| This is as.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from as.texinfo. |
| |
| START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
| * As: (as). The GNU assembler. |
| END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
| |
| This file documents the GNU Assembler "as". |
| |
| Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free |
| Software Foundation, Inc. |
| |
| Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
| under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 |
| or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
| with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no |
| Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the |
| section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: SH Opcodes, Prev: SH Directives, Up: SH-Dependent |
| |
| Opcodes |
| ------- |
| |
| For detailed information on the SH machine instruction set, see |
| `SH-Microcomputer User's Manual' (Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc.). |
| |
| `as' implements all the standard SH opcodes. No additional |
| pseudo-instructions are needed on this family. Note, however, that |
| because `as' supports a simpler form of PC-relative addressing, you may |
| simply write (for example) |
| |
| mov.l bar,r0 |
| |
| where other assemblers might require an explicit displacement to `bar' |
| from the program counter: |
| |
| mov.l @(DISP, PC) |
| |
| Here is a summary of SH opcodes: |
| |
| Legend: |
| Rn a numbered register |
| Rm another numbered register |
| #imm immediate data |
| disp displacement |
| disp8 8-bit displacement |
| disp12 12-bit displacement |
| |
| add #imm,Rn lds.l @Rn+,PR |
| add Rm,Rn mac.w @Rm+,@Rn+ |
| addc Rm,Rn mov #imm,Rn |
| addv Rm,Rn mov Rm,Rn |
| and #imm,R0 mov.b Rm,@(R0,Rn) |
| and Rm,Rn mov.b Rm,@-Rn |
| and.b #imm,@(R0,GBR) mov.b Rm,@Rn |
| bf disp8 mov.b @(disp,Rm),R0 |
| bra disp12 mov.b @(disp,GBR),R0 |
| bsr disp12 mov.b @(R0,Rm),Rn |
| bt disp8 mov.b @Rm+,Rn |
| clrmac mov.b @Rm,Rn |
| clrt mov.b R0,@(disp,Rm) |
| cmp/eq #imm,R0 mov.b R0,@(disp,GBR) |
| cmp/eq Rm,Rn mov.l Rm,@(disp,Rn) |
| cmp/ge Rm,Rn mov.l Rm,@(R0,Rn) |
| cmp/gt Rm,Rn mov.l Rm,@-Rn |
| cmp/hi Rm,Rn mov.l Rm,@Rn |
| cmp/hs Rm,Rn mov.l @(disp,Rn),Rm |
| cmp/pl Rn mov.l @(disp,GBR),R0 |
| cmp/pz Rn mov.l @(disp,PC),Rn |
| cmp/str Rm,Rn mov.l @(R0,Rm),Rn |
| div0s Rm,Rn mov.l @Rm+,Rn |
| div0u mov.l @Rm,Rn |
| div1 Rm,Rn mov.l R0,@(disp,GBR) |
| exts.b Rm,Rn mov.w Rm,@(R0,Rn) |
| exts.w Rm,Rn mov.w Rm,@-Rn |
| extu.b Rm,Rn mov.w Rm,@Rn |
| extu.w Rm,Rn mov.w @(disp,Rm),R0 |
| jmp @Rn mov.w @(disp,GBR),R0 |
| jsr @Rn mov.w @(disp,PC),Rn |
| ldc Rn,GBR mov.w @(R0,Rm),Rn |
| ldc Rn,SR mov.w @Rm+,Rn |
| ldc Rn,VBR mov.w @Rm,Rn |
| ldc.l @Rn+,GBR mov.w R0,@(disp,Rm) |
| ldc.l @Rn+,SR mov.w R0,@(disp,GBR) |
| ldc.l @Rn+,VBR mova @(disp,PC),R0 |
| lds Rn,MACH movt Rn |
| lds Rn,MACL muls Rm,Rn |
| lds Rn,PR mulu Rm,Rn |
| lds.l @Rn+,MACH neg Rm,Rn |
| lds.l @Rn+,MACL negc Rm,Rn |
| |
| nop stc VBR,Rn |
| not Rm,Rn stc.l GBR,@-Rn |
| or #imm,R0 stc.l SR,@-Rn |
| or Rm,Rn stc.l VBR,@-Rn |
| or.b #imm,@(R0,GBR) sts MACH,Rn |
| rotcl Rn sts MACL,Rn |
| rotcr Rn sts PR,Rn |
| rotl Rn sts.l MACH,@-Rn |
| rotr Rn sts.l MACL,@-Rn |
| rte sts.l PR,@-Rn |
| rts sub Rm,Rn |
| sett subc Rm,Rn |
| shal Rn subv Rm,Rn |
| shar Rn swap.b Rm,Rn |
| shll Rn swap.w Rm,Rn |
| shll16 Rn tas.b @Rn |
| shll2 Rn trapa #imm |
| shll8 Rn tst #imm,R0 |
| shlr Rn tst Rm,Rn |
| shlr16 Rn tst.b #imm,@(R0,GBR) |
| shlr2 Rn xor #imm,R0 |
| shlr8 Rn xor Rm,Rn |
| sleep xor.b #imm,@(R0,GBR) |
| stc GBR,Rn xtrct Rm,Rn |
| stc SR,Rn |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Sparc-Dependent, Next: V850-Dependent, Prev: PJ-Dependent, Up: Machine Dependencies |
| |
| SPARC Dependent Features |
| ======================== |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * Sparc-Opts:: Options |
| * Sparc-Aligned-Data:: Option to enforce aligned data |
| * Sparc-Float:: Floating Point |
| * Sparc-Directives:: Sparc Machine Directives |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Sparc-Opts, Next: Sparc-Aligned-Data, Up: Sparc-Dependent |
| |
| Options |
| ------- |
| |
| The SPARC chip family includes several successive levels, using the |
| same core instruction set, but including a few additional instructions |
| at each level. There are exceptions to this however. For details on |
| what instructions each variant supports, please see the chip's |
| architecture reference manual. |
| |
| By default, `as' assumes the core instruction set (SPARC v6), but |
| "bumps" the architecture level as needed: it switches to successively |
| higher architectures as it encounters instructions that only exist in |
| the higher levels. |
| |
| If not configured for SPARC v9 (`sparc64-*-*') GAS will not bump |
| passed sparclite by default, an option must be passed to enable the v9 |
| instructions. |
| |
| GAS treats sparclite as being compatible with v8, unless an |
| architecture is explicitly requested. SPARC v9 is always incompatible |
| with sparclite. |
| |
| `-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite' |
| `-Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a' |
| Use one of the `-A' options to select one of the SPARC |
| architectures explicitly. If you select an architecture |
| explicitly, `as' reports a fatal error if it encounters an |
| instruction or feature requiring an incompatible or higher level. |
| |
| `-Av8plus' and `-Av8plusa' select a 32 bit environment. |
| |
| `-Av9' and `-Av9a' select a 64 bit environment and are not |
| available unless GAS is explicitly configured with 64 bit |
| environment support. |
| |
| `-Av8plusa' and `-Av9a' enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with |
| UltraSPARC extensions. |
| |
| `-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa' |
| For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler. These options are |
| equivalent to -Av8plus and -Av8plusa, respectively. |
| |
| `-bump' |
| Warn whenever it is necessary to switch to another level. If an |
| architecture level is explicitly requested, GAS will not issue |
| warnings until that level is reached, and will then bump the level |
| as required (except between incompatible levels). |
| |
| `-32 | -64' |
| Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits. These options |
| are only available with the ELF object file format, and require |
| that the necessary BFD support has been included. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Sparc-Aligned-Data, Next: Sparc-Float, Prev: Sparc-Opts, Up: Sparc-Dependent |
| |
| Enforcing aligned data |
| ---------------------- |
| |
| SPARC GAS normally permits data to be misaligned. For example, it |
| permits the `.long' pseudo-op to be used on a byte boundary. However, |
| the native SunOS and Solaris assemblers issue an error when they see |
| misaligned data. |
| |
| You can use the `--enforce-aligned-data' option to make SPARC GAS |
| also issue an error about misaligned data, just as the SunOS and Solaris |
| assemblers do. |
| |
| The `--enforce-aligned-data' option is not the default because gcc |
| issues misaligned data pseudo-ops when it initializes certain packed |
| data structures (structures defined using the `packed' attribute). You |
| may have to assemble with GAS in order to initialize packed data |
| structures in your own code. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Sparc-Float, Next: Sparc-Directives, Prev: Sparc-Aligned-Data, Up: Sparc-Dependent |
| |
| Floating Point |
| -------------- |
| |
| The Sparc uses IEEE floating-point numbers. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Sparc-Directives, Prev: Sparc-Float, Up: Sparc-Dependent |
| |
| Sparc Machine Directives |
| ------------------------ |
| |
| The Sparc version of `as' supports the following additional machine |
| directives: |
| |
| `.align' |
| This must be followed by the desired alignment in bytes. |
| |
| `.common' |
| This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and |
| `"bss"'. This behaves somewhat like `.comm', but the syntax is |
| different. |
| |
| `.half' |
| This is functionally identical to `.short'. |
| |
| `.nword' |
| On the Sparc, the `.nword' directive produces native word sized |
| value, ie. if assembling with -32 it is equivalent to `.word', if |
| assembling with -64 it is equivalent to `.xword'. |
| |
| `.proc' |
| This directive is ignored. Any text following it on the same line |
| is also ignored. |
| |
| `.register' |
| This directive declares use of a global application or system |
| register. It must be followed by a register name %g2, %g3, %g6 or |
| %g7, comma and the symbol name for that register. If symbol name |
| is `#scratch', it is a scratch register, if it is `#ignore', it |
| just surpresses any errors about using undeclared global register, |
| but does not emit any information about it into the object file. |
| This can be useful e.g. if you save the register before use and |
| restore it after. |
| |
| `.reserve' |
| This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and |
| `"bss"'. This behaves somewhat like `.lcomm', but the syntax is |
| different. |
| |
| `.seg' |
| This must be followed by `"text"', `"data"', or `"data1"'. It |
| behaves like `.text', `.data', or `.data 1'. |
| |
| `.skip' |
| This is functionally identical to the `.space' directive. |
| |
| `.word' |
| On the Sparc, the `.word' directive produces 32 bit values, |
| instead of the 16 bit values it produces on many other machines. |
| |
| `.xword' |
| On the Sparc V9 processor, the `.xword' directive produces 64 bit |
| values. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000-Dependent, Next: Vax-Dependent, Prev: V850-Dependent, Up: Machine Dependencies |
| |
| Z8000 Dependent Features |
| ======================== |
| |
| The Z8000 as supports both members of the Z8000 family: the |
| unsegmented Z8002, with 16 bit addresses, and the segmented Z8001 with |
| 24 bit addresses. |
| |
| When the assembler is in unsegmented mode (specified with the |
| `unsegm' directive), an address takes up one word (16 bit) sized |
| register. When the assembler is in segmented mode (specified with the |
| `segm' directive), a 24-bit address takes up a long (32 bit) register. |
| *Note Assembler Directives for the Z8000: Z8000 Directives, for a list |
| of other Z8000 specific assembler directives. |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * Z8000 Options:: No special command-line options for Z8000 |
| * Z8000 Syntax:: Assembler syntax for the Z8000 |
| * Z8000 Directives:: Special directives for the Z8000 |
| * Z8000 Opcodes:: Opcodes |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000 Options, Next: Z8000 Syntax, Up: Z8000-Dependent |
| |
| Options |
| ------- |
| |
| `as' has no additional command-line options for the Zilog Z8000 |
| family. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000 Syntax, Next: Z8000 Directives, Prev: Z8000 Options, Up: Z8000-Dependent |
| |
| Syntax |
| ------ |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * Z8000-Chars:: Special Characters |
| * Z8000-Regs:: Register Names |
| * Z8000-Addressing:: Addressing Modes |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000-Chars, Next: Z8000-Regs, Up: Z8000 Syntax |
| |
| Special Characters |
| .................. |
| |
| `!' is the line comment character. |
| |
| You can use `;' instead of a newline to separate statements. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000-Regs, Next: Z8000-Addressing, Prev: Z8000-Chars, Up: Z8000 Syntax |
| |
| Register Names |
| .............. |
| |
| The Z8000 has sixteen 16 bit registers, numbered 0 to 15. You can |
| refer to different sized groups of registers by register number, with |
| the prefix `r' for 16 bit registers, `rr' for 32 bit registers and `rq' |
| for 64 bit registers. You can also refer to the contents of the first |
| eight (of the sixteen 16 bit registers) by bytes. They are named `rNh' |
| and `rNl'. |
| |
| _byte registers_ |
| r0l r0h r1h r1l r2h r2l r3h r3l |
| r4h r4l r5h r5l r6h r6l r7h r7l |
| |
| _word registers_ |
| r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15 |
| |
| _long word registers_ |
| rr0 rr2 rr4 rr6 rr8 rr10 rr12 rr14 |
| |
| _quad word registers_ |
| rq0 rq4 rq8 rq12 |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000-Addressing, Prev: Z8000-Regs, Up: Z8000 Syntax |
| |
| Addressing Modes |
| ................ |
| |
| as understands the following addressing modes for the Z8000: |
| |
| `rN' |
| Register direct |
| |
| `@rN' |
| Indirect register |
| |
| `ADDR' |
| Direct: the 16 bit or 24 bit address (depending on whether the |
| assembler is in segmented or unsegmented mode) of the operand is |
| in the instruction. |
| |
| `address(rN)' |
| Indexed: the 16 or 24 bit address is added to the 16 bit register |
| to produce the final address in memory of the operand. |
| |
| `rN(#IMM)' |
| Base Address: the 16 or 24 bit register is added to the 16 bit sign |
| extended immediate displacement to produce the final address in |
| memory of the operand. |
| |
| `rN(rM)' |
| Base Index: the 16 or 24 bit register rN is added to the sign |
| extended 16 bit index register rM to produce the final address in |
| memory of the operand. |
| |
| `#XX' |
| Immediate data XX. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000 Directives, Next: Z8000 Opcodes, Prev: Z8000 Syntax, Up: Z8000-Dependent |
| |
| Assembler Directives for the Z8000 |
| ---------------------------------- |
| |
| The Z8000 port of as includes these additional assembler directives, |
| for compatibility with other Z8000 assemblers. As shown, these do not |
| begin with `.' (unlike the ordinary as directives). |
| |
| `segm' |
| Generates code for the segmented Z8001. |
| |
| `unsegm' |
| Generates code for the unsegmented Z8002. |
| |
| `name' |
| Synonym for `.file' |
| |
| `global' |
| Synonym for `.global' |
| |
| `wval' |
| Synonym for `.word' |
| |
| `lval' |
| Synonym for `.long' |
| |
| `bval' |
| Synonym for `.byte' |
| |
| `sval' |
| Assemble a string. `sval' expects one string literal, delimited by |
| single quotes. It assembles each byte of the string into |
| consecutive addresses. You can use the escape sequence `%XX' |
| (where XX represents a two-digit hexadecimal number) to represent |
| the character whose ASCII value is XX. Use this feature to |
| describe single quote and other characters that may not appear in |
| string literals as themselves. For example, the C statement |
| `char *a = "he said \"it's 50% off\"";' is represented in Z8000 |
| assembly language (shown with the assembler output in hex at the |
| left) as |
| |
| 68652073 sval 'he said %22it%27s 50%25 off%22%00' |
| 61696420 |
| 22697427 |
| 73203530 |
| 25206F66 |
| 662200 |
| |
| `rsect' |
| synonym for `.section' |
| |
| `block' |
| synonym for `.space' |
| |
| `even' |
| special case of `.align'; aligns output to even byte boundary. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Z8000 Opcodes, Prev: Z8000 Directives, Up: Z8000-Dependent |
| |
| Opcodes |
| ------- |
| |
| For detailed information on the Z8000 machine instruction set, see |
| `Z8000 Technical Manual'. |
| |
| The following table summarizes the opcodes and their arguments: |
| |
| rs 16 bit source register |
| rd 16 bit destination register |
| rbs 8 bit source register |
| rbd 8 bit destination register |
| rrs 32 bit source register |
| rrd 32 bit destination register |
| rqs 64 bit source register |
| rqd 64 bit destination register |
| addr 16/24 bit address |
| imm immediate data |
| |
| adc rd,rs clrb addr cpsir @rd,@rs,rr,cc |
| adcb rbd,rbs clrb addr(rd) cpsirb @rd,@rs,rr,cc |
| add rd,@rs clrb rbd dab rbd |
| add rd,addr com @rd dbjnz rbd,disp7 |
| add rd,addr(rs) com addr dec @rd,imm4m1 |
| add rd,imm16 com addr(rd) dec addr(rd),imm4m1 |
| add rd,rs com rd dec addr,imm4m1 |
| addb rbd,@rs comb @rd dec rd,imm4m1 |
| addb rbd,addr comb addr decb @rd,imm4m1 |
| addb rbd,addr(rs) comb addr(rd) decb addr(rd),imm4m1 |
| addb rbd,imm8 comb rbd decb addr,imm4m1 |
| addb rbd,rbs comflg flags decb rbd,imm4m1 |
| addl rrd,@rs cp @rd,imm16 di i2 |
| addl rrd,addr cp addr(rd),imm16 div rrd,@rs |
| addl rrd,addr(rs) cp addr,imm16 div rrd,addr |
| addl rrd,imm32 cp rd,@rs div rrd,addr(rs) |
| addl rrd,rrs cp rd,addr div rrd,imm16 |
| and rd,@rs cp rd,addr(rs) div rrd,rs |
| and rd,addr cp rd,imm16 divl rqd,@rs |
| and rd,addr(rs) cp rd,rs divl rqd,addr |
| and rd,imm16 cpb @rd,imm8 divl rqd,addr(rs) |
| and rd,rs cpb addr(rd),imm8 divl rqd,imm32 |
| andb rbd,@rs cpb addr,imm8 divl rqd,rrs |
| andb rbd,addr cpb rbd,@rs djnz rd,disp7 |
| andb rbd,addr(rs) cpb rbd,addr ei i2 |
| andb rbd,imm8 cpb rbd,addr(rs) ex rd,@rs |
| andb rbd,rbs cpb rbd,imm8 ex rd,addr |
| bit @rd,imm4 cpb rbd,rbs ex rd,addr(rs) |
| bit addr(rd),imm4 cpd rd,@rs,rr,cc ex rd,rs |
| bit addr,imm4 cpdb rbd,@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,@rs |
| bit rd,imm4 cpdr rd,@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,addr |
| bit rd,rs cpdrb rbd,@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,addr(rs) |
| bitb @rd,imm4 cpi rd,@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,rbs |
| bitb addr(rd),imm4 cpib rbd,@rs,rr,cc ext0e imm8 |
| bitb addr,imm4 cpir rd,@rs,rr,cc ext0f imm8 |
| bitb rbd,imm4 cpirb rbd,@rs,rr,cc ext8e imm8 |
| bitb rbd,rs cpl rrd,@rs ext8f imm8 |
| bpt cpl rrd,addr exts rrd |
| call @rd cpl rrd,addr(rs) extsb rd |
| call addr cpl rrd,imm32 extsl rqd |
| call addr(rd) cpl rrd,rrs halt |
| calr disp12 cpsd @rd,@rs,rr,cc in rd,@rs |
| clr @rd cpsdb @rd,@rs,rr,cc in rd,imm16 |
| clr addr cpsdr @rd,@rs,rr,cc inb rbd,@rs |
| clr addr(rd) cpsdrb @rd,@rs,rr,cc inb rbd,imm16 |
| clr rd cpsi @rd,@rs,rr,cc inc @rd,imm4m1 |
| clrb @rd cpsib @rd,@rs,rr,cc inc addr(rd),imm4m1 |
| inc addr,imm4m1 ldb rbd,rs(rx) mult rrd,addr(rs) |
| inc rd,imm4m1 ldb rd(imm16),rbs mult rrd,imm16 |
| incb @rd,imm4m1 ldb rd(rx),rbs mult rrd,rs |
| incb addr(rd),imm4m1 ldctl ctrl,rs multl rqd,@rs |
| incb addr,imm4m1 ldctl rd,ctrl multl rqd,addr |
| incb rbd,imm4m1 ldd @rs,@rd,rr multl rqd,addr(rs) |
| ind @rd,@rs,ra lddb @rs,@rd,rr multl rqd,imm32 |
| indb @rd,@rs,rba lddr @rs,@rd,rr multl rqd,rrs |
| inib @rd,@rs,ra lddrb @rs,@rd,rr neg @rd |
| inibr @rd,@rs,ra ldi @rd,@rs,rr neg addr |
| iret ldib @rd,@rs,rr neg addr(rd) |
| jp cc,@rd ldir @rd,@rs,rr neg rd |
| jp cc,addr ldirb @rd,@rs,rr negb @rd |
| jp cc,addr(rd) ldk rd,imm4 negb addr |
| jr cc,disp8 ldl @rd,rrs negb addr(rd) |
| ld @rd,imm16 ldl addr(rd),rrs negb rbd |
| ld @rd,rs ldl addr,rrs nop |
| ld addr(rd),imm16 ldl rd(imm16),rrs or rd,@rs |
| ld addr(rd),rs ldl rd(rx),rrs or rd,addr |
| ld addr,imm16 ldl rrd,@rs or rd,addr(rs) |
| ld addr,rs ldl rrd,addr or rd,imm16 |
| ld rd(imm16),rs ldl rrd,addr(rs) or rd,rs |
| ld rd(rx),rs ldl rrd,imm32 orb rbd,@rs |
| ld rd,@rs ldl rrd,rrs orb rbd,addr |
| ld rd,addr ldl rrd,rs(imm16) orb rbd,addr(rs) |
| ld rd,addr(rs) ldl rrd,rs(rx) orb rbd,imm8 |
| ld rd,imm16 ldm @rd,rs,n orb rbd,rbs |
| ld rd,rs ldm addr(rd),rs,n out @rd,rs |
| ld rd,rs(imm16) ldm addr,rs,n out imm16,rs |
| ld rd,rs(rx) ldm rd,@rs,n outb @rd,rbs |
| lda rd,addr ldm rd,addr(rs),n outb imm16,rbs |
| lda rd,addr(rs) ldm rd,addr,n outd @rd,@rs,ra |
| lda rd,rs(imm16) ldps @rs outdb @rd,@rs,rba |
| lda rd,rs(rx) ldps addr outib @rd,@rs,ra |
| ldar rd,disp16 ldps addr(rs) outibr @rd,@rs,ra |
| ldb @rd,imm8 ldr disp16,rs pop @rd,@rs |
| ldb @rd,rbs ldr rd,disp16 pop addr(rd),@rs |
| ldb addr(rd),imm8 ldrb disp16,rbs pop addr,@rs |
| ldb addr(rd),rbs ldrb rbd,disp16 pop rd,@rs |
| ldb addr,imm8 ldrl disp16,rrs popl @rd,@rs |
| ldb addr,rbs ldrl rrd,disp16 popl addr(rd),@rs |
| ldb rbd,@rs mbit popl addr,@rs |
| ldb rbd,addr mreq rd popl rrd,@rs |
| ldb rbd,addr(rs) mres push @rd,@rs |
| ldb rbd,imm8 mset push @rd,addr |
| ldb rbd,rbs mult rrd,@rs push @rd,addr(rs) |
| ldb rbd,rs(imm16) mult rrd,addr push @rd,imm16 |
| push @rd,rs set addr,imm4 subl rrd,imm32 |
| pushl @rd,@rs set rd,imm4 subl rrd,rrs |
| pushl @rd,addr set rd,rs tcc cc,rd |
| pushl @rd,addr(rs) setb @rd,imm4 tccb cc,rbd |
| pushl @rd,rrs setb addr(rd),imm4 test @rd |
| res @rd,imm4 setb addr,imm4 test addr |
| res addr(rd),imm4 setb rbd,imm4 test addr(rd) |
| res addr,imm4 setb rbd,rs test rd |
| res rd,imm4 setflg imm4 testb @rd |
| res rd,rs sinb rbd,imm16 testb addr |
| resb @rd,imm4 sinb rd,imm16 testb addr(rd) |
| resb addr(rd),imm4 sind @rd,@rs,ra testb rbd |
| resb addr,imm4 sindb @rd,@rs,rba testl @rd |
| resb rbd,imm4 sinib @rd,@rs,ra testl addr |
| resb rbd,rs sinibr @rd,@rs,ra testl addr(rd) |
| resflg imm4 sla rd,imm8 testl rrd |
| ret cc slab rbd,imm8 trdb @rd,@rs,rba |
| rl rd,imm1or2 slal rrd,imm8 trdrb @rd,@rs,rba |
| rlb rbd,imm1or2 sll rd,imm8 trib @rd,@rs,rbr |
| rlc rd,imm1or2 sllb rbd,imm8 trirb @rd,@rs,rbr |
| rlcb rbd,imm1or2 slll rrd,imm8 trtdrb @ra,@rb,rbr |
| rldb rbb,rba sout imm16,rs trtib @ra,@rb,rr |
| rr rd,imm1or2 soutb imm16,rbs trtirb @ra,@rb,rbr |
| rrb rbd,imm1or2 soutd @rd,@rs,ra trtrb @ra,@rb,rbr |
| rrc rd,imm1or2 soutdb @rd,@rs,rba tset @rd |
| rrcb rbd,imm1or2 soutib @rd,@rs,ra tset addr |
| rrdb rbb,rba soutibr @rd,@rs,ra tset addr(rd) |
| rsvd36 sra rd,imm8 tset rd |
| rsvd38 srab rbd,imm8 tsetb @rd |
| rsvd78 sral rrd,imm8 tsetb addr |
| rsvd7e srl rd,imm8 tsetb addr(rd) |
| rsvd9d srlb rbd,imm8 tsetb rbd |
| rsvd9f srll rrd,imm8 xor rd,@rs |
| rsvdb9 sub rd,@rs xor rd,addr |
| rsvdbf sub rd,addr xor rd,addr(rs) |
| sbc rd,rs sub rd,addr(rs) xor rd,imm16 |
| sbcb rbd,rbs sub rd,imm16 xor rd,rs |
| sc imm8 sub rd,rs xorb rbd,@rs |
| sda rd,rs subb rbd,@rs xorb rbd,addr |
| sdab rbd,rs subb rbd,addr xorb rbd,addr(rs) |
| sdal rrd,rs subb rbd,addr(rs) xorb rbd,imm8 |
| sdl rd,rs subb rbd,imm8 xorb rbd,rbs |
| sdlb rbd,rs subb rbd,rbs xorb rbd,rbs |
| sdll rrd,rs subl rrd,@rs |
| set @rd,imm4 subl rrd,addr |
| set addr(rd),imm4 subl rrd,addr(rs) |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Vax-Dependent, Prev: Z8000-Dependent, Up: Machine Dependencies |
| |
| VAX Dependent Features |
| ====================== |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * VAX-Opts:: VAX Command-Line Options |
| * VAX-float:: VAX Floating Point |
| * VAX-directives:: Vax Machine Directives |
| * VAX-opcodes:: VAX Opcodes |
| * VAX-branch:: VAX Branch Improvement |
| * VAX-operands:: VAX Operands |
| * VAX-no:: Not Supported on VAX |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-Opts, Next: VAX-float, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| VAX Command-Line Options |
| ------------------------ |
| |
| The Vax version of `as' accepts any of the following options, gives |
| a warning message that the option was ignored and proceeds. These |
| options are for compatibility with scripts designed for other people's |
| assemblers. |
| |
| ``-D' (Debug)' |
| ``-S' (Symbol Table)' |
| ``-T' (Token Trace)' |
| These are obsolete options used to debug old assemblers. |
| |
| ``-d' (Displacement size for JUMPs)' |
| This option expects a number following the `-d'. Like options |
| that expect filenames, the number may immediately follow the `-d' |
| (old standard) or constitute the whole of the command line |
| argument that follows `-d' (GNU standard). |
| |
| ``-V' (Virtualize Interpass Temporary File)' |
| Some other assemblers use a temporary file. This option commanded |
| them to keep the information in active memory rather than in a |
| disk file. `as' always does this, so this option is redundant. |
| |
| ``-J' (JUMPify Longer Branches)' |
| Many 32-bit computers permit a variety of branch instructions to |
| do the same job. Some of these instructions are short (and fast) |
| but have a limited range; others are long (and slow) but can |
| branch anywhere in virtual memory. Often there are 3 flavors of |
| branch: short, medium and long. Some other assemblers would emit |
| short and medium branches, unless told by this option to emit |
| short and long branches. |
| |
| ``-t' (Temporary File Directory)' |
| Some other assemblers may use a temporary file, and this option |
| takes a filename being the directory to site the temporary file. |
| Since `as' does not use a temporary disk file, this option makes |
| no difference. `-t' needs exactly one filename. |
| |
| The Vax version of the assembler accepts additional options when |
| compiled for VMS: |
| |
| `-h N' |
| External symbol or section (used for global variables) names are |
| not case sensitive on VAX/VMS and always mapped to upper case. |
| This is contrary to the C language definition which explicitly |
| distinguishes upper and lower case. To implement a standard |
| conforming C compiler, names must be changed (mapped) to preserve |
| the case information. The default mapping is to convert all lower |
| case characters to uppercase and adding an underscore followed by |
| a 6 digit hex value, representing a 24 digit binary value. The |
| one digits in the binary value represent which characters are |
| uppercase in the original symbol name. |
| |
| The `-h N' option determines how we map names. This takes several |
| values. No `-h' switch at all allows case hacking as described |
| above. A value of zero (`-h0') implies names should be upper |
| case, and inhibits the case hack. A value of 2 (`-h2') implies |
| names should be all lower case, with no case hack. A value of 3 |
| (`-h3') implies that case should be preserved. The value 1 is |
| unused. The `-H' option directs `as' to display every mapped |
| symbol during assembly. |
| |
| Symbols whose names include a dollar sign `$' are exceptions to the |
| general name mapping. These symbols are normally only used to |
| reference VMS library names. Such symbols are always mapped to |
| upper case. |
| |
| `-+' |
| The `-+' option causes `as' to truncate any symbol name larger |
| than 31 characters. The `-+' option also prevents some code |
| following the `_main' symbol normally added to make the object |
| file compatible with Vax-11 "C". |
| |
| `-1' |
| This option is ignored for backward compatibility with `as' |
| version 1.x. |
| |
| `-H' |
| The `-H' option causes `as' to print every symbol which was |
| changed by case mapping. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-float, Next: VAX-directives, Prev: VAX-Opts, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| VAX Floating Point |
| ------------------ |
| |
| Conversion of flonums to floating point is correct, and compatible |
| with previous assemblers. Rounding is towards zero if the remainder is |
| exactly half the least significant bit. |
| |
| `D', `F', `G' and `H' floating point formats are understood. |
| |
| Immediate floating literals (_e.g._ `S`$6.9') are rendered |
| correctly. Again, rounding is towards zero in the boundary case. |
| |
| The `.float' directive produces `f' format numbers. The `.double' |
| directive produces `d' format numbers. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-directives, Next: VAX-opcodes, Prev: VAX-float, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| Vax Machine Directives |
| ---------------------- |
| |
| The Vax version of the assembler supports four directives for |
| generating Vax floating point constants. They are described in the |
| table below. |
| |
| `.dfloat' |
| This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and |
| assembles Vax `d' format 64-bit floating point constants. |
| |
| `.ffloat' |
| This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and |
| assembles Vax `f' format 32-bit floating point constants. |
| |
| `.gfloat' |
| This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and |
| assembles Vax `g' format 64-bit floating point constants. |
| |
| `.hfloat' |
| This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and |
| assembles Vax `h' format 128-bit floating point constants. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-opcodes, Next: VAX-branch, Prev: VAX-directives, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| VAX Opcodes |
| ----------- |
| |
| All DEC mnemonics are supported. Beware that `case...' instructions |
| have exactly 3 operands. The dispatch table that follows the `case...' |
| instruction should be made with `.word' statements. This is compatible |
| with all unix assemblers we know of. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-branch, Next: VAX-operands, Prev: VAX-opcodes, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| VAX Branch Improvement |
| ---------------------- |
| |
| Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted. They are for branch |
| instructions. They expand to the shortest branch instruction that |
| reaches the target. Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting |
| `j' for `b' at the start of a DEC mnemonic. This feature is included |
| both for compatibility and to help compilers. If you do not need this |
| feature, avoid these opcodes. Here are the mnemonics, and the code |
| they can expand into. |
| |
| `jbsb' |
| `Jsb' is already an instruction mnemonic, so we chose `jbsb'. |
| (byte displacement) |
| `bsbb ...' |
| |
| (word displacement) |
| `bsbw ...' |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| `jsb ...' |
| |
| `jbr' |
| `jr' |
| Unconditional branch. |
| (byte displacement) |
| `brb ...' |
| |
| (word displacement) |
| `brw ...' |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| `jmp ...' |
| |
| `jCOND' |
| COND may be any one of the conditional branches `neq', `nequ', |
| `eql', `eqlu', `gtr', `geq', `lss', `gtru', `lequ', `vc', `vs', |
| `gequ', `cc', `lssu', `cs'. COND may also be one of the bit tests |
| `bs', `bc', `bss', `bcs', `bsc', `bcc', `bssi', `bcci', `lbs', |
| `lbc'. NOTCOND is the opposite condition to COND. |
| (byte displacement) |
| `bCOND ...' |
| |
| (word displacement) |
| `bNOTCOND foo ; brw ... ; foo:' |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| `bNOTCOND foo ; jmp ... ; foo:' |
| |
| `jacbX' |
| X may be one of `b d f g h l w'. |
| (word displacement) |
| `OPCODE ...' |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| OPCODE ..., foo ; |
| brb bar ; |
| foo: jmp ... ; |
| bar: |
| |
| `jaobYYY' |
| YYY may be one of `lss leq'. |
| |
| `jsobZZZ' |
| ZZZ may be one of `geq gtr'. |
| (byte displacement) |
| `OPCODE ...' |
| |
| (word displacement) |
| OPCODE ..., foo ; |
| brb bar ; |
| foo: brw DESTINATION ; |
| bar: |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| OPCODE ..., foo ; |
| brb bar ; |
| foo: jmp DESTINATION ; |
| bar: |
| |
| `aobleq' |
| `aoblss' |
| `sobgeq' |
| `sobgtr' |
| |
| (byte displacement) |
| `OPCODE ...' |
| |
| (word displacement) |
| OPCODE ..., foo ; |
| brb bar ; |
| foo: brw DESTINATION ; |
| bar: |
| |
| (long displacement) |
| OPCODE ..., foo ; |
| brb bar ; |
| foo: jmp DESTINATION ; |
| bar: |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-operands, Next: VAX-no, Prev: VAX-branch, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| VAX Operands |
| ------------ |
| |
| The immediate character is `$' for Unix compatibility, not `#' as |
| DEC writes it. |
| |
| The indirect character is `*' for Unix compatibility, not `@' as DEC |
| writes it. |
| |
| The displacement sizing character is ``' (an accent grave) for Unix |
| compatibility, not `^' as DEC writes it. The letter preceding ``' may |
| have either case. `G' is not understood, but all other letters (`b i l |
| s w') are understood. |
| |
| Register names understood are `r0 r1 r2 ... r15 ap fp sp pc'. Upper |
| and lower case letters are equivalent. |
| |
| For instance |
| tstb *w`$4(r5) |
| |
| Any expression is permitted in an operand. Operands are comma |
| separated. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: VAX-no, Prev: VAX-operands, Up: Vax-Dependent |
| |
| Not Supported on VAX |
| -------------------- |
| |
| Vax bit fields can not be assembled with `as'. Someone can add the |
| required code if they really need it. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850-Dependent, Next: Z8000-Dependent, Prev: Sparc-Dependent, Up: Machine Dependencies |
| |
| v850 Dependent Features |
| ======================= |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * V850 Options:: Options |
| * V850 Syntax:: Syntax |
| * V850 Floating Point:: Floating Point |
| * V850 Directives:: V850 Machine Directives |
| * V850 Opcodes:: Opcodes |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850 Options, Next: V850 Syntax, Up: V850-Dependent |
| |
| Options |
| ------- |
| |
| `as' supports the following additional command-line options for the |
| V850 processor family: |
| |
| `-wsigned_overflow' |
| Causes warnings to be produced when signed immediate values |
| overflow the space available for then within their opcodes. By |
| default this option is disabled as it is possible to receive |
| spurious warnings due to using exact bit patterns as immediate |
| constants. |
| |
| `-wunsigned_overflow' |
| Causes warnings to be produced when unsigned immediate values |
| overflow the space available for then within their opcodes. By |
| default this option is disabled as it is possible to receive |
| spurious warnings due to using exact bit patterns as immediate |
| constants. |
| |
| `-mv850' |
| Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being |
| targeted at the V850 processor. This allows the linker to detect |
| attempts to link such code with code assembled for other |
| processors. |
| |
| `-mv850e' |
| Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being |
| targeted at the V850E processor. This allows the linker to detect |
| attempts to link such code with code assembled for other |
| processors. |
| |
| `-mv850any' |
| Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being |
| targeted at the V850 processor but support instructions that are |
| specific to the extended variants of the process. This allows the |
| production of binaries that contain target specific code, but |
| which are also intended to be used in a generic fashion. For |
| example libgcc.a contains generic routines used by the code |
| produced by GCC for all versions of the v850 architecture, |
| together with support routines only used by the V850E architecture. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850 Syntax, Next: V850 Floating Point, Prev: V850 Options, Up: V850-Dependent |
| |
| Syntax |
| ------ |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * V850-Chars:: Special Characters |
| * V850-Regs:: Register Names |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850-Chars, Next: V850-Regs, Up: V850 Syntax |
| |
| Special Characters |
| .................. |
| |
| `#' is the line comment character. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850-Regs, Prev: V850-Chars, Up: V850 Syntax |
| |
| Register Names |
| .............. |
| |
| `as' supports the following names for registers: |
| `general register 0' |
| r0, zero |
| |
| `general register 1' |
| r1 |
| |
| `general register 2' |
| r2, hp |
| |
| `general register 3' |
| r3, sp |
| |
| `general register 4' |
| r4, gp |
| |
| `general register 5' |
| r5, tp |
| |
| `general register 6' |
| r6 |
| |
| `general register 7' |
| r7 |
| |
| `general register 8' |
| r8 |
| |
| `general register 9' |
| r9 |
| |
| `general register 10' |
| r10 |
| |
| `general register 11' |
| r11 |
| |
| `general register 12' |
| r12 |
| |
| `general register 13' |
| r13 |
| |
| `general register 14' |
| r14 |
| |
| `general register 15' |
| r15 |
| |
| `general register 16' |
| r16 |
| |
| `general register 17' |
| r17 |
| |
| `general register 18' |
| r18 |
| |
| `general register 19' |
| r19 |
| |
| `general register 20' |
| r20 |
| |
| `general register 21' |
| r21 |
| |
| `general register 22' |
| r22 |
| |
| `general register 23' |
| r23 |
| |
| `general register 24' |
| r24 |
| |
| `general register 25' |
| r25 |
| |
| `general register 26' |
| r26 |
| |
| `general register 27' |
| r27 |
| |
| `general register 28' |
| r28 |
| |
| `general register 29' |
| r29 |
| |
| `general register 30' |
| r30, ep |
| |
| `general register 31' |
| r31, lp |
| |
| `system register 0' |
| eipc |
| |
| `system register 1' |
| eipsw |
| |
| `system register 2' |
| fepc |
| |
| `system register 3' |
| fepsw |
| |
| `system register 4' |
| ecr |
| |
| `system register 5' |
| psw |
| |
| `system register 16' |
| ctpc |
| |
| `system register 17' |
| ctpsw |
| |
| `system register 18' |
| dbpc |
| |
| `system register 19' |
| dbpsw |
| |
| `system register 20' |
| ctbp |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850 Floating Point, Next: V850 Directives, Prev: V850 Syntax, Up: V850-Dependent |
| |
| Floating Point |
| -------------- |
| |
| The V850 family uses IEEE floating-point numbers. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850 Directives, Next: V850 Opcodes, Prev: V850 Floating Point, Up: V850-Dependent |
| |
| V850 Machine Directives |
| ----------------------- |
| |
| `.offset <EXPRESSION>' |
| Moves the offset into the current section to the specified amount. |
| |
| `.section "name", <type>' |
| This is an extension to the standard .section directive. It sets |
| the current section to be <type> and creates an alias for this |
| section called "name". |
| |
| `.v850' |
| Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being |
| targeted at the V850 processor. This allows the linker to detect |
| attempts to link such code with code assembled for other |
| processors. |
| |
| `.v850e' |
| Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being |
| targeted at the V850E processor. This allows the linker to detect |
| attempts to link such code with code assembled for other |
| processors. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: V850 Opcodes, Prev: V850 Directives, Up: V850-Dependent |
| |
| Opcodes |
| ------- |
| |
| `as' implements all the standard V850 opcodes. |
| |
| `as' also implements the following pseudo ops: |
| |
| `hi0()' |
| Computes the higher 16 bits of the given expression and stores it |
| into the immediate operand field of the given instruction. For |
| example: |
| |
| `mulhi hi0(here - there), r5, r6' |
| |
| computes the difference between the address of labels 'here' and |
| 'there', takes the upper 16 bits of this difference, shifts it |
| down 16 bits and then mutliplies it by the lower 16 bits in |
| register 5, putting the result into register 6. |
| |
| `lo()' |
| Computes the lower 16 bits of the given expression and stores it |
| into the immediate operand field of the given instruction. For |
| example: |
| |
| `addi lo(here - there), r5, r6' |
| |
| computes the difference between the address of labels 'here' and |
| 'there', takes the lower 16 bits of this difference and adds it to |
| register 5, putting the result into register 6. |
| |
| `hi()' |
| Computes the higher 16 bits of the given expression and then adds |
| the value of the most significant bit of the lower 16 bits of the |
| expression and stores the result into the immediate operand field |
| of the given instruction. For example the following code can be |
| used to compute the address of the label 'here' and store it into |
| register 6: |
| |
| `movhi hi(here), r0, r6' `movea lo(here), r6, r6' |
| |
| The reason for this special behaviour is that movea performs a sign |
| extention on its immediate operand. So for example if the address |
| of 'here' was 0xFFFFFFFF then without the special behaviour of the |
| hi() pseudo-op the movhi instruction would put 0xFFFF0000 into r6, |
| then the movea instruction would takes its immediate operand, |
| 0xFFFF, sign extend it to 32 bits, 0xFFFFFFFF, and then add it |
| into r6 giving 0xFFFEFFFF which is wrong (the fifth nibble is E). |
| With the hi() pseudo op adding in the top bit of the lo() pseudo |
| op, the movhi instruction actually stores 0 into r6 (0xFFFF + 1 = |
| 0x0000), so that the movea instruction stores 0xFFFFFFFF into r6 - |
| the right value. |
| |
| `hilo()' |
| Computes the 32 bit value of the given expression and stores it |
| into the immediate operand field of the given instruction (which |
| must be a mov instruction). For example: |
| |
| `mov hilo(here), r6' |
| |
| computes the absolute address of label 'here' and puts the result |
| into register 6. |
| |
| `sdaoff()' |
| Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the |
| Small Data Area (whoes address is held in register 4, the GP |
| register) and stores the result as a 16 bit signed value in the |
| immediate operand field of the given instruction. For example: |
| |
| `ld.w sdaoff(_a_variable)[gp],r6' |
| |
| loads the contents of the location pointed to by the label |
| '_a_variable' into register 6, provided that the label is located |
| somewhere within +/- 32K of the address held in the GP register. |
| [Note the linker assumes that the GP register contains a fixed |
| address set to the address of the label called '__gp'. This can |
| either be set up automatically by the linker, or specifically set |
| by using the `--defsym __gp=<value>' command line option]. |
| |
| `tdaoff()' |
| Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the |
| Tiny Data Area (whoes address is held in register 30, the EP |
| register) and stores the result as a 4,5, 7 or 8 bit unsigned |
| value in the immediate operand field of the given instruction. |
| For example: |
| |
| `sld.w tdaoff(_a_variable)[ep],r6' |
| |
| loads the contents of the location pointed to by the label |
| '_a_variable' into register 6, provided that the label is located |
| somewhere within +256 bytes of the address held in the EP |
| register. [Note the linker assumes that the EP register contains |
| a fixed address set to the address of the label called '__ep'. |
| This can either be set up automatically by the linker, or |
| specifically set by using the `--defsym __ep=<value>' command line |
| option]. |
| |
| `zdaoff()' |
| Computes the offset of the named variable from address 0 and |
| stores the result as a 16 bit signed value in the immediate |
| operand field of the given instruction. For example: |
| |
| `movea zdaoff(_a_variable),zero,r6' |
| |
| puts the address of the label '_a_variable' into register 6, |
| assuming that the label is somewhere within the first 32K of |
| memory. (Strictly speaking it also possible to access the last |
| 32K of memory as well, as the offsets are signed). |
| |
| `ctoff()' |
| Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the |
| Call Table Area (whoes address is helg in system register 20, the |
| CTBP register) and stores the result a 6 or 16 bit unsigned value |
| in the immediate field of then given instruction or piece of data. |
| For example: |
| |
| `callt ctoff(table_func1)' |
| |
| will put the call the function whoes address is held in the call |
| table at the location labeled 'table_func1'. |
| |
| For information on the V850 instruction set, see `V850 Family |
| 32-/16-Bit single-Chip Microcontroller Architecture Manual' from NEC. |
| Ltd. |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Acknowledgements, Prev: Machine Dependencies, Up: Top |
| |
| Reporting Bugs |
| ************** |
| |
| Your bug reports play an essential role in making `as' reliable. |
| |
| Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, |
| or it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report |
| is to help the entire community by making the next version of `as' work |
| better. Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of `as'. |
| |
| In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the |
| information that enables us to fix the bug. |
| |
| * Menu: |
| |
| * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? |
| * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs |
| |
| |
| File: as.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Reporting, Up: Reporting Bugs |
| |
| Have you found a bug? |
| ===================== |
| |
| If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some |
| guidelines: |
| |
| * If the assembler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that |
| is a `as' bug. Reliable assemblers never crash. |
| |
| * If `as' produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug. |
| |
| * If `as' does not produce an error message for invalid input, that |
| is a bug. However, you should note that your idea of "invalid |
| input" might be our idea of "an extension" or "support for |
| traditional practice". |
| |
| * If you are an experienced user of assemblers, your suggestions for |
| improvement of `as' are welcome in any case. |
| |
