ();

  /* We can convert pointer types, or any pointer type to int, or int
     type to pointer.  */
  if ((dest_code == TYPE_CODE_PTR && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_INT)
      || (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_INT && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
      || (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_INT)
      || (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_INT && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR)
      || (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_INT)
      || (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_INT && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR)
      || (dest_code == arg_code
	  && (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR
	      || dest_code == TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR)))
    result = value_cast (dest_type, arg);
  else if (dest_code == TYPE_CODE_PTR && arg_code == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
    {
      /* Don't do any up- or downcasting.  */
      result = arg->copy ();
      result->deprecated_set_type (dest_type);
      result->set_enclosing_type (dest_type);
      result->set_pointed_to_offset (0);
    }
  else
    error (_("Invalid reinterpret_cast"));

  if (is_ref)
    result = value_cast (type, value_ref (value_ind (result),
					  type->code ()));

  return result;
}

/* A helper for value_dynamic_cast.  This implements the first of two
   runtime checks: we iterate over all the base classes of the value's
   class which are equal to the desired class; if only one of these
   holds the value, then it is the answer.  */

static int
dynamic_cast_check_1 (struct type *desired_type,
		      const gdb_byte *valaddr,
		      LONGEST embedded_offset,
		      CORE_ADDR address,
		      struct value *val,
		      struct type *search_type,
		      CORE_ADDR arg_addr,
		      struct type *arg_type,
		      struct value **result)
{
  int i, result_count = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (search_type) && result_count < 2; ++i)
    {
      LONGEST offset = baseclass_offset (search_type, i, valaddr,
					 embedded_offset,
					 address, val);

      if (class_types_same_p (desired_type, TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i)))
	{
	  if (address + embedded_offset + offset >= arg_addr
	      && address + embedded_offset + offset < arg_addr + arg_type->length ())
	    {
	      ++result_count;
	      if (!*result)
		*result = value_at_lazy (TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i),
					 address + embedded_offset + offset);
	    }
	}
      else
	result_count += dynamic_cast_check_1 (desired_type,
					      valaddr,
					      embedded_offset + offset,
					      address, val,
					      TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i),
					      arg_addr,
					      arg_type,
					      result);
    }

  return result_count;
}

/* A helper for value_dynamic_cast.  This implements the second of two
   runtime checks: we look for a unique public sibling class of the
   argument's declared class.  */

static int
dynamic_cast_check_2 (struct type *desired_type,
		      const gdb_byte *valaddr,
		      LONGEST embedded_offset,
		      CORE_ADDR address,
		      struct value *val,
		      struct type *search_type,
		      struct value **result)
{
  int i, result_count = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (search_type) && result_count < 2; ++i)
    {
      LONGEST offset;

      if (! BASETYPE_VIA_PUBLIC (search_type, i))
	continue;

      offset = baseclass_offset (search_type, i, valaddr, embedded_offset,
				 address, val);
      if (class_types_same_p (desired_type, TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i)))
	{
	  ++result_count;
	  if (*result == NULL)
	    *result = value_at_lazy (TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i),
				     address + embedded_offset + offset);
	}
      else
	result_count += dynamic_cast_check_2 (desired_type,
					      valaddr,
					      embedded_offset + offset,
					      address, val,
					      TYPE_BASECLASS (search_type, i),
					      result);
    }

  return result_count;
}

/* The C++ dynamic_cast operator.  */

struct value *
value_dynamic_cast (struct type *type, struct value *arg)
{
  int full, using_enc;
  LONGEST top;
  struct type *resolved_type = check_typedef (type);
  struct type *arg_type = check_typedef (arg->type ());
  struct type *class_type, *rtti_type;
  struct value *result, *tem, *original_arg = arg;
  CORE_ADDR addr;
  int is_ref = TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (resolved_type);

  if (resolved_type->code () != TYPE_CODE_PTR
      && !TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (resolved_type))
    error (_("Argument to dynamic_cast must be a pointer or reference type"));
  if (resolved_type->target_type ()->code () != TYPE_CODE_VOID
      && resolved_type->target_type ()->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
    error (_("Argument to dynamic_cast must be pointer to class or `void *'"));

  class_type = check_typedef (resolved_type->target_type ());
  if (resolved_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
    {
      if (arg_type->code () != TYPE_CODE_PTR
	  && ! (arg_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_INT
		&& value_as_long (arg) == 0))
	error (_("Argument to dynamic_cast does not have pointer type"));
      if (arg_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	{
	  arg_type = check_typedef (arg_type->target_type ());
	  if (arg_type->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
	    error (_("Argument to dynamic_cast does "
		     "not have pointer to class type"));
	}

      /* Handle NULL pointers.  */
      if (value_as_long (arg) == 0)
	return value::zero (type, not_lval);

      arg = value_ind (arg);
    }
  else
    {
      if (arg_type->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
	error (_("Argument to dynamic_cast does not have class type"));
    }

  /* If the classes are the same, just return the argument.  */
  if (class_types_same_p (class_type, arg_type))
    return value_cast (type, original_arg);

  /* If the target type is a unique base class of the argument's
     declared type, just cast it.  */
  if (is_ancestor (class_type, arg_type))
    {
      if (is_unique_ancestor (class_type, arg))
	return value_cast (type, original_arg);
      error (_("Ambiguous dynamic_cast"));
    }

  rtti_type = value_rtti_type (arg, &full, &top, &using_enc);
  if (! rtti_type)
    error (_("Couldn't determine value's most derived type for dynamic_cast"));

  /* Compute the most derived object's address.  */
  addr = arg->address ();
  if (full)
    {
      /* Done.  */
    }
  else if (using_enc)
    addr += top;
  else
    addr += top + arg->embedded_offset ();

  /* dynamic_cast<void *> means to return a pointer to the
     most-derived object.  */
  if (resolved_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR
      && resolved_type->target_type ()->code () == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
    return value_at_lazy (type, addr);

  tem = value_at (resolved_type->target_type (), addr);
  type = (is_ref
	  ? lookup_reference_type (tem->type (), resolved_type->code ())
	  : lookup_pointer_type (tem->type ()));

  /* The first dynamic check specified in 5.2.7.  */
  if (is_public_ancestor (arg_type, resolved_type->target_type ()))
    {
      if (class_types_same_p (rtti_type, resolved_type->target_type ()))
	return (is_ref
		? value_ref (tem, resolved_type->code ())
		: value_addr (tem));
      result = NULL;
      if (dynamic_cast_check_1 (resolved_type->target_type (),
				tem->contents_for_printing ().data (),
				tem->embedded_offset (),
				tem->address (), tem,
				rtti_type, addr,
				arg_type,
				&result) == 1)
	return value_cast (type,
			   is_ref
			   ? value_ref (result, resolved_type->code ())
			   : value_addr (result));
    }

  /* The second dynamic check specified in 5.2.7.  */
  result = NULL;
  if (is_public_ancestor (arg_type, rtti_type)
      && dynamic_cast_check_2 (resolved_type->target_type (),
			       tem->contents_for_printing ().data (),
			       tem->embedded_offset (),
			       tem->address (), tem,
			       rtti_type, &result) == 1)
    return value_cast (type,
		       is_ref
		       ? value_ref (result, resolved_type->code ())
		       : value_addr (result));

  if (resolved_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
    return value::zero (type, not_lval);

  error (_("dynamic_cast failed"));
}

/* Create a not_lval value of numeric type TYPE that is one, and return it.  */

struct value *
value_one (struct type *type)
{
  struct type *type1 = check_typedef (type);
  struct value *val;

  if (is_integral_type (type1) || is_floating_type (type1))
    {
      val = value_from_longest (type, (LONGEST) 1);
    }
  else if (type1->code () == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY && type1->is_vector ())
    {
      struct type *eltype = check_typedef (type1->target_type ());
      int i;
      LONGEST low_bound, high_bound;

      if (!get_array_bounds (type1, &low_bound, &high_bound))
	error (_("Could not determine the vector bounds"));

      val = value::allocate (type);
      gdb::array_view<gdb_byte> val_contents = val->contents_writeable ();
      int elt_len = eltype->length ();

      for (i = 0; i < high_bound - low_bound + 1; i++)
	{
	  value *tmp = value_one (eltype);
	  copy (tmp->contents_all (),
		val_contents.slice (i * elt_len, elt_len));
	}
    }
  else
    {
      error (_("Not a numeric type."));
    }

  /* value_one result is never used for assignments to.  */
  gdb_assert (val->lval () == not_lval);

  return val;
}

/* Helper function for value_at, value_at_lazy, and value_at_lazy_stack.
   The type of the created value may differ from the passed type TYPE.
   Make sure to retrieve the returned values's new type after this call
   e.g. in case the type is a variable length array.  */

static struct value *
get_value_at (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr, const frame_info_ptr &frame,
	      int lazy)
{
  struct value *val;

  if (check_typedef (type)->code () == TYPE_CODE_VOID)
    error (_("Attempt to dereference a generic pointer."));

  val = value_from_contents_and_address (type, NULL, addr, frame);

  if (!lazy)
    val->fetch_lazy ();

  return val;
}

/* Return a value with type TYPE located at ADDR.

   Call value_at only if the data needs to be fetched immediately;
   if we can be 'lazy' and defer the fetch, perhaps indefinitely, call
   value_at_lazy instead.  value_at_lazy simply records the address of
   the data and sets the lazy-evaluation-required flag.  The lazy flag
   is tested in the value_contents macro, which is used if and when
   the contents are actually required.  The type of the created value
   may differ from the passed type TYPE.  Make sure to retrieve the
   returned values's new type after this call e.g. in case the type
   is a variable length array.

   Note: value_at does *NOT* handle embedded offsets; perform such
   adjustments before or after calling it.  */

struct value *
value_at (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr)
{
  return get_value_at (type, addr, nullptr, 0);
}

/* See value.h.  */

struct value *
value_at_non_lval (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr)
{
  struct value *result = value_at (type, addr);
  result->set_lval (not_lval);
  return result;
}

/* Return a lazy value with type TYPE located at ADDR (cf. value_at).
   The type of the created value may differ from the passed type TYPE.
   Make sure to retrieve the returned values's new type after this call
   e.g. in case the type is a variable length array.  */

struct value *
value_at_lazy (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr, const frame_info_ptr &frame)
{
  return get_value_at (type, addr, frame, 1);
}

void
read_value_memory (struct value *val, LONGEST bit_offset,
		   bool stack, CORE_ADDR memaddr,
		   gdb_byte *buffer, size_t length)
{
  ULONGEST xfered_total = 0;
  struct gdbarch *arch = val->arch ();
  int unit_size = gdbarch_addressable_memory_unit_size (arch);
  enum target_object object;

  object = stack ? TARGET_OBJECT_STACK_MEMORY : TARGET_OBJECT_MEMORY;

  while (xfered_total < length)
    {
      enum target_xfer_status status;
      ULONGEST xfered_partial;

      status = target_xfer_partial (current_inferior ()->top_target (),
				    object, NULL,
				    buffer + xfered_total * unit_size, NULL,
				    memaddr + xfered_total,
				    length - xfered_total,
				    &xfered_partial);

      if (status == TARGET_XFER_OK)
	/* nothing */;
      else if (status == TARGET_XFER_UNAVAILABLE)
	val->mark_bits_unavailable ((xfered_total * HOST_CHAR_BIT
				     + bit_offset),
				    xfered_partial * HOST_CHAR_BIT);
      else if (status == TARGET_XFER_EOF)
	memory_error (TARGET_XFER_E_IO, memaddr + xfered_total);
      else
	memory_error (status, memaddr + xfered_total);

      xfered_total += xfered_partial;
      QUIT;
    }
}

/* Store the contents of FROMVAL into the location of TOVAL.
   Return a new value with the location of TOVAL and contents of FROMVAL.  */

struct value *
value_assign (struct value *toval, struct value *fromval)
{
  struct type *type;
  struct value *val;
  struct frame_id old_frame;

  if (!toval->deprecated_modifiable ())
    error (_("Left operand of assignment is not a modifiable lvalue."));

  toval = coerce_ref (toval);

  type = toval->type ();
  if (toval->lval () != lval_internalvar)
    fromval = value_cast (type, fromval);
  else
    {
      /* Coerce arrays and functions to pointers, except for arrays
	 which only live in GDB's storage.  */
      if (!value_must_coerce_to_target (fromval))
	fromval = coerce_array (fromval);
    }

  type = check_typedef (type);

  /* Since modifying a register can trash the frame chain, and
     modifying memory can trash the frame cache, we save the old frame
     and then restore the new frame afterwards.  */
  old_frame = get_frame_id (deprecated_safe_get_selected_frame ());

  switch (toval->lval ())
    {
    case lval_internalvar:
      set_internalvar (VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval), fromval);
      return value_of_internalvar (type->arch (),
				   VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval));

    case lval_internalvar_component:
      {
	LONGEST offset = toval->offset ();

	/* Are we dealing with a bitfield?

	   It is important to mention that `toval->parent ()' is
	   non-NULL iff `toval->bitsize ()' is non-zero.  */
	if (toval->bitsize ())
	  {
	    /* VALUE_INTERNALVAR below refers to the parent value, while
	       the offset is relative to this parent value.  */
	    gdb_assert (toval->parent ()->parent () == NULL);
	    offset += toval->parent ()->offset ();
	  }

	set_internalvar_component (VALUE_INTERNALVAR (toval),
				   offset,
				   toval->bitpos (),
				   toval->bitsize (),
				   fromval);
      }
      break;

    case lval_memory:
      {
	const gdb_byte *dest_buffer;
	CORE_ADDR changed_addr;
	int changed_len;
	gdb_byte buffer[sizeof (LONGEST)];

	if (toval->bitsize ())
	  {
	    struct value *parent = toval->parent ();

	    changed_addr = parent->address () + toval->offset ();
	    changed_len = (toval->bitpos ()
			   + toval->bitsize ()
			   + HOST_CHAR_BIT - 1)
	      / HOST_CHAR_BIT;

	    /* If we can read-modify-write exactly the size of the
	       containing type (e.g. short or int) then do so.  This
	       is safer for volatile bitfields mapped to hardware
	       registers.  */
	    if (changed_len < type->length ()
		&& type->length () <= (int) sizeof (LONGEST)
		&& ((LONGEST) changed_addr % type->length ()) == 0)
	      changed_len = type->length ();

	    if (changed_len > (int) sizeof (LONGEST))
	      error (_("Can't handle bitfields which "
		       "don't fit in a %d bit word."),
		     (int) sizeof (LONGEST) * HOST_CHAR_BIT);

	    read_memory (changed_addr, buffer, changed_len);
	    modify_field (type, buffer, value_as_long (fromval),
			  toval->bitpos (), toval->bitsize ());
	    dest_buffer = buffer;
	  }
	else
	  {
	    changed_addr = toval->address ();
	    changed_len = type_length_units (type);
	    dest_buffer = fromval->contents ().data ();
	  }

	write_memory_with_notification (changed_addr, dest_buffer, changed_len);
      }
      break;

    case lval_register:
      {
	frame_info_ptr next_frame = frame_find_by_id (toval->next_frame_id ());
	int value_reg = toval->regnum ();

	if (next_frame == nullptr)
	  error (_("Value being assigned to is no longer active."));

	gdbarch *gdbarch = frame_unwind_arch (next_frame);

	if (toval->bitsize ())
	  {
	    struct value *parent = toval->parent ();
	    LONGEST offset = parent->offset () + toval->offset ();
	    size_t changed_len;
	    gdb_byte buffer[sizeof (LONGEST)];
	    int optim, unavail;

	    changed_len = (toval->bitpos ()
			   + toval->bitsize ()
			   + HOST_CHAR_BIT - 1)
			  / HOST_CHAR_BIT;

	    if (changed_len > sizeof (LONGEST))
	      error (_("Can't handle bitfields which "
		       "don't fit in a %d bit word."),
		     (int) sizeof (LONGEST) * HOST_CHAR_BIT);

	    if (!get_frame_register_bytes (next_frame, value_reg, offset,
					   { buffer, changed_len }, &optim,
					   &unavail))
	      {
		if (optim)
		  throw_error (OPTIMIZED_OUT_ERROR,
			       _("value has been optimized out"));
		if (unavail)
		  throw_error (NOT_AVAILABLE_ERROR,
			       _("value is not available"));
	      }

	    modify_field (type, buffer, value_as_long (fromval),
			  toval->bitpos (), toval->bitsize ());

	    put_frame_register_bytes (next_frame, value_reg, offset,
				      { buffer, changed_len });
	  }
	else
	  {
	    if (gdbarch_convert_register_p (gdbarch, toval->regnum (), type))
	      {
		/* If TOVAL is a special machine register requiring
		   conversion of program values to a special raw
		   format.  */
		gdbarch_value_to_register (gdbarch,
					   get_prev_frame_always (next_frame),
					   toval->regnum (), type,
					   fromval->contents ().data ());
	      }
	    else
	      put_frame_register_bytes (next_frame, value_reg,
					toval->offset (),
					fromval->contents ());
	  }

	gdb::observers::register_changed.notify
	  (get_prev_frame_always (next_frame), value_reg);
	break;
      }

    case lval_computed:
      {
	const struct lval_funcs *funcs = toval->computed_funcs ();

	if (funcs->write != NULL)
	  {
	    funcs->write (toval, fromval);
	    break;
	  }
      }
      [[fallthrough]];

    default:
      error (_("Left operand of assignment is not an lvalue."));
    }

  /* Assigning to the stack pointer, frame pointer, and other
     (architecture and calling convention specific) registers may
     cause the frame cache and regcache to be out of date.  Assigning to memory
     also can.  We just do this on all assignments to registers or
     memory, for simplicity's sake; I doubt the slowdown matters.  */
  switch (toval->lval ())
    {
    case lval_memory:
    case lval_register:
    case lval_computed:

      gdb::observers::target_changed.notify
	(current_inferior ()->top_target ());

      /* Having destroyed the frame cache, restore the selected
	 frame.  */

      /* FIXME: cagney/2002-11-02: There has to be a better way of
	 doing this.  Instead of constantly saving/restoring the
	 frame.  Why not create a get_selected_frame() function that,
	 having saved the selected frame's ID can automatically
	 re-find the previously selected frame automatically.  */

      {
	frame_info_ptr fi = frame_find_by_id (old_frame);

	if (fi != NULL)
	  select_frame (fi);
      }

      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  
  /* If the field does not entirely fill a LONGEST, then zero the sign
     bits.  If the field is signed, and is negative, then sign
     extend.  */
  if ((toval->bitsize () > 0)
      && (toval->bitsize () < 8 * (int) sizeof (LONGEST)))
    {
      LONGEST fieldval = value_as_long (fromval);
      LONGEST valmask = (((ULONGEST) 1) << toval->bitsize ()) - 1;

      fieldval &= valmask;
      if (!type->is_unsigned () 
	  && (fieldval & (valmask ^ (valmask >> 1))))
	fieldval |= ~valmask;

      fromval = value_from_longest (type, fieldval);
    }

  /* The return value is a copy of TOVAL so it shares its location
     information, but its contents are updated from FROMVAL.  This
     implies the returned value is not lazy, even if TOVAL was.  */
  val = toval->copy ();
  val->set_lazy (false);
  copy (fromval->contents (), val->contents_raw ());

  /* We copy over the enclosing type and pointed-to offset from FROMVAL
     in the case of pointer types.  For object types, the enclosing type
     and embedded offset must *not* be copied: the target object referred
     to by TOVAL retains its original dynamic type after assignment.  */
  if (type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
    {
      val->set_enclosing_type (fromval->enclosing_type ());
      val->set_pointed_to_offset (fromval->pointed_to_offset ());
    }

  return val;
}

/* Extend a value ARG1 to COUNT repetitions of its type.  */

struct value *
value_repeat (struct value *arg1, int count)
{
  struct value *val;

  arg1 = coerce_ref (arg1);

  if (arg1->lval () != lval_memory)
    error (_("Only values in memory can be extended with '@'."));
  if (count < 1)
    error (_("Invalid number %d of repetitions."), count);

  val = allocate_repeat_value (arg1->enclosing_type (), count);

  val->set_lval (lval_memory);
  val->set_address (arg1->address ());

  read_value_memory (val, 0, val->stack (), val->address (),
		     val->contents_all_raw ().data (),
		     type_length_units (val->enclosing_type ()));

  return val;
}

struct value *
value_of_variable (struct symbol *var, const struct block *b)
{
  frame_info_ptr frame = NULL;

  if (symbol_read_needs_frame (var))
    frame = get_selected_frame (_("No frame selected."));

  return read_var_value (var, b, frame);
}

struct value *
address_of_variable (struct symbol *var, const struct block *b)
{
  struct type *type = var->type ();
  struct value *val;

  /* Evaluate it first; if the result is a memory address, we're fine.
     Lazy evaluation pays off here.  */

  val = value_of_variable (var, b);
  type = val->type ();

  if ((val->lval () == lval_memory && val->lazy ())
      || type->code () == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
    {
      CORE_ADDR addr = val->address ();

      return value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (type), addr);
    }

  /* Not a memory address; check what the problem was.  */
  switch (val->lval ())
    {
    case lval_register:
      {
	const char *regname;

	frame_info_ptr frame = frame_find_by_id (val->next_frame_id ());
	gdb_assert (frame != nullptr);

	regname
	  = gdbarch_register_name (get_frame_arch (frame), val->regnum ());
	gdb_assert (regname != nullptr && *regname != '\0');

	error (_("Address requested for identifier "
		 "\"%s\" which is in register $%s"),
	       var->print_name (), regname);
	break;
      }

    default:
      error (_("Can't take address of \"%s\" which isn't an lvalue."),
	     var->print_name ());
      break;
    }

  return val;
}

/* See value.h.  */

bool
value_must_coerce_to_target (struct value *val)
{
  struct type *valtype;

  /* The only lval kinds which do not live in target memory.  */
  if (val->lval () != not_lval
      && val->lval () != lval_internalvar
      && val->lval () != lval_xcallable)
    return false;

  valtype = check_typedef (val->type ());

  switch (valtype->code ())
    {
    case TYPE_CODE_ARRAY:
      return valtype->is_vector () ? 0 : 1;
    case TYPE_CODE_STRING:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
    }
}

/* Make sure that VAL lives in target memory if it's supposed to.  For
   instance, strings are constructed as character arrays in GDB's
   storage, and this function copies them to the target.  */

struct value *
value_coerce_to_target (struct value *val)
{
  LONGEST length;
  CORE_ADDR addr;

  if (!value_must_coerce_to_target (val))
    return val;

  length = check_typedef (val->type ())->length ();
  addr = allocate_space_in_inferior (length);
  write_memory (addr, val->contents ().data (), length);
  return value_at_lazy (val->type (), addr);
}

/* Given a value which is an array, return a value which is a pointer
   to its first element, regardless of whether or not the array has a
   nonzero lower bound.

   FIXME: A previous comment here indicated that this routine should
   be substracting the array's lower bound.  It's not clear to me that
   this is correct.  Given an array subscripting operation, it would
   certainly work to do the adjustment here, essentially computing:

   (&array[0] - (lowerbound * sizeof array[0])) + (index * sizeof array[0])

   However I believe a more appropriate and logical place to account
   for the lower bound is to do so in value_subscript, essentially
   computing:

   (&array[0] + ((index - lowerbound) * sizeof array[0]))

   As further evidence consider what would happen with operations
   other than array subscripting, where the caller would get back a
   value that had an address somewhere before the actual first element
   of the array, and the information about the lower bound would be
   lost because of the coercion to pointer type.  */

struct value *
value_coerce_array (struct value *arg1)
{
  struct type *type = check_typedef (arg1->type ());

  /* If the user tries to do something requiring a pointer with an
     array that has not yet been pushed to the target, then this would
     be a good time to do so.  */
  arg1 = value_coerce_to_target (arg1);

  if (arg1->lval () != lval_memory)
    error (_("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory."));

  return value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (type->target_type ()),
			     arg1->address ());
}

/* Given a value which is a function, return a value which is a pointer
   to it.  */

struct value *
value_coerce_function (struct value *arg1)
{
  struct value *retval;

  if (arg1->lval () != lval_memory)
    error (_("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory."));

  retval = value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (arg1->type ()),
			       arg1->address ());
  return retval;
}

/* Return a pointer value for the object for which ARG1 is the
   contents.  */

struct value *
value_addr (struct value *arg1)
{
  struct value *arg2;
  struct type *type = check_typedef (arg1->type ());

  if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (type))
    {
      if (arg1->bits_synthetic_pointer (arg1->embedded_offset (),
					TARGET_CHAR_BIT * type->length ()))
	arg1 = coerce_ref (arg1);
      else
	{
	  /* Copy the value, but change the type from (T&) to (T*).  We
	     keep the same location information, which is efficient, and
	     allows &(&X) to get the location containing the reference.
	     Do the same to its enclosing type for consistency.  */
	  struct type *type_ptr
	    = lookup_pointer_type (type->target_type ());
	  struct type *enclosing_type
	    = check_typedef (arg1->enclosing_type ());
	  struct type *enclosing_type_ptr
	    = lookup_pointer_type (enclosing_type->target_type ());

	  arg2 = arg1->copy ();
	  arg2->deprecated_set_type (type_ptr);
	  arg2->set_enclosing_type (enclosing_type_ptr);

	  return arg2;
	}
    }
  if (type->code () == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
    return value_coerce_function (arg1);

  /* If this is an array that has not yet been pushed to the target,
     then this would be a good time to force it to memory.  */
  arg1 = value_coerce_to_target (arg1);

  if (arg1->lval () != lval_memory)
    error (_("Attempt to take address of value not located in memory."));

  /* Get target memory address.  */
  arg2 = value_from_pointer (lookup_pointer_type (arg1->type ()),
			     (arg1->address ()
			      + arg1->embedded_offset ()));

  /* This may be a pointer to a base subobject; so remember the
     full derived object's type ...  */
  arg2->set_enclosing_type (lookup_pointer_type (arg1->enclosing_type ()));
  /* ... and also the relative position of the subobject in the full
     object.  */
  arg2->set_pointed_to_offset (arg1->embedded_offset ());
  return arg2;
}

/* Return a reference value for the object for which ARG1 is the
   contents.  */

struct value *
value_ref (struct value *arg1, enum type_code refcode)
{
  struct value *arg2;
  struct type *type = check_typedef (arg1->type ());

  gdb_assert (refcode == TYPE_CODE_REF || refcode == TYPE_CODE_RVALUE_REF);

  if ((type->code () == TYPE_CODE_REF
       || type->code () == TYPE_CODE_RVALUE_REF)
      && type->code () == refcode)
    return arg1;

  arg2 = value_addr (arg1);
  arg2->deprecated_set_type (lookup_reference_type (type, refcode));
  return arg2;
}

/* Given a value of a pointer type, apply the C unary * operator to
   it.  */

struct value *
value_ind (struct value *arg1)
{
  struct type *base_type;
  struct value *arg2;

  arg1 = coerce_array (arg1);

  base_type = check_typedef (arg1->type ());

  if (arg1->lval () == lval_computed)
    {
      const struct lval_funcs *funcs = arg1->computed_funcs ();

      if (funcs->indirect)
	{
	  struct value *result = funcs->indirect (arg1);

	  if (result)
	    return result;
	}
    }

  if (base_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
    {
      struct type *enc_type;

      /* We may be pointing to something embedded in a larger object.
	 Get the real type of the enclosing object.  */
      enc_type = check_typedef (arg1->enclosing_type ());
      enc_type = enc_type->target_type ();

      CORE_ADDR base_addr;
      if (check_typedef (enc_type)->code () == TYPE_CODE_FUNC
	  || check_typedef (enc_type)->code () == TYPE_CODE_METHOD)
	{
	  /* For functions, go through find_function_addr, which knows
	     how to handle function descriptors.  */
	  base_addr = find_function_addr (arg1, NULL);
	}
      else
	{
	  /* Retrieve the enclosing object pointed to.  */
	  base_addr = (value_as_address (arg1)
		       - arg1->pointed_to_offset ());
	}
      arg2 = value_at_lazy (enc_type, base_addr);
      enc_type = arg2->type ();
      return readjust_indirect_value_type (arg2, enc_type, base_type,
					   arg1, base_addr);
    }

  error (_("Attempt to take contents of a non-pointer value."));
}

/* Create a value for an array by allocating space in GDB, copying the
   data into that space, and then setting up an array value.

   The array bounds are set from LOWBOUND and the size of ELEMVEC, and
   the array is populated from the values passed in ELEMVEC.

   The element type of the array is inherited from the type of the
   first element, and all elements must have the same size (though we
   don't currently enforce any restriction on their types).  */

struct value *
value_array (int lowbound, gdb::array_view<struct value *> elemvec)
{
  int idx;
  ULONGEST typelength;
  struct value *val;
  struct type *arraytype;

  /* Validate that the bounds are reasonable and that each of the
     elements have the same size.  */

  typelength = type_length_units (elemvec[0]->enclosing_type ());
  for (struct value *other : elemvec.slice (1))
    {
      if (type_length_units (other->enclosing_type ()) != typelength)
	{
	  error (_("array elements must all be the same size"));
	}
    }

  arraytype = lookup_array_range_type (elemvec[0]->enclosing_type (),
				       lowbound,
				       lowbound + elemvec.size () - 1);

  if (!current_language->c_style_arrays_p ())
    {
      val = value::allocate (arraytype);
      for (idx = 0; idx < elemvec.size (); idx++)
	elemvec[idx]->contents_copy (val, idx * typelength, 0, typelength);
      return val;
    }

  /* Allocate space to store the array, and then initialize it by
     copying in each element.  */

  val = value::allocate (arraytype);
  for (idx = 0; idx < elemvec.size (); idx++)
    elemvec[idx]->contents_copy (val, idx * typelength, 0, typelength);
  return val;
}

/* See value.h.  */

struct value *
value_cstring (const gdb_byte *ptr, ssize_t count, struct type *char_type)
{
  struct value *val;
  int lowbound = current_language->string_lower_bound ();
  ssize_t highbound = count + 1;
  struct type *stringtype
    = lookup_array_range_type (char_type, lowbound, highbound + lowbound - 1);

  val = value::allocate (stringtype);
  ssize_t len = count * char_type->length ();
  memcpy (val->contents_raw ().data (), ptr, len);
  /* Write the terminating null-character.  */
  memset (val->contents_raw ().data () + len, 0, char_type->length ());
  return val;
}

/* See value.h.  */

struct value *
value_string (const gdb_byte *ptr, ssize_t count, struct type *char_type)
{
  struct value *val;
  int lowbound = current_language->string_lower_bound ();
  ssize_t highbound = count;
  struct type *stringtype
    = lookup_string_range_type (char_type, lowbound, highbound + lowbound - 1);

  val = value::allocate (stringtype);
  ssize_t len = count * char_type->length ();
  memcpy (val->contents_raw ().data (), ptr, len);
  return val;
}


/* See if we can pass arguments in T2 to a function which takes arguments
   of types T1.  T1 is a list of NARGS arguments, and T2 is an array_view
   of the values we're trying to pass.  If some arguments need coercion of
   some sort, then the coerced values are written into T2.  Return value is
   0 if the arguments could be matched, or the position at which they
   differ if not.

   STATICP is nonzero if the T1 argument list came from a static
   member function.  T2 must still include the ``this'' pointer, but
   it will be skipped.

   For non-static member functions, we ignore the first argument,
   which is the type of the instance variable.  This is because we
   want to handle calls with objects from derived classes.  This is
   not entirely correct: we should actually check to make sure that a
   requested operation is type secure, shouldn't we?  FIXME.  */

static int
typecmp (bool staticp, bool varargs, int nargs,
	 struct field t1[], gdb::array_view<value *> t2)
{
  int i;

  /* Skip ``this'' argument if applicable.  T2 will always include
     THIS.  */
  if (staticp)
    t2 = t2.slice (1);

  for (i = 0;
       (i < nargs) && t1[i].type ()->code () != TYPE_CODE_VOID;
       i++)
    {
      struct type *tt1, *tt2;

      if (i == t2.size ())
	return i + 1;

      tt1 = check_typedef (t1[i].type ());
      tt2 = check_typedef (t2[i]->type ());

      if (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (tt1)
	  /* We should be doing hairy argument matching, as below.  */
	  && (check_typedef (tt1->target_type ())->code ()
	      == tt2->code ()))
	{
	  if (tt2->code () == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
	    t2[i] = value_coerce_array (t2[i]);
	  else
	    t2[i] = value_ref (t2[i], tt1->code ());
	  continue;
	}

      /* djb - 20000715 - Until the new type structure is in the
	 place, and we can attempt things like implicit conversions,
	 we need to do this so you can take something like a map<const
	 char *>, and properly access map["hello"], because the
	 argument to [] will be a reference to a pointer to a char,
	 and the argument will be a pointer to a char.  */
      while (TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (tt1) || tt1->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	{
	  tt1 = check_typedef ( tt1->target_type () );
	}
      while (tt2->code () == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
	     || tt2->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR
	     || TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (tt2))
	{
	  tt2 = check_typedef (tt2->target_type ());
	}
      if (tt1->code () == tt2->code ())
	continue;
      /* Array to pointer is a `trivial conversion' according to the
	 ARM.  */

      /* We should be doing much hairier argument matching (see
	 section 13.2 of the ARM), but as a quick kludge, just check
	 for the same type code.  */
      if (t1[i].type ()->code () != t2[i]->type ()->code ())
	return i + 1;
    }
  if (varargs || i == t2.size ())
    return 0;
  return i + 1;
}

/* Helper class for search_struct_field that keeps track of found
   results and possibly throws an exception if the search yields
   ambiguous results.  See search_struct_field for description of
   LOOKING_FOR_BASECLASS.  */

struct struct_field_searcher
{
  /* A found field.  */
  struct found_field
  {
    /* Path to the structure where the field was found.  */
    std::vector<struct type *> path;

    /* The field found.  */
    struct value *field_value;
  };

  /* See corresponding fields for description of parameters.  */
  struct_field_searcher (const char *name,
			 struct type *outermost_type,
			 bool looking_for_baseclass)
    : m_name (name),
      m_looking_for_baseclass (looking_for_baseclass),
      m_outermost_type (outermost_type)
  {
  }

  /* The search entry point.  If LOOKING_FOR_BASECLASS is true and the
     base class search yields ambiguous results, this throws an
     exception.  If LOOKING_FOR_BASECLASS is false, the found fields
     are accumulated and the caller (search_struct_field) takes care
     of throwing an error if the field search yields ambiguous
     results.  The latter is done that way so that the error message
     can include a list of all the found candidates.  */
  void search (struct value *arg, LONGEST offset, struct type *type);

  const std::vector<found_field> &fields ()
  {
    return m_fields;
  }

  struct value *baseclass ()
  {
    return m_baseclass;
  }

private:
  /* Update results to include V, a found field/baseclass.  */
  void update_result (struct value *v, LONGEST boffset);

  /* The name of the field/baseclass we're searching for.  */
  const char *m_name;

  /* Whether we're looking for a baseclass, or a field.  */
  const bool m_looking_for_baseclass;

  /* The offset of the baseclass containing the field/baseclass we
     last recorded.  */
  LONGEST m_last_boffset = 0;

  /* If looking for a baseclass, then the result is stored here.  */
  struct value *m_baseclass = nullptr;

  /* When looking for fields, the found candidates are stored
     here.  */
  std::vector<found_field> m_fields;

  /* The type of the initial type passed to search_struct_field; this
     is used for error reporting when the lookup is ambiguous.  */
  struct type *m_outermost_type;

  /* The full path to the struct being inspected.  E.g. for field 'x'
     defined in class B inherited by class A, we have A and B pushed
     on the path.  */
  std::vector <struct type *> m_struct_path;
};

void
struct_field_searcher::update_result (struct value *v, LONGEST boffset)
{
  if (v != NULL)
    {
      if (m_looking_for_baseclass)
	{
	  if (m_baseclass != nullptr
	      /* The result is not ambiguous if all the classes that are
		 found occupy the same space.  */
	      && m_last_boffset != boffset)
	    error (_("base class '%s' is ambiguous in type '%s'"),
		   m_name, TYPE_SAFE_NAME (m_outermost_type));

	  m_baseclass = v;
	  m_last_boffset = boffset;
	}
      else
	{
	  /* The field is not ambiguous if it occupies the same
	     space.  */
	  if (m_fields.empty () || m_last_boffset != boffset)
	    m_fields.push_back ({m_struct_path, v});
	  else
	    {
	    /*Fields can occupy the same space and have the same name (be
	      ambiguous).  This can happen when fields in two different base
	      classes are marked [[no_unique_address]] and have the same name.
	      The C++ standard says that such fields can only occupy the same
	      space if they are of different type, but we don't rely on that in
	      the following code. */
	      bool ambiguous = false, insert = true;
	      for (const found_field &field: m_fields)
		{
		  if(field.path.back () != m_struct_path.back ())
		    {
		    /* Same boffset points to members of different classes.
		       We have found an ambiguity and should record it.  */
		      ambiguous = true;
		    }
		  else
		    {
		    /* We don't need to insert this value again, because a
		       non-ambiguous path already leads to it.  */
		      insert = false;
		      break;
		    }
		}
	      if (ambiguous && insert)
		m_fields.push_back ({m_struct_path, v});
	    }
	}
    }
}

/* A helper for search_struct_field.  This does all the work; most
   arguments are as passed to search_struct_field.  */

void
struct_field_searcher::search (struct value *arg1, LONGEST offset,
			       struct type *type)
{
  int i;
  int nbases;

  m_struct_path.push_back (type);
  SCOPE_EXIT { m_struct_path.pop_back (); };

  type = check_typedef (type);
  nbases = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type);

  if (!m_looking_for_baseclass)
    for (i = type->num_fields () - 1; i >= nbases; i--)
      {
	const char *t_field_name = type->field (i).name ();

	if (t_field_name && (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, m_name) == 0))
	  {
	    struct value *v;

	    if (type->field (i).is_static ())
	      v = value_static_field (type, i);
	    else
	      v = arg1->primitive_field (offset, i, type);

	    update_result (v, offset);
	    return;
	  }

	if (t_field_name
	    && t_field_name[0] == '\0')
	  {
	    struct type *field_type = type->field (i).type ();

	    if (field_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_UNION
		|| field_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
	      {
		/* Look for a match through the fields of an anonymous
		   union, or anonymous struct.  C++ provides anonymous
		   unions.

		   In the GNU Chill (now deleted from GDB)
		   implementation of variant record types, each
		   <alternative field> has an (anonymous) union type,
		   each member of the union represents a <variant
		   alternative>.  Each <variant alternative> is
		   represented as a struct, with a member for each
		   <variant field>.  */

		LONGEST new_offset = offset;

		/* This is pretty gross.  In G++, the offset in an
		   anonymous union is relative to the beginning of the
		   enclosing struct.  In the GNU Chill (now deleted
		   from GDB) implementation of variant records, the
		   bitpos is zero in an anonymous union field, so we
		   have to add the offset of the union here.  */
		if (field_type->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
		    || (field_type->num_fields () > 0
			&& field_type->field (0).loc_bitpos () == 0))
		  new_offset += type->field (i).loc_bitpos () / 8;

		search (arg1, new_offset, field_type);
	      }
	  }
      }

  for (i = 0; i < nbases; i++)
    {
      struct value *v = NULL;
      struct type *basetype = check_typedef (TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
      /* If we are looking for baseclasses, this is what we get when
	 we hit them.  But it could happen that the base part's member
	 name is not yet filled in.  */
      int found_baseclass = (m_looking_for_baseclass
			     && TYPE_BASECLASS_NAME (type, i) != NULL
			     && (strcmp_iw (m_name, basetype->name ()) == 0));
      LONGEST boffset = arg1->embedded_offset () + offset;

      if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
	{
	  struct value *v2;

	  boffset = baseclass_offset (type, i,
				      arg1->contents_for_printing ().data (),
				      arg1->embedded_offset () + offset,
				      arg1->address (),
				      arg1);

	  /* The virtual base class pointer might have been clobbered
	     by the user program.  Make sure that it still points to a
	     valid memory location.  */

	  boffset += arg1->embedded_offset () + offset;
	  if (boffset < 0
	      || boffset >= arg1->enclosing_type ()->length ())
	    {
	      CORE_ADDR base_addr;

	      base_addr = arg1->address () + boffset;
	      v2 = value_at_lazy (basetype, base_addr);
	      if (target_read_memory (base_addr, 
				      v2->contents_raw ().data (),
				      v2->type ()->length ()) != 0)
		error (_("virtual baseclass botch"));
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      v2 = arg1->copy ();
	      v2->deprecated_set_type (basetype);
	      v2->set_embedded_offset (boffset);
	    }

	  if (found_baseclass)
	    v = v2;
	  else
	    search (v2, 0, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
	}
      else if (found_baseclass)
	v = arg1->primitive_field (offset, i, type);
      else
	{
	  search (arg1, offset + TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8,
		  basetype);
	}

      update_result (v, boffset);
    }
}

/* Helper function used by value_struct_elt to recurse through
   baseclasses.  Look for a field NAME in ARG1.  Search in it assuming
   it has (class) type TYPE.  If found, return value, else return NULL.

   If LOOKING_FOR_BASECLASS, then instead of looking for struct
   fields, look for a baseclass named NAME.  */

static struct value *
search_struct_field (const char *name, struct value *arg1,
		     struct type *type, int looking_for_baseclass)
{
  struct_field_searcher searcher (name, type, looking_for_baseclass);

  searcher.search (arg1, 0, type);

  if (!looking_for_baseclass)
    {
      const auto &fields = searcher.fields ();

      if (fields.empty ())
	return nullptr;
      else if (fields.size () == 1)
	return fields[0].field_value;
      else
	{
	  std::string candidates;

	  for (auto &&candidate : fields)
	    {
	      gdb_assert (!candidate.path.empty ());

	      struct type *field_type = candidate.field_value->type ();
	      struct type *struct_type = candidate.path.back ();

	      std::string path;
	      bool first = true;
	      for (struct type *t : candidate.path)
		{
		  if (first)
		    first = false;
		  else
		    path += " -> ";
		  path += t->name ();
		}

	      candidates += string_printf ("\n  '%s %s::%s' (%s)",
					   TYPE_SAFE_NAME (field_type),
					   TYPE_SAFE_NAME (struct_type),
					   name,
					   path.c_str ());
	    }

	  error (_("Request for member '%s' is ambiguous in type '%s'."
		   " Candidates are:%s"),
		 name, TYPE_SAFE_NAME (type),
		 candidates.c_str ());
	}
    }
  else
    return searcher.baseclass ();
}

/* Helper function used by value_struct_elt to recurse through
   baseclasses.  Look for a field NAME in ARG1.  Adjust the address of
   ARG1 by OFFSET bytes, and search in it assuming it has (class) type
   TYPE.

   ARGS is an optional array of argument values used to help finding NAME.
   The contents of ARGS can be adjusted if type coercion is required in
   order to find a matching NAME.

   If found, return value, else if name matched and args not return
   (value) -1, else return NULL.  */

static struct value *
search_struct_method (const char *name, struct value **arg1p,
		      std::optional<gdb::array_view<value *>> args,
		      LONGEST offset, int *static_memfuncp,
		      struct type *type)
{
  int i;
  struct value *v;
  int name_matched = 0;

  type = check_typedef (type);
  for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
      const char *t_field_name = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (type, i);

      if (t_field_name && (strcmp_iw (t_field_name, name) == 0))
	{
	  int j = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_LENGTH (type, i) - 1;
	  struct fn_field *f = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (type, i);

	  name_matched = 1;
	  check_stub_method_group (type, i);
	  if (j > 0 && !args.has_value ())
	    error (_("cannot resolve overloaded method "
		     "`%s': no arguments supplied"), name);
	  else if (j == 0 && !args.has_value ())
	    {
	      v = value_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset);
	      if (v != NULL)
		return v;
	    }
	  else
	    while (j >= 0)
	      {
		gdb_assert (args.has_value ());
		if (!typecmp (TYPE_FN_FIELD_STATIC_P (f, j),
			      TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j)->has_varargs (),
			      TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j)->num_fields (),
			      TYPE_FN_FIELD_ARGS (f, j), *args))
		  {
		    if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VIRTUAL_P (f, j))
		      return value_virtual_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, 
						     type, offset);
		    if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_STATIC_P (f, j) 
			&& static_memfuncp)
		      *static_memfuncp = 1;
		    v = value_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset);
		    if (v != NULL)
		      return v;       
		  }
		j--;
	      }
	}
    }

  for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
      LONGEST base_offset;
      LONGEST this_offset;

      if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
	{
	  struct type *baseclass = check_typedef (TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
	  struct value *base_val;
	  const gdb_byte *base_valaddr;

	  /* The virtual base class pointer might have been
	     clobbered by the user program.  Make sure that it
	     still points to a valid memory location.  */

	  if (offset < 0 || offset >= type->length ())
	    {
	      CORE_ADDR address;

	      gdb::byte_vector tmp (baseclass->length ());
	      address = (*arg1p)->address ();

	      if (target_read_memory (address + offset,
				      tmp.data (), baseclass->length ()) != 0)
		error (_("virtual baseclass botch"));

	      base_val = value_from_contents_and_address (baseclass,
							  tmp.data (),
							  address + offset);
	      base_valaddr = base_val->contents_for_printing ().data ();
	      this_offset = 0;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      base_val = *arg1p;
	      base_valaddr = (*arg1p)->contents_for_printing ().data ();
	      this_offset = offset;
	    }

	  base_offset = baseclass_offset (type, i, base_valaddr,
					  this_offset, base_val->address (),
					  base_val);
	}
      else
	{
	  base_offset = TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8;
	}
      v = search_struct_method (name, arg1p, args, base_offset + offset,
				static_memfuncp, TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i));
      if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
	{
	  name_matched = 1;
	}
      else if (v)
	{
	  /* FIXME-bothner:  Why is this commented out?  Why is it here?  */
	  /* *arg1p = arg1_tmp; */
	  return v;
	}
    }
  if (name_matched)
    return (struct value *) - 1;
  else
    return NULL;
}

/* Given *ARGP, a value of type (pointer to a)* structure/union,
   extract the component named NAME from the ultimate target
   structure/union and return it as a value with its appropriate type.
   ERR is used in the error message if *ARGP's type is wrong.

   C++: ARGS is a list of argument types to aid in the selection of
   an appropriate method.  Also, handle derived types.

   STATIC_MEMFUNCP, if non-NULL, points to a caller-supplied location
   where the truthvalue of whether the function that was resolved was
   a static member function or not is stored.

   ERR is an error message to be printed in case the field is not
   found.  */

struct value *
value_struct_elt (struct value **argp,
		  std::optional<gdb::array_view<value *>> args,
		  const char *name, int *static_memfuncp, const char *err)
{
  struct type *t;
  struct value *v;

  *argp = coerce_array (*argp);

  t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());

  /* Follow pointers until we get to a non-pointer.  */

  while (t->is_pointer_or_reference ())
    {
      *argp = value_ind (*argp);
      /* Don't coerce fn pointer to fn and then back again!  */
      if (check_typedef ((*argp)->type ())->code () != TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
	*argp = coerce_array (*argp);
      t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());
    }

  if (t->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
      && t->code () != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
    error (_("Attempt to extract a component of a value that is not a %s."),
	   err);

  /* Assume it's not, unless we see that it is.  */
  if (static_memfuncp)
    *static_memfuncp = 0;

  if (!args.has_value ())
    {
      /* if there are no arguments ...do this...  */

      /* Try as a field first, because if we succeed, there is less
	 work to be done.  */
      v = search_struct_field (name, *argp, t, 0);
      if (v)
	return v;

      if (current_language->la_language == language_fortran)
	{
	  /* If it is not a field it is the type name of an inherited
	  structure.  */
	  v = search_struct_field (name, *argp, t, 1);
	  if (v)
	    return v;
	}

      /* C++: If it was not found as a data field, then try to
	 return it as a pointer to a method.  */
      v = search_struct_method (name, argp, args, 0,
				static_memfuncp, t);

      if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
	error (_("Cannot take address of method %s."), name);
      else if (v == 0)
	{
	  if (TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (t))
	    error (_("There is no member or method named %s."), name);
	  else
	    error (_("There is no member named %s."), name);
	}
      return v;
    }

  v = search_struct_method (name, argp, args, 0,
			    static_memfuncp, t);

  if (v == (struct value *) - 1)
    {
      error (_("One of the arguments you tried to pass to %s could not "
	       "be converted to what the function wants."), name);
    }
  else if (v == 0)
    {
      /* See if user tried to invoke data as function.  If so, hand it
	 back.  If it's not callable (i.e., a pointer to function),
	 gdb should give an error.  */
      v = search_struct_field (name, *argp, t, 0);
      /* If we found an ordinary field, then it is not a method call.
	 So, treat it as if it were a static member function.  */
      if (v && static_memfuncp)
	*static_memfuncp = 1;
    }

  if (!v)
    throw_error (NOT_FOUND_ERROR,
		 _("Structure has no component named %s."), name);
  return v;
}

/* Given *ARGP, a value of type structure or union, or a pointer/reference
   to a structure or union, extract and return its component (field) of
   type FTYPE at the specified BITPOS.
   Throw an exception on error.  */

struct value *
value_struct_elt_bitpos (struct value **argp, int bitpos, struct type *ftype,
			 const char *err)
{
  struct type *t;
  int i;

  *argp = coerce_array (*argp);

  t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());

  while (t->is_pointer_or_reference ())
    {
      *argp = value_ind (*argp);
      if (check_typedef ((*argp)->type ())->code () != TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
	*argp = coerce_array (*argp);
      t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());
    }

  if (t->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
      && t->code () != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
    error (_("Attempt to extract a component of a value that is not a %s."),
	   err);

  for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (t); i < t->num_fields (); i++)
    {
      if (!t->field (i).is_static ()
	  && bitpos == t->field (i).loc_bitpos ()
	  && types_equal (ftype, t->field (i).type ()))
	return (*argp)->primitive_field (0, i, t);
    }

  error (_("No field with matching bitpos and type."));

  /* Never hit.  */
  return NULL;
}

/* Search through the methods of an object (and its bases) to find a
   specified method.  Return a reference to the fn_field list METHODS of
   overloaded instances defined in the source language.  If available
   and matching, a vector of matching xmethods defined in extension
   languages are also returned in XMETHODS.

   Helper function for value_find_oload_list.
   ARGP is a pointer to a pointer to a value (the object).
   METHOD is a string containing the method name.
   OFFSET is the offset within the value.
   TYPE is the assumed type of the object.
   METHODS is a pointer to the matching overloaded instances defined
      in the source language.  Since this is a recursive function,
      *METHODS should be set to NULL when calling this function.
   NUM_FNS is the number of overloaded instances.  *NUM_FNS should be set to
      0 when calling this function.
   XMETHODS is the vector of matching xmethod workers.  *XMETHODS
      should also be set to NULL when calling this function.
   BASETYPE is set to the actual type of the subobject where the
      method is found.
   BOFFSET is the offset of the base subobject where the method is found.  */

static void
find_method_list (struct value **argp, const char *method,
		  LONGEST offset, struct type *type,
		  gdb::array_view<fn_field> *methods,
		  std::vector<xmethod_worker_up> *xmethods,
		  struct type **basetype, LONGEST *boffset)
{
  int i;
  struct fn_field *f = NULL;

  gdb_assert (methods != NULL && xmethods != NULL);
  type = check_typedef (type);

  /* First check in object itself.
     This function is called recursively to search through base classes.
     If there is a source method match found at some stage, then we need not
     look for source methods in consequent recursive calls.  */
  if (methods->empty ())
    {
      for (i = TYPE_NFN_FIELDS (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
	{
	  /* pai: FIXME What about operators and type conversions?  */
	  const char *fn_field_name = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_NAME (type, i);

	  if (fn_field_name && (strcmp_iw (fn_field_name, method) == 0))
	    {
	      int len = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST_LENGTH (type, i);
	      f = TYPE_FN_FIELDLIST1 (type, i);
	      *methods = gdb::make_array_view (f, len);

	      *basetype = type;
	      *boffset = offset;

	      /* Resolve any stub methods.  */
	      check_stub_method_group (type, i);

	      break;
	    }
	}
    }

  /* Unlike source methods, xmethods can be accumulated over successive
     recursive calls.  In other words, an xmethod named 'm' in a class
     will not hide an xmethod named 'm' in its base class(es).  We want
     it to be this way because xmethods are after all convenience functions
     and hence there is no point restricting them with something like method
     hiding.  Moreover, if hiding is done for xmethods as well, then we will
     have to provide a mechanism to un-hide (like the 'using' construct).  */
  get_matching_xmethod_workers (type, method, xmethods);

  /* If source methods are not found in current class, look for them in the
     base classes.  We also have to go through the base classes to gather
     extension methods.  */
  for (i = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
      LONGEST base_offset;

      if (BASETYPE_VIA_VIRTUAL (type, i))
	{
	  base_offset = baseclass_offset (type, i,
					  (*argp)->contents_for_printing ().data (),
					  (*argp)->offset () + offset,
					  (*argp)->address (), *argp);
	}
      else /* Non-virtual base, simply use bit position from debug
	      info.  */
	{
	  base_offset = TYPE_BASECLASS_BITPOS (type, i) / 8;
	}

      find_method_list (argp, method, base_offset + offset,
			TYPE_BASECLASS (type, i), methods,
			xmethods, basetype, boffset);
    }
}

/* Return the list of overloaded methods of a specified name.  The methods
   could be those GDB finds in the binary, or xmethod.  Methods found in
   the binary are returned in METHODS, and xmethods are returned in
   XMETHODS.

   ARGP is a pointer to a pointer to a value (the object).
   METHOD is the method name.
   OFFSET is the offset within the value contents.
   METHODS is the list of matching overloaded instances defined in
      the source language.
   XMETHODS is the vector of matching xmethod workers defined in
      extension languages.
   BASETYPE is set to the type of the base subobject that defines the
      method.
   BOFFSET is the offset of the base subobject which defines the method.  */

static void
value_find_oload_method_list (struct value **argp, const char *method,
			      LONGEST offset,
			      gdb::array_view<fn_field> *methods,
			      std::vector<xmethod_worker_up> *xmethods,
			      struct type **basetype, LONGEST *boffset)
{
  struct type *t;

  t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());

  /* Code snarfed from value_struct_elt.  */
  while (t->is_pointer_or_reference ())
    {
      *argp = value_ind (*argp);
      /* Don't coerce fn pointer to fn and then back again!  */
      if (check_typedef ((*argp)->type ())->code () != TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
	*argp = coerce_array (*argp);
      t = check_typedef ((*argp)->type ());
    }

  if (t->code () != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
      && t->code () != TYPE_CODE_UNION)
    error (_("Attempt to extract a component of a "
	     "value that is not a struct or union"));

  gdb_assert (methods != NULL && xmethods != NULL);

  /* Clear the lists.  */
  *methods = {};
  xmethods->clear ();

  find_method_list (argp, method, 0, t, methods, xmethods,
		    basetype, boffset);
}

/* Helper function for find_overload_match.  If no matches were
   found, this function may generate a hint for the user that some
   of the relevant types are incomplete, so GDB can't evaluate
   type relationships to properly evaluate overloads.

   If no incomplete types are present, an empty string is returned.  */
static std::string
incomplete_type_hint (gdb::array_view<value *> args)
{
  int incomplete_types = 0;
  std::string incomplete_arg_names;
  for (const struct value *arg : args)
    {
      struct type *t = arg->type ();
      while (t->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	t = t->target_type ();
      if (t->is_stub ())
	{
	  string_file buffer;
	  if (incomplete_types > 0)
	    incomplete_arg_names += ", ";

	  current_language->print_type (arg->type (), "", &buffer,
				       -1, 0, &type_print_raw_options);

	  incomplete_types++;
	  incomplete_arg_names += buffer.string ();
	}
    }
  std::string hint;
  if (incomplete_types > 1)
    hint = string_printf (_("\nThe types: '%s' aren't fully known to GDB."
			    " Please cast them directly to the desired"
			    " typed in the function call."),
			    incomplete_arg_names.c_str ());
  else if (incomplete_types == 1)
    hint = string_printf (_("\nThe type: '%s' isn't fully known to GDB."
			    " Please cast it directly to the desired"
			    " typed in the function call."),
			    incomplete_arg_names.c_str ());
  return hint;
}

/* Given an array of arguments (ARGS) (which includes an entry for
   "this" in the case of C++ methods), the NAME of a function, and
   whether it's a method or not (METHOD), find the best function that
   matches on the argument types according to the overload resolution
   rules.

   METHOD can be one of three values:
     NON_METHOD for non-member functions.
     METHOD: for member functions.
     BOTH: used for overload resolution of operators where the
       candidates are expected to be either member or non member
       functions.  In this case the first argument ARGTYPES
       (representing 'this') is expected to be a reference to the
       target object, and will be dereferenced when attempting the
       non-member search.

   In the case of class methods, the parameter OBJ is an object value
   in which to search for overloaded methods.

   In the case of non-method functions, the parameter FSYM is a symbol
   corresponding to one of the overloaded functions.

   Return value is an integer: 0 -> good match, 10 -> debugger applied
   non-standard coercions, 100 -> incompatible.

   If a method is being searched for, VALP will hold the value.
   If a non-method is being searched for, SYMP will hold the symbol 
   for it.

   If a method is being searched for, and it is a static method,
   then STATICP will point to a non-zero value.

   If NO_ADL argument dependent lookup is disabled.  This is used to prevent
   ADL overload candidates when performing overload resolution for a fully
   qualified name.

   If NOSIDE is EVAL_AVOID_SIDE_EFFECTS, then OBJP's memory cannot be
   read while picking the best overload match (it may be all zeroes and thus
   not have a vtable pointer), in which case skip virtual function lookup.
   This is ok as typically EVAL_AVOID_SIDE_EFFECTS is only used to determine
   the result type.

   Note: This function does *not* check the value of
   overload_resolution.  Caller must check it to see whether overload
   resolution is permitted.  */

int
find_overload_match (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
		     const char *name, enum oload_search_type method,
		     struct value **objp, struct symbol *fsym,
		     struct value **valp, struct symbol **symp, 
		     int *staticp, const int no_adl,
		     const enum noside noside)
{
  struct value *obj = (objp ? *objp : NULL);
  struct type *obj_type = obj ? obj->type () : NULL;
  /* Index of best overloaded function.  */
  int func_oload_champ = -1;
  int method_oload_champ = -1;
  int src_method_oload_champ = -1;
  int ext_method_oload_champ = -1;

  /* The measure for the current best match.  */
  badness_vector method_badness;
  badness_vector func_badness;
  badness_vector ext_method_badness;
  badness_vector src_method_badness;

  struct value *temp = obj;
  /* For methods, the list of overloaded methods.  */
  gdb::array_view<fn_field> methods;
  /* For non-methods, the list of overloaded function symbols.  */
  std::vector<symbol *> functions;
  /* For xmethods, the vector of xmethod workers.  */
  std::vector<xmethod_worker_up> xmethods;
  struct type *basetype = NULL;
  LONGEST boffset;

  const char *obj_type_name = NULL;
  const char *func_name = NULL;
  gdb::unique_xmalloc_ptr<char> temp_func;
  enum oload_classification match_quality;
  enum oload_classification method_match_quality = INCOMPATIBLE;
  enum oload_classification src_method_match_quality = INCOMPATIBLE;
  enum oload_classification ext_method_match_quality = INCOMPATIBLE;
  enum oload_classification func_match_quality = INCOMPATIBLE;

  /* Get the list of overloaded methods or functions.  */
  if (method == METHOD || method == BOTH)
    {
      gdb_assert (obj);

      /* OBJ may be a pointer value rather than the object itself.  */
      obj = coerce_ref (obj);
      while (check_typedef (obj->type ())->code () == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
	obj = coerce_ref (value_ind (obj));
      obj_type_name = obj->type ()->name ();

      /* First check whether this is a data member, e.g. a pointer to
	 a function.  */
      if (check_typedef (obj->type ())->code () == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
	{
	  *valp = search_struct_field (name, obj,
				       check_typedef (obj->type ()), 0);
	  if (*valp)
	    {
	      *staticp = 1;
	      return 0;
	    }
	}

      /* Retrieve the list of methods with the name NAME.  */
      value_find_oload_method_list (&temp, name, 0, &methods,
				    &xmethods, &basetype, &boffset);
      /* If this is a method only search, and no methods were found
	 the search has failed.  */
      if (method == METHOD && methods.empty () && xmethods.empty ())
	error (_("Couldn't find method %s%s%s"),
	       obj_type_name,
	       (obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
	       name);
      /* If we are dealing with stub method types, they should have
	 been resolved by find_method_list via
	 value_find_oload_method_list above.  */
      if (!methods.empty ())
	{
	  gdb_assert (TYPE_SELF_TYPE (methods[0].type) != NULL);

	  src_method_oload_champ
	    = find_oload_champ (args,
				methods.size (),
				methods.data (), NULL, NULL,
				&src_method_badness);

	  src_method_match_quality = classify_oload_match
	    (src_method_badness, args.size (),
	     oload_method_static_p (methods.data (), src_method_oload_champ));
	}

      if (!xmethods.empty ())
	{
	  ext_method_oload_champ
	    = find_oload_champ (args,
				xmethods.size (),
				NULL, xmethods.data (), NULL,
				&ext_method_badness);
	  ext_method_match_quality = classify_oload_match (ext_method_badness,
							   args.size (), 0);
	}

      if (src_method_oload_champ >= 0 && ext_method_oload_champ >= 0)
	{
	  switch (compare_badness (ext_method_badness, src_method_badness))
	    {
	      case 0: /* Src method and xmethod are equally good.  */
		/* If src method and xmethod are equally good, then
		   xmethod should be the winner.  Hence, fall through to the
		   case where a xmethod is better than the source
		   method, except when the xmethod match quality is
		   non-standard.  */
		[[fallthrough]];
	      case 1: /* Src method and ext method are incompatible.  */
		/* If ext method match is not standard, then let source method
		   win.  Otherwise, fallthrough to let xmethod win.  */
		if (ext_method_match_quality != STANDARD)
		  {
		    method_oload_champ = src_method_oload_champ;
		    method_badness = src_method_badness;
		    ext_method_oload_champ = -1;
		    method_match_quality = src_method_match_quality;
		    break;
		  }
		[[fallthrough]];
	      case 2: /* Ext method is champion.  */
		method_oload_champ = ext_method_oload_champ;
		method_badness = ext_method_badness;
		src_method_oload_champ = -1;
		method_match_quality = ext_method_match_quality;
		break;
	      case 3: /* Src method is champion.  */
		method_oload_champ = src_method_oload_champ;
		method_badness = src_method_badness;
		ext_method_oload_champ = -1;
		method_match_quality = src_method_match_quality;
		break;
	      default:
		gdb_assert_not_reached ("Unexpected overload comparison "
					"result");
		break;
	    }
	}
      else if (src_method_oload_champ >= 0)
	{
	  method_oload_champ = src_method_oload_champ;
	  method_badness = src_method_badness;
	  method_match_quality = src_method_match_quality;
	}
      else if (ext_method_oload_champ >= 0)
	{
	  method_oload_champ = ext_method_oload_champ;
	  method_badness = ext_method_badness;
	  method_match_quality = ext_method_match_quality;
	}
    }

  if (method == NON_METHOD || method == BOTH)
    {
      const char *qualified_name = NULL;

      /* If the overload match is being search for both as a method
	 and non member function, the first argument must now be
	 dereferenced.  */
      if (method == BOTH)
	args[0] = value_ind (args[0]);

      if (fsym)
	{
	  qualified_name = fsym->natural_name ();

	  /* If we have a function with a C++ name, try to extract just
	     the function part.  Do not try this for non-functions (e.g.
	     function pointers).  */
	  if (qualified_name
	      && (check_typedef (fsym->type ())->code ()
		  == TYPE_CODE_FUNC))
	    {
	      temp_func = cp_func_name (qualified_name);

	      /* If cp_func_name did not remove anything, the name of the
		 symbol did not include scope or argument types - it was
		 probably a C-style function.  */
	      if (temp_func != nullptr)
		{
		  if (strcmp (temp_func.get (), qualified_name) == 0)
		    func_name = NULL;
		  else
		    func_name = temp_func.get ();
		}
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  func_name = name;
	  qualified_name = name;
	}

      /* If there was no C++ name, this must be a C-style function or
	 not a function at all.  Just return the same symbol.  Do the
	 same if cp_func_name fails for some reason.  */
      if (func_name == NULL)
	{
	  *symp = fsym;
	  return 0;
	}

      func_oload_champ = find_oload_champ_namespace (args,
						     func_name,
						     qualified_name,
						     &functions,
						     &func_badness,
						     no_adl);

      if (func_oload_champ >= 0)
	func_match_quality = classify_oload_match (func_badness,
						   args.size (), 0);
    }

  /* Did we find a match ?  */
  if (method_oload_champ == -1 && func_oload_champ == -1)
    throw_error (NOT_FOUND_ERROR,
		 _("No symbol \"%s\" in current context."),
		 name);

  /* If we have found both a method match and a function
     match, find out which one is better, and calculate match
     quality.  */
  if (method_oload_champ >= 0 && func_oload_champ >= 0)
    {
      switch (compare_badness (func_badness, method_badness))
	{
	  case 0: /* Top two contenders are equally good.  */
	    /* FIXME: GDB does not support the general ambiguous case.
	     All candidates should be collected and presented the
	     user.  */
	    error (_("Ambiguous overload resolution"));
	    break;
	  case 1: /* Incomparable top contenders.  */
	    /* This is an error incompatible candidates
	       should not have been proposed.  */
	    error (_("Internal error: incompatible "
		     "overload candidates proposed"));
	    break;
	  case 2: /* Function champion.  */
	    method_oload_champ = -1;
	    match_quality = func_match_quality;
	    break;
	  case 3: /* Method champion.  */
	    func_oload_champ = -1;
	    match_quality = method_match_quality;
	    break;
	  default:
	    error (_("Internal error: unexpected overload comparison result"));
	    break;
	}
    }
  else
    {
      /* We have either a method match or a function match.  */
      if (method_oload_champ >= 0)
	match_quality = method_match_quality;
      else
	match_quality = func_match_quality;
    }

  if (match_quality == INCOMPATIBLE)
    {
      std::string hint = incomplete_type_hint (args);
      if (method == METHOD)
	error (_("Cannot resolve method %s%s%s to any overloaded instance%s"),
	       obj_type_name,
	       (obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
	       name, hint.c_str ());
      else
	error (_("Cannot resolve function %s to any overloaded instance%s"),
	       func_name, hint.c_str ());
    }
  else if (match_quality == NON_STANDARD)
    {
      if (method == METHOD)
	warning (_("Using non-standard conversion to match "
		   "method %s%s%s to supplied arguments"),
		 obj_type_name,
		 (obj_type_name && *obj_type_name) ? "::" : "",
		 name);
      else
	warning (_("Using non-standard conversion to match "
		   "function %s to supplied arguments"),
		 func_name);
    }

  if (staticp != NULL)
    *staticp = oload_method_static_p (methods.data (), method_oload_champ);

  if (method_oload_champ >= 0)
    {
      if (src_method_oload_champ >= 0)
	{
	  if (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VIRTUAL_P (methods, method_oload_champ)
	      && noside != EVAL_AVOID_SIDE_EFFECTS)
	    {
	      *valp = value_virtual_fn_field (&temp, methods.data (),
					      method_oload_champ, basetype,
					      boffset);
	    }
	  else
	    *valp = value_fn_field (&temp, methods.data (),
				    method_oload_champ, basetype, boffset);
	}
      else
	*valp = value::from_xmethod
	  (std::move (xmethods[ext_method_oload_champ]));
    }
  else
    *symp = functions[func_oload_champ];

  if (objp)
    {
      struct type *temp_type = check_typedef (temp->type ());
      struct type *objtype = check_typedef (obj_type);

      if (temp_type->code () != TYPE_CODE_PTR
	  && objtype->is_pointer_or_reference ())
	{
	  temp = value_addr (temp);
	}
      *objp = temp;
    }

  switch (match_quality)
    {
    case INCOMPATIBLE:
      return 100;
    case NON_STANDARD:
      return 10;
    default:				/* STANDARD */
      return 0;
    }
}

/* Find the best overload match, searching for FUNC_NAME in namespaces
   contained in QUALIFIED_NAME until it either finds a good match or
   runs out of namespaces.  It stores the overloaded functions in
   *OLOAD_SYMS, and the badness vector in *OLOAD_CHAMP_BV.  If NO_ADL,
   argument dependent lookup is not performed.  */

static int
find_oload_champ_namespace (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
			    const char *func_name,
			    const char *qualified_name,
			    std::vector<symbol *> *oload_syms,
			    badness_vector *oload_champ_bv,
			    const int no_adl)
{
  int oload_champ;

  find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (args,
				   func_name,
				   qualified_name, 0,
				   oload_syms, oload_champ_bv,
				   &oload_champ,
				   no_adl);

  return oload_champ;
}

/* Helper function for find_oload_champ_namespace; NAMESPACE_LEN is
   how deep we've looked for namespaces, and the champ is stored in
   OLOAD_CHAMP.  The return value is 1 if the champ is a good one, 0
   if it isn't.  Other arguments are the same as in
   find_oload_champ_namespace.  */

static int
find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (gdb::array_view<value *> args,
				 const char *func_name,
				 const char *qualified_name,
				 int namespace_len,
				 std::vector<symbol *> *oload_syms,
				 badness_vector *oload_champ_bv,
				 int *oload_champ,
				 const int no_adl)
{
  int next_namespace_len = namespace_len;
  int searched_deeper = 0;
  int new_oload_champ;
  char *new_namespace;

  if (next_namespace_len != 0)
    {
      gdb_assert (qualified_name[next_namespace_len] == ':');
      next_namespace_len +=  2;
    }
  next_namespace_len +=
    cp_find_first_component (qualified_name + next_namespace_len);

  /* First, see if we have a deeper namespace we can search in.
     If we get a good match there, use it.  */

  if (qualified_name[next_namespace_len] == ':')
    {
      searched_deeper = 1;

      if (find_oload_champ_namespace_loop (args,
					   func_name, qualified_name,
					   next_namespace_len,
					   oload_syms, oload_champ_bv,
					   oload_champ, no_adl))
	{
	  return 1;
	}
    };

  /* If we reach here, either we're in the deepest namespace or we
     didn't find a good match in a deeper namespace.  But, in the
     latter case, we still have a bad match in a deeper namespace;
     note that we might not find any match at all in the current
     namespace.  (There's always a match in the deepest namespace,
     because this overload mechanism only gets called if there's a
     function symbol to start off with.)  */

  new_namespace = (char *) alloca (namespace_len + 1);
  strncpy (new_namespace, qualified_name, namespace_len);
  new_namespace[namespace_len] = '\0';

  std::vector<symbol *> new_oload_syms
    = make_symbol_overload_list (func_name, new_namespace);

  /* If we have reached the deepest level perform argument
     determined lookup.  */
  if (!searched_deeper && !no_adl)
    {
      int ix;
      struct type **arg_types;

      /* Prepare list of argument types for overload resolution.  */
      arg_types = (struct type **)
	alloca (args.size () * (sizeof (struct type *)));
      for (ix = 0; ix < args.size (); ix++)
	arg_types[ix] = args[ix]->type ();
      add_symbol_overload_list_adl ({arg_types, args.size ()}, func_name,
				    &new_oload_syms);
    }

  badness_vector new_oload_champ_bv;
  new_oload_champ = find_oload_champ (args,
				      new_oload_syms.size (),
				      NULL, NULL, new_oload_syms.data (),
				      &new_oload_champ_bv);

  /* Case 1: We found a good match.  Free earlier matches (if any),
     and return it.  Case 2: We didn't find a good match, but we're
     not the deepest function.  Then go with the bad match that the
     deeper function found.  Case 3: We found a bad match, and we're
     the deepest function.  Then return what we found, even though
     it's a bad match.  */

  if (new_oload_champ != -1
      && classify_oload_match (new_oload_champ_bv, args.size (), 0) == STANDARD)
    {
      *oload_syms = std::move (new_oload_syms);
      *oload_champ = new_oload_champ;
      *oload_champ_bv = std::move (new_oload_champ_bv);
      return 1;
    }
  else if (searched_deeper)