This is ld.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.3 from ./ld.texinfo.

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Ld: (ld).                       The GNU linker.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU linker LD version 2.14.

   Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.


File: ld.info,  Node: Options,  Next: Environment,  Up: Invocation

Command Line Options
====================

   The linker supports a plethora of command-line options, but in actual
practice few of them are used in any particular context.  For instance,
a frequent use of `ld' is to link standard Unix object files on a
standard, supported Unix system.  On such a system, to link a file
`hello.o':

     ld -o OUTPUT /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc

   This tells `ld' to produce a file called OUTPUT as the result of
linking the file `/lib/crt0.o' with `hello.o' and the library `libc.a',
which will come from the standard search directories.  (See the
discussion of the `-l' option below.)

   Some of the command-line options to `ld' may be specified at any
point in the command line.  However, options which refer to files, such
as `-l' or `-T', cause the file to be read at the point at which the
option appears in the command line, relative to the object files and
other file options.  Repeating non-file options with a different
argument will either have no further effect, or override prior
occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of that
option.  Options which may be meaningfully specified more than once are
noted in the descriptions below.

   Non-option arguments are object files or archives which are to be
linked together.  They may follow, precede, or be mixed in with
command-line options, except that an object file argument may not be
placed between an option and its argument.

   Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but you
can specify other forms of binary input files using `-l', `-R', and the
script command language.  If _no_ binary input files at all are
specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the
message `No input files'.

   If the linker cannot recognize the format of an object file, it will
assume that it is a linker script.  A script specified in this way
augments the main linker script used for the link (either the default
linker script or the one specified by using `-T').  This feature
permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object
or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses
`INPUT' or `GROUP' to load other objects.  Note that specifying a
script in this way merely augments the main linker script; use the `-T'
option to replace the default linker script entirely.  *Note Scripts::.

   For options whose names are a single letter, option arguments must
either follow the option letter without intervening whitespace, or be
given as separate arguments immediately following the option that
requires them.

   For options whose names are multiple letters, either one dash or two
can precede the option name; for example, `-trace-symbol' and
`--trace-symbol' are equivalent.  Note--there is one exception to this
rule.  Multiple letter options that start with a lower case 'o' can
only be preceeded by two dashes.  This is to reduce confusion with the
`-o' option.  So for example `-omagic' sets the output file name to
`magic' whereas `--omagic' sets the NMAGIC flag on the output.

   Arguments to multiple-letter options must either be separated from
the option name by an equals sign, or be given as separate arguments
immediately following the option that requires them.  For example,
`--trace-symbol foo' and `--trace-symbol=foo' are equivalent.  Unique
abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are accepted.

   Note--if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler
driver (e.g. `gcc') then all the linker command line options should be
prefixed by `-Wl,' (or whatever is appropriate for the particular
compiler driver) like this:

       gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup

   This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may
silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link.

   Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the
GNU linker:

`-aKEYWORD'
     This option is supported for HP/UX compatibility.  The KEYWORD
     argument must be one of the strings `archive', `shared', or
     `default'.  `-aarchive' is functionally equivalent to `-Bstatic',
     and the other two keywords are functionally equivalent to
     `-Bdynamic'.  This option may be used any number of times.

`-AARCHITECTURE'
`--architecture=ARCHITECTURE'
     In the current release of `ld', this option is useful only for the
     Intel 960 family of architectures.  In that `ld' configuration, the
     ARCHITECTURE argument identifies the particular architecture in
     the 960 family, enabling some safeguards and modifying the
     archive-library search path.  *Note `ld' and the Intel 960 family:
     i960, for details.

     Future releases of `ld' may support similar functionality for
     other architecture families.

`-b INPUT-FORMAT'
`--format=INPUT-FORMAT'
     `ld' may be configured to support more than one kind of object
     file.  If your `ld' is configured this way, you can use the `-b'
     option to specify the binary format for input object files that
     follow this option on the command line.  Even when `ld' is
     configured to support alternative object formats, you don't
     usually need to specify this, as `ld' should be configured to
     expect as a default input format the most usual format on each
     machine.  INPUT-FORMAT is a text string, the name of a particular
     format supported by the BFD libraries.  (You can list the
     available binary formats with `objdump -i'.)  *Note BFD::.

     You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an
     unusual binary format.  You can also use `-b' to switch formats
     explicitly (when linking object files of different formats), by
     including `-b INPUT-FORMAT' before each group of object files in a
     particular format.

     The default format is taken from the environment variable
     `GNUTARGET'.  *Note Environment::.  You can also define the input
     format from a script, using the command `TARGET'; see *Note Format
     Commands::.

`-c MRI-COMMANDFILE'
`--mri-script=MRI-COMMANDFILE'
     For compatibility with linkers produced by MRI, `ld' accepts script
     files written in an alternate, restricted command language,
     described in *Note MRI Compatible Script Files: MRI.  Introduce
     MRI script files with the option `-c'; use the `-T' option to run
     linker scripts written in the general-purpose `ld' scripting
     language.  If MRI-CMDFILE does not exist, `ld' looks for it in the
     directories specified by any `-L' options.

`-d'
`-dc'
`-dp'
     These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported
     for compatibility with other linkers.  They assign space to common
     symbols even if a relocatable output file is specified (with
     `-r').  The script command `FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION' has the same
     effect.  *Note Miscellaneous Commands::.

`-e ENTRY'
`--entry=ENTRY'
     Use ENTRY as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your
     program, rather than the default entry point.  If there is no
     symbol named ENTRY, the linker will try to parse ENTRY as a number,
     and use that as the entry address (the number will be interpreted
     in base 10; you may use a leading `0x' for base 16, or a leading
     `0' for base 8).  *Note Entry Point::, for a discussion of defaults
     and other ways of specifying the entry point.

`-E'
`--export-dynamic'
     When creating a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to
     the dynamic symbol table.  The dynamic symbol table is the set of
     symbols which are visible from dynamic objects at run time.

     If you do not use this option, the dynamic symbol table will
     normally contain only those symbols which are referenced by some
     dynamic object mentioned in the link.

     If you use `dlopen' to load a dynamic object which needs to refer
     back to the symbols defined by the program, rather than some other
     dynamic object, then you will probably need to use this option when
     linking the program itself.

     You can also use the version script to control what symbols should
     be added to the dynamic symbol table if the output format supports
     it.  See the description of `--version-script' in *Note VERSION::.

`-EB'
     Link big-endian objects.  This affects the default output format.

`-EL'
     Link little-endian objects.  This affects the default output
     format.

`-f'
`--auxiliary NAME'
     When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_AUXILIARY
     field to the specified name.  This tells the dynamic linker that
     the symbol table of the shared object should be used as an
     auxiliary filter on the symbol table of the shared object NAME.

     If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when
     you run the program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_AUXILIARY
     field.  If the dynamic linker resolves any symbols from the filter
     object, it will first check whether there is a definition in the
     shared object NAME.  If there is one, it will be used instead of
     the definition in the filter object.  The shared object NAME need
     not exist.  Thus the shared object NAME may be used to provide an
     alternative implementation of certain functions, perhaps for
     debugging or for machine specific performance.

     This option may be specified more than once.  The DT_AUXILIARY
     entries will be created in the order in which they appear on the
     command line.

`-F NAME'
`--filter NAME'
     When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_FILTER
     field to the specified name.  This tells the dynamic linker that
     the symbol table of the shared object which is being created
     should be used as a filter on the symbol table of the shared
     object NAME.

     If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when
     you run the program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_FILTER
     field.  The dynamic linker will resolve symbols according to the
     symbol table of the filter object as usual, but it will actually
     link to the definitions found in the shared object NAME.  Thus the
     filter object can be used to select a subset of the symbols
     provided by the object NAME.

     Some older linkers used the `-F' option throughout a compilation
     toolchain for specifying object-file format for both input and
     output object files.  The GNU linker uses other mechanisms for
     this purpose: the `-b', `--format', `--oformat' options, the
     `TARGET' command in linker scripts, and the `GNUTARGET'
     environment variable.  The GNU linker will ignore the `-F' option
     when not creating an ELF shared object.

`-fini NAME'
     When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when
     the executable or shared object is unloaded, by setting DT_FINI to
     the address of the function.  By default, the linker uses `_fini'
     as the function to call.

`-g'
     Ignored.  Provided for compatibility with other tools.

`-GVALUE'
`--gpsize=VALUE'
     Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP
     register to SIZE.  This is only meaningful for object file formats
     such as MIPS ECOFF which supports putting large and small objects
     into different sections.  This is ignored for other object file
     formats.

`-hNAME'
`-soname=NAME'
     When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_SONAME
     field to the specified name.  When an executable is linked with a
     shared object which has a DT_SONAME field, then when the
     executable is run the dynamic linker will attempt to load the
     shared object specified by the DT_SONAME field rather than the
     using the file name given to the linker.

`-i'
     Perform an incremental link (same as option `-r').

`-init NAME'
     When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when
     the executable or shared object is loaded, by setting DT_INIT to
     the address of the function.  By default, the linker uses `_init'
     as the function to call.

`-lARCHIVE'
`--library=ARCHIVE'
     Add archive file ARCHIVE to the list of files to link.  This
     option may be used any number of times.  `ld' will search its
     path-list for occurrences of `libARCHIVE.a' for every ARCHIVE
     specified.

     On systems which support shared libraries, `ld' may also search for
     libraries with extensions other than `.a'.  Specifically, on ELF
     and SunOS systems, `ld' will search a directory for a library with
     an extension of `.so' before searching for one with an extension of
     `.a'.  By convention, a `.so' extension indicates a shared library.

     The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where
     it is specified on the command line.  If the archive defines a
     symbol which was undefined in some object which appeared before
     the archive on the command line, the linker will include the
     appropriate file(s) from the archive.  However, an undefined
     symbol in an object appearing later on the command line will not
     cause the linker to search the archive again.

     See the `-(' option for a way to force the linker to search
     archives multiple times.

     You may list the same archive multiple times on the command line.

     This type of archive searching is standard for Unix linkers.
     However, if you are using `ld' on AIX, note that it is different
     from the behaviour of the AIX linker.

`-LSEARCHDIR'
`--library-path=SEARCHDIR'
     Add path SEARCHDIR to the list of paths that `ld' will search for
     archive libraries and `ld' control scripts.  You may use this
     option any number of times.  The directories are searched in the
     order in which they are specified on the command line.
     Directories specified on the command line are searched before the
     default directories.  All `-L' options apply to all `-l' options,
     regardless of the order in which the options appear.

     If SEARCHDIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the
     "sysroot prefix", a path specified when the linker is configured.

     The default set of paths searched (without being specified with
     `-L') depends on which emulation mode `ld' is using, and in some
     cases also on how it was configured.  *Note Environment::.

     The paths can also be specified in a link script with the
     `SEARCH_DIR' command.  Directories specified this way are searched
     at the point in which the linker script appears in the command
     line.

`-mEMULATION'
     Emulate the EMULATION linker.  You can list the available
     emulations with the `--verbose' or `-V' options.

     If the `-m' option is not used, the emulation is taken from the
     `LDEMULATION' environment variable, if that is defined.

     Otherwise, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was
     configured.

`-M'
`--print-map'
     Print a link map to the standard output.  A link map provides
     information about the link, including the following:

        * Where object files and symbols are mapped into memory.

        * How common symbols are allocated.

        * All archive members included in the link, with a mention of
          the symbol which caused the archive member to be brought in.

`-n'
`--nmagic'
     Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as
     `NMAGIC' if possible.

`-N'
`--omagic'
     Set the text and data sections to be readable and writable.  Also,
     do not page-align the data segment, and disable linking against
     shared libraries.  If the output format supports Unix style magic
     numbers, mark the output as `OMAGIC'.

`--no-omagic'
     This option negates most of the effects of the `-N' option.  It
     sets the text section to be read-only, and forces the data segment
     to be page-aligned.  Note - this option does not enable linking
     against shared libraries.  Use `-Bdynamic' for this.

`-o OUTPUT'
`--output=OUTPUT'
     Use OUTPUT as the name for the program produced by `ld'; if this
     option is not specified, the name `a.out' is used by default.  The
     script command `OUTPUT' can also specify the output file name.

`-O LEVEL'
     If LEVEL is a numeric values greater than zero `ld' optimizes the
     output.  This might take significantly longer and therefore
     probably should only be enabled for the final binary.

`-q'
`--emit-relocs'
     Leave relocation sections and contents in fully linked
     exececutables.  Post link analysis and optimization tools may need
     this information in order to perform correct modifications of
     executables.  This results in larger executables.

     This option is currently only supported on ELF platforms.

`-r'
`--relocateable'
     Generate relocatable output--i.e., generate an output file that
     can in turn serve as input to `ld'.  This is often called "partial
     linking".  As a side effect, in environments that support standard
     Unix magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic
     number to `OMAGIC'.  If this option is not specified, an absolute
     file is produced.  When linking C++ programs, this option _will
     not_ resolve references to constructors; to do that, use `-Ur'.

     When an input file does not have the same format as the output
     file, partial linking is only supported if that input file does
     not contain any relocations.  Different output formats can have
     further restrictions; for example some `a.out'-based formats do
     not support partial linking with input files in other formats at
     all.

     This option does the same thing as `-i'.

`-R FILENAME'
`--just-symbols=FILENAME'
     Read symbol names and their addresses from FILENAME, but do not
     relocate it or include it in the output.  This allows your output
     file to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined
     in other programs.  You may use this option more than once.

     For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the `-R' option is
     followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is
     treated as the `-rpath' option.

`-s'
`--strip-all'
     Omit all symbol information from the output file.

`-S'
`--strip-debug'
     Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the
     output file.

`-t'
`--trace'
     Print the names of the input files as `ld' processes them.

`-T SCRIPTFILE'
`--script=SCRIPTFILE'
     Use SCRIPTFILE as the linker script.  This script replaces `ld''s
     default linker script (rather than adding to it), so COMMANDFILE
     must specify everything necessary to describe the output file.
     *Note Scripts::.  If SCRIPTFILE does not exist in the current
     directory, `ld' looks for it in the directories specified by any
     preceding `-L' options.  Multiple `-T' options accumulate.

`-u SYMBOL'
`--undefined=SYMBOL'
     Force SYMBOL to be entered in the output file as an undefined
     symbol.  Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional
     modules from standard libraries.  `-u' may be repeated with
     different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.
     This option is equivalent to the `EXTERN' linker script command.

`-Ur'
     For anything other than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to
     `-r': it generates relocatable output--i.e., an output file that
     can in turn serve as input to `ld'.  When linking C++ programs,
     `-Ur' _does_ resolve references to constructors, unlike `-r'.  It
     does not work to use `-Ur' on files that were themselves linked
     with `-Ur'; once the constructor table has been built, it cannot
     be added to.  Use `-Ur' only for the last partial link, and `-r'
     for the others.

`--unique[=SECTION]'
     Creates a separate output section for every input section matching
     SECTION, or if the optional wildcard SECTION argument is missing,
     for every orphan input section.  An orphan section is one not
     specifically mentioned in a linker script.  You may use this option
     multiple times on the command line;  It prevents the normal
     merging of input sections with the same name, overriding output
     section assignments in a linker script.

`-v'
`--version'
`-V'
     Display the version number for `ld'.  The `-V' option also lists
     the supported emulations.

`-x'
`--discard-all'
     Delete all local symbols.

`-X'
`--discard-locals'
     Delete all temporary local symbols.  For most targets, this is all
     local symbols whose names begin with `L'.

`-y SYMBOL'
`--trace-symbol=SYMBOL'
     Print the name of each linked file in which SYMBOL appears.  This
     option may be given any number of times.  On many systems it is
     necessary to prepend an underscore.

     This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your
     link but don't know where the reference is coming from.

`-Y PATH'
     Add PATH to the default library search path.  This option exists
     for Solaris compatibility.

`-z KEYWORD'
     The recognized keywords are `initfirst', `interpose', `loadfltr',
     `nodefaultlib', `nodelete', `nodlopen', `nodump', `now', `origin',
     `combreloc', `nocombreloc' and `nocopyreloc'.  The other keywords
     are ignored for Solaris compatibility. `initfirst' marks the object
     to be initialized first at runtime before any other objects.
     `interpose' marks the object that its symbol table interposes
     before all symbols but the primary executable. `loadfltr' marks
     the object that its filtees be processed immediately at runtime.
     `nodefaultlib' marks the object that the search for dependencies
     of this object will ignore any default library search paths.
     `nodelete' marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime.
     `nodlopen' marks the object not available to `dlopen'.  `nodump'
     marks the object can not be dumped by `dldump'.  `now' marks the
     object with the non-lazy runtime binding.  `origin' marks the
     object may contain $ORIGIN.  `defs' disallows undefined symbols.
     `muldefs' allows multiple definitions.  `combreloc' combines
     multiple reloc sections and sorts them to make dynamic symbol
     lookup caching possible.  `nocombreloc' disables multiple reloc
     sections combining.  `nocopyreloc' disables production of copy
     relocs.

`-( ARCHIVES -)'
`--start-group ARCHIVES --end-group'
     The ARCHIVES should be a list of archive files.  They may be
     either explicit file names, or `-l' options.

     The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new
     undefined references are created.  Normally, an archive is
     searched only once in the order that it is specified on the
     command line.  If a symbol in that archive is needed to resolve an
     undefined symbol referred to by an object in an archive that
     appears later on the command line, the linker would not be able to
     resolve that reference.  By grouping the archives, they all be
     searched repeatedly until all possible references are resolved.

     Using this option has a significant performance cost.  It is best
     to use it only when there are unavoidable circular references
     between two or more archives.

`--accept-unknown-input-arch'
`--no-accept-unknown-input-arch'
     Tells the linker to accept input files whose architecture cannot be
     recognised.  The assumption is that the user knows what they are
     doing and deliberately wants to link in these unknown input files.
     This was the default behaviour of the linker, before release
     2.14.  The default behaviour from release 2.14 onwards is to
     reject such input files, and so the `--accept-unknown-input-arch'
     option has been added to restore the old behaviour.

`-assert KEYWORD'
     This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility.

`-Bdynamic'
`-dy'
`-call_shared'
     Link against dynamic libraries.  This is only meaningful on
     platforms for which shared libraries are supported.  This option
     is normally the default on such platforms.  The different variants
     of this option are for compatibility with various systems.  You
     may use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects
     library searching for `-l' options which follow it.

`-Bgroup'
     Set the `DF_1_GROUP' flag in the `DT_FLAGS_1' entry in the dynamic
     section.  This causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this
     object and its dependencies to be performed only inside the group.
     `--no-undefined' is implied.  This option is only meaningful on ELF
     platforms which support shared libraries.

`-Bstatic'
`-dn'
`-non_shared'
`-static'
     Do not link against shared libraries.  This is only meaningful on
     platforms for which shared libraries are supported.  The different
     variants of this option are for compatibility with various
     systems.  You may use this option multiple times on the command
     line: it affects library searching for `-l' options which follow
     it.

`-Bsymbolic'
     When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols
     to the definition within the shared library, if any.  Normally, it
     is possible for a program linked against a shared library to
     override the definition within the shared library.  This option is
     only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries.

`--check-sections'
`--no-check-sections'
     Asks the linker _not_ to check section addresses after they have
     been assigned to see if there any overlaps.  Normally the linker
     will perform this check, and if it finds any overlaps it will
     produce suitable error messages.  The linker does know about, and
     does make allowances for sections in overlays.  The default
     behaviour can be restored by using the command line switch
     `--check-sections'.

`--cref'
     Output a cross reference table.  If a linker map file is being
     generated, the cross reference table is printed to the map file.
     Otherwise, it is printed on the standard output.

     The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be
     easily processed by a script if necessary.  The symbols are
     printed out, sorted by name.  For each symbol, a list of file
     names is given.  If the symbol is defined, the first file listed
     is the location of the definition.  The remaining files contain
     references to the symbol.

`--no-define-common'
     This option inhibits the assignment of addresses to common symbols.
     The script command `INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION' has the same effect.
     *Note Miscellaneous Commands::.

     The `--no-define-common' option allows decoupling the decision to
     assign addresses to Common symbols from the choice of the output
     file type; otherwise a non-Relocatable output type forces
     assigning addresses to Common symbols.  Using `--no-define-common'
     allows Common symbols that are referenced from a shared library to
     be assigned addresses only in the main program.  This eliminates
     the unused duplicate space in the shared library, and also
     prevents any possible confusion over resolving to the wrong
     duplicate when there are many dynamic modules with specialized
     search paths for runtime symbol resolution.

`--defsym SYMBOL=EXPRESSION'
     Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute
     address given by EXPRESSION.  You may use this option as many
     times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line.
     A limited form of arithmetic is supported for the EXPRESSION in
     this context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of
     an existing symbol, or use `+' and `-' to add or subtract
     hexadecimal constants or symbols.  If you need more elaborate
     expressions, consider using the linker command language from a
     script (*note Assignment: Symbol Definitions: Assignments.).
     _Note:_ there should be no white space between SYMBOL, the equals
     sign ("<=>"), and EXPRESSION.

`--demangle[=STYLE]'
`--no-demangle'
     These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error
     messages and other output.  When the linker is told to demangle,
     it tries to present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips
     leading underscores if they are used by the object file format,
     and converts C++ mangled symbol names into user readable names.
     Different compilers have different mangling styles.  The optional
     demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate
     demangling style for your compiler.  The linker will demangle by
     default unless the environment variable `COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE' is
     set.  These options may be used to override the default.

`--dynamic-linker FILE'
     Set the name of the dynamic linker.  This is only meaningful when
     generating dynamically linked ELF executables.  The default dynamic
     linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what
     you are doing.

`--embedded-relocs'
     This option is only meaningful when linking MIPS embedded PIC code,
     generated by the -membedded-pic option to the GNU compiler and
     assembler.  It causes the linker to create a table which may be
     used at runtime to relocate any data which was statically
     initialized to pointer values.  See the code in testsuite/ld-empic
     for details.

`--fatal-warnings'
     Treat all warnings as errors.

`--force-exe-suffix'
     Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix.

     If a successfully built fully linked output file does not have a
     `.exe' or `.dll' suffix, this option forces the linker to copy the
     output file to one of the same name with a `.exe' suffix. This
     option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on a
     Microsoft Windows host, since some versions of Windows won't run
     an image unless it ends in a `.exe' suffix.

`--no-gc-sections'
`--gc-sections'
     Enable garbage collection of unused input sections.  It is ignored
     on targets that do not support this option.  This option is not
     compatible with `-r', nor should it be used with dynamic linking.
     The default behaviour (of not performing this garbage collection)
     can be restored by specifying `--no-gc-sections' on the command
     line.

`--help'
     Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output
     and exit.

`--target-help'
     Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard
     output and exit.

`-Map MAPFILE'
     Print a link map to the file MAPFILE.  See the description of the
     `-M' option, above.

`--no-keep-memory'
     `ld' normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching the
     symbol tables of input files in memory.  This option tells `ld' to
     instead optimize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol tables
     as necessary.  This may be required if `ld' runs out of memory
     space while linking a large executable.

`--no-undefined'
`-z defs'
     Normally when creating a non-symbolic shared library, undefined
     symbols are allowed and left to be resolved by the runtime loader.
     This option disallows such undefined symbols if they come from
     regular object files.  The switch `--no-allow-shlib-undefined'
     controls the behaviour for shared objects being linked into the
     shared library.

`--allow-multiple-definition'
`-z muldefs'
     Normally when a symbol is defined multiple times, the linker will
     report a fatal error. These options allow multiple definitions and
     the first definition will be used.

`--allow-shlib-undefined'
`--no-allow-shlib-undefined'
     Allow (the default) or disallow undefined symbols in shared
     objects.  The setting of this switch overrides `--no-undefined'
     where shared objects are concerned.  Thus if `--no-undefined' is
     set but `--no-allow-shlib-undefined' is not, the net result will be
     that undefined symbols in regular object files will trigger an
     error, but undefined symbols in shared objects will be ignored.

     The reason that `--allow-shlib-undefined' is the default is that
     the shared object being specified at link time may not be the same
     one that is available at load time, so the symbols might actually
     be resolvable at load time.  Plus there are some systems, (eg
     BeOS) where undefined symbols in shared libraries is normal since
     the kernel patches them at load time to select which function is
     most appropriate for the current architecture. eg. to dynamically
     select an appropriate memset function.  Apparently it is also
     normal for HPPA shared libraries to have undefined symbols.

`--no-undefined-version'
     Normally when a symbol has an undefined version, the linker will
     ignore it. This option disallows symbols with undefined version
     and a fatal error will be issued instead.

`--no-warn-mismatch'
     Normally `ld' will give an error if you try to link together input
     files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they
     have been compiled for different processors or for different
     endiannesses.  This option tells `ld' that it should silently
     permit such possible errors.  This option should only be used with
     care, in cases when you have taken some special action that
     ensures that the linker errors are inappropriate.

`--no-whole-archive'
     Turn off the effect of the `--whole-archive' option for subsequent
     archive files.

`--noinhibit-exec'
     Retain the executable output file whenever it is still usable.
     Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it
     encounters errors during the link process; it exits without
     writing an output file when it issues any error whatsoever.

`-nostdlib'
     Only search library directories explicitly specified on the
     command line.  Library directories specified in linker scripts
     (including linker scripts specified on the command line) are
     ignored.

`--oformat OUTPUT-FORMAT'
     `ld' may be configured to support more than one kind of object
     file.  If your `ld' is configured this way, you can use the
     `--oformat' option to specify the binary format for the output
     object file.  Even when `ld' is configured to support alternative
     object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as `ld'
     should be configured to produce as a default output format the most
     usual format on each machine.  OUTPUT-FORMAT is a text string, the
     name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries.  (You
     can list the available binary formats with `objdump -i'.)  The
     script command `OUTPUT_FORMAT' can also specify the output format,
     but this option overrides it.  *Note BFD::.

`-qmagic'
     This option is ignored for Linux compatibility.

`-Qy'
     This option is ignored for SVR4 compatibility.

`--relax'
     An option with machine dependent effects.  This option is only
     supported on a few targets.  *Note `ld' and the H8/300: H8/300.
     *Note `ld' and the Intel 960 family: i960.  *Note `ld' and Xtensa
     Processors: Xtensa.

     On some platforms, the `--relax' option performs global
     optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves
     addressing in the program, such as relaxing address modes and
     synthesizing new instructions in the output object file.

     On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make
     symbolic debugging of the resulting executable impossible.  This
     is known to be the case for the Matsushita MN10200 and MN10300
     family of processors.

     On platforms where this is not supported, `--relax' is accepted,
     but ignored.

`--retain-symbols-file FILENAME'
     Retain _only_ the symbols listed in the file FILENAME, discarding
     all others.  FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name
     per line.  This option is especially useful in environments (such
     as VxWorks) where a large global symbol table is accumulated
     gradually, to conserve run-time memory.

     `--retain-symbols-file' does _not_ discard undefined symbols, or
     symbols needed for relocations.

     You may only specify `--retain-symbols-file' once in the command
     line.  It overrides `-s' and `-S'.

`-rpath DIR'
     Add a directory to the runtime library search path.  This is used
     when linking an ELF executable with shared objects.  All `-rpath'
     arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which
     uses them to locate shared objects at runtime.  The `-rpath'
     option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed
     by shared objects explicitly included in the link; see the
     description of the `-rpath-link' option.  If `-rpath' is not used
     when linking an ELF executable, the contents of the environment
     variable `LD_RUN_PATH' will be used if it is defined.

     The `-rpath' option may also be used on SunOS.  By default, on
     SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the
     `-L' options it is given.  If a `-rpath' option is used, the
     runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the `-rpath'
     options, ignoring the `-L' options.  This can be useful when using
     gcc, which adds many `-L' options which may be on NFS mounted
     filesystems.

     For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the `-R' option is
     followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is
     treated as the `-rpath' option.

`-rpath-link DIR'
     When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another.
     This happens when an `ld -shared' link includes a shared library
     as one of the input files.

     When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a
     non-shared, non-relocatable link, it will automatically try to
     locate the required shared library and include it in the link, if
     it is not included explicitly.  In such a case, the `-rpath-link'
     option specifies the first set of directories to search.  The
     `-rpath-link' option may specify a sequence of directory names
     either by specifying a list of names separated by colons, or by
     appearing multiple times.

     This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search
     path that may have been hard compiled into a shared library. In
     such a case it is possible to use unintentionally a different
     search path than the runtime linker would do.

     The linker uses the following search paths to locate required
     shared libraries.
       1. Any directories specified by `-rpath-link' options.

       2. Any directories specified by `-rpath' options.  The difference
          between `-rpath' and `-rpath-link' is that directories
          specified by `-rpath' options are included in the executable
          and used at runtime, whereas the `-rpath-link' option is only
          effective at link time. It is for the native linker only.

       3. On an ELF system, if the `-rpath' and `rpath-link' options
          were not used, search the contents of the environment variable
          `LD_RUN_PATH'. It is for the native linker only.

       4. On SunOS, if the `-rpath' option was not used, search any
          directories specified using `-L' options.

       5. For a native linker, the contents of the environment variable
          `LD_LIBRARY_PATH'.

       6. For a native ELF linker, the directories in `DT_RUNPATH' or
          `DT_RPATH' of a shared library are searched for shared
          libraries needed by it. The `DT_RPATH' entries are ignored if
          `DT_RUNPATH' entries exist.

       7. The default directories, normally `/lib' and `/usr/lib'.

       8. For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file
          `/etc/ld.so.conf' exists, the list of directories found in
          that file.

     If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue
     a warning and continue with the link.

`-shared'
`-Bshareable'
     Create a shared library.  This is currently only supported on ELF,
     XCOFF and SunOS platforms.  On SunOS, the linker will
     automatically create a shared library if the `-e' option is not
     used and there are undefined symbols in the link.

`--sort-common'
     This option tells `ld' to sort the common symbols by size when it
     places them in the appropriate output sections.  First come all
     the one byte symbols, then all the two byte, then all the four
     byte, and then everything else.  This is to prevent gaps between
     symbols due to alignment constraints.

`--split-by-file [SIZE]'
     Similar to `--split-by-reloc' but creates a new output section for
     each input file when SIZE is reached.  SIZE defaults to a size of
     1 if not given.

`--split-by-reloc [COUNT]'
     Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no
     single output section in the file contains more than COUNT
     relocations.  This is useful when generating huge relocatable
     files for downloading into certain real time kernels with the COFF
     object file format; since COFF cannot represent more than 65535
     relocations in a single section.  Note that this will fail to work
     with object file formats which do not support arbitrary sections.
     The linker will not split up individual input sections for
     redistribution, so if a single input section contains more than
     COUNT relocations one output section will contain that many
     relocations.  COUNT defaults to a value of 32768.

`--stats'
     Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker,
     such as execution time and memory usage.

`--traditional-format'
     For some targets, the output of `ld' is different in some ways from
     the output of some existing linker.  This switch requests `ld' to
     use the traditional format instead.

     For example, on SunOS, `ld' combines duplicate entries in the
     symbol string table.  This can reduce the size of an output file
     with full debugging information by over 30 percent.
     Unfortunately, the SunOS `dbx' program can not read the resulting
     program (`gdb' has no trouble).  The `--traditional-format' switch
     tells `ld' to not combine duplicate entries.

`--section-start SECTIONNAME=ORG'
     Locate a section in the output file at the absolute address given
     by ORG.  You may use this option as many times as necessary to
     locate multiple sections in the command line.  ORG must be a
     single hexadecimal integer; for compatibility with other linkers,
     you may omit the leading `0x' usually associated with hexadecimal
     values.  _Note:_ there should be no white space between
     SECTIONNAME, the equals sign ("<=>"), and ORG.

`-Tbss ORG'
`-Tdata ORG'
`-Ttext ORG'
     Same as -section-start, with `.bss', `.data' or `.text' as the
     SECTIONNAME.

`--dll-verbose'
`--verbose'
     Display the version number for `ld' and list the linker emulations
     supported.  Display which input files can and cannot be opened.
     Display the linker script being used by the linker.

`--version-script=VERSION-SCRIPTFILE'
     Specify the name of a version script to the linker.  This is
     typically used when creating shared libraries to specify
     additional information about the version hierarchy for the library
     being created.  This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms
     which support shared libraries.  *Note VERSION::.

`--warn-common'
     Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol
     or with a symbol definition.  Unix linkers allow this somewhat
     sloppy practice, but linkers on some other operating systems do
     not.  This option allows you to find potential problems from
     combining global symbols.  Unfortunately, some C libraries use
     this practice, so you may get some warnings about symbols in the
     libraries as well as in your programs.

     There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C
     examples:

    `int i = 1;'
          A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of
          the output file.

    `extern int i;'
          An undefined reference, which does not allocate space.  There
          must be either a definition or a common symbol for the
          variable somewhere.

    `int i;'
          A common symbol.  If there are only (one or more) common
          symbols for a variable, it goes in the uninitialized data
          area of the output file.  The linker merges multiple common
          symbols for the same variable into a single symbol.  If they
          are of different sizes, it picks the largest size.  The
          linker turns a common symbol into a declaration, if there is
          a definition of the same variable.

     The `--warn-common' option can produce five kinds of warnings.
     Each warning consists of a pair of lines: the first describes the
     symbol just encountered, and the second describes the previous
     symbol encountered with the same name.  One or both of the two
     symbols will be a common symbol.

       1. Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is
          already a definition for the symbol.
               FILE(SECTION): warning: common of `SYMBOL'
                  overridden by definition
               FILE(SECTION): warning: defined here

       2. Turning a common symbol into a reference, because a later
          definition for the symbol is encountered.  This is the same
          as the previous case, except that the symbols are encountered
          in a different order.
               FILE(SECTION): warning: definition of `SYMBOL'
                  overriding common
               FILE(SECTION): warning: common is here

       3. Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common
          symbol.
               FILE(SECTION): warning: multiple common
                  of `SYMBOL'
               FILE(SECTION): warning: previous common is here

       4. Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol.
               FILE(SECTION): warning: common of `SYMBOL'
                  overridden by larger common
               FILE(SECTION): warning: larger common is here

       5. Merging a common symbol with a previous smaller common
          symbol.  This is the same as the previous case, except that
          the symbols are encountered in a different order.
               FILE(SECTION): warning: common of `SYMBOL'
                  overriding smaller common
               FILE(SECTION): warning: smaller common is here

`--warn-constructors'
     Warn if any global constructors are used.  This is only useful for
     a few object file formats.  For formats like COFF or ELF, the
     linker can not detect the use of global constructors.

`--warn-multiple-gp'
     Warn if multiple global pointer values are required in the output
     file.  This is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the
     Alpha.  Specifically, some processors put large-valued constants
     in a special section.  A special register (the global pointer)
     points into the middle of this section, so that constants can be
     loaded efficiently via a base-register relative addressing mode.
     Since the offset in base-register relative mode is fixed and
     relatively small (e.g., 16 bits), this limits the maximum size of
     the constant pool.  Thus, in large programs, it is often necessary
     to use multiple global pointer values in order to be able to
     address all possible constants.  This option causes a warning to
     be issued whenever this case occurs.

`--warn-once'
     Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per
     module which refers to it.

`--warn-section-align'
     Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of
     alignment.  Typically, the alignment will be set by an input
     section.  The address will only be changed if it not explicitly
     specified; that is, if the `SECTIONS' command does not specify a
     start address for the section (*note SECTIONS::).

`--whole-archive'
     For each archive mentioned on the command line after the
     `--whole-archive' option, include every object file in the archive
     in the link, rather than searching the archive for the required
     object files.  This is normally used to turn an archive file into
     a shared library, forcing every object to be included in the
     resulting shared library.  This option may be used more than once.

     Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know
     about this option, so you have to use `-Wl,-whole-archive'.
     Second, don't forget to use `-Wl,-no-whole-archive' after your
     list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to
     your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well.

`--wrap SYMBOL'
     Use a wrapper function for SYMBOL.  Any undefined reference to
     SYMBOL will be resolved to `__wrap_SYMBOL'.  Any undefined
     reference to `__real_SYMBOL' will be resolved to SYMBOL.

     This can be used to provide a wrapper for a system function.  The
     wrapper function should be called `__wrap_SYMBOL'.  If it wishes
     to call the system function, it should call `__real_SYMBOL'.

     Here is a trivial example:

          void *
          __wrap_malloc (int c)
          {
            printf ("malloc called with %ld\n", c);
            return __real_malloc (c);
          }

     If you link other code with this file using `--wrap malloc', then
     all calls to `malloc' will call the function `__wrap_malloc'
     instead.  The call to `__real_malloc' in `__wrap_malloc' will call
     the real `malloc' function.

     You may wish to provide a `__real_malloc' function as well, so that
     links without the `--wrap' option will succeed.  If you do this,
     you should not put the definition of `__real_malloc' in the same
     file as `__wrap_malloc'; if you do, the assembler may resolve the
     call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to `malloc'.

`--enable-new-dtags'
`--disable-new-dtags'
     This linker can create the new dynamic tags in ELF. But the older
     ELF systems may not understand them. If you specify
     `--enable-new-dtags', the dynamic tags will be created as needed.
     If you specify `--disable-new-dtags', no new dynamic tags will be
     created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note
     that those options are only available for ELF systems.

Options Specific to i386 PE Targets
-----------------------------------

   The i386 PE linker supports the `-shared' option, which causes the
output to be a dynamically linked library (DLL) instead of a normal
executable.  You should name the output `*.dll' when you use this
option.  In addition, the linker fully supports the standard `*.def'
files, which may be specified on the linker command line like an object
file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports symbols from, to
ensure that they get linked in, just like a normal object file).

   In addition to the options common to all targets, the i386 PE linker
support additional command line options that are specific to the i386
PE target.  Options that take values may be separated from their values
by either a space or an equals sign.

`--add-stdcall-alias'
     If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@NN) will be exported
     as-is and also with the suffix stripped.  [This option is specific
     to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--base-file FILE'
     Use FILE as the name of a file in which to save the base addresses
     of all the relocations needed for generating DLLs with `dlltool'.
     [This is an i386 PE specific option]

`--dll'
     Create a DLL instead of a regular executable.  You may also use
     `-shared' or specify a `LIBRARY' in a given `.def' file.  [This
     option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--enable-stdcall-fixup'
`--disable-stdcall-fixup'
     If the link finds a symbol that it cannot resolve, it will attempt
     to do "fuzzy linking" by looking for another defined symbol that
     differs only in the format of the symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall)
     and will resolve that symbol by linking to the match.  For
     example, the undefined symbol `_foo' might be linked to the
     function `_foo@12', or the undefined symbol `_bar@16' might be
     linked to the function `_bar'.  When the linker does this, it
     prints a warning, since it normally should have failed to link,
     but sometimes import libraries generated from third-party dlls may
     need this feature to be usable.  If you specify
     `--enable-stdcall-fixup', this feature is fully enabled and
     warnings are not printed.  If you specify
     `--disable-stdcall-fixup', this feature is disabled and such
     mismatches are considered to be errors.  [This option is specific
     to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--export-all-symbols'
     If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a DLL
     will be exported by the DLL.  Note that this is the default if
     there otherwise wouldn't be any exported symbols.  When symbols are
     explicitly exported via DEF files or implicitly exported via
     function attributes, the default is to not export anything else
     unless this option is given.  Note that the symbols `DllMain@12',
     `DllEntryPoint@0', `DllMainCRTStartup@12', and `impure_ptr' will
     not be automatically exported.  Also, symbols imported from other
     DLLs will not be re-exported, nor will symbols specifying the
     DLL's internal layout such as those beginning with `_head_' or
     ending with `_iname'.  In addition, no symbols from `libgcc',
     `libstd++', `libmingw32', or `crtX.o' will be exported.  Symbols
     whose names begin with `__rtti_' or `__builtin_' will not be
     exported, to help with C++ DLLs.  Finally, there is an extensive
     list of cygwin-private symbols that are not exported (obviously,
     this applies on when building DLLs for cygwin targets).  These
     cygwin-excludes are: `_cygwin_dll_entry@12',
     `_cygwin_crt0_common@8', `_cygwin_noncygwin_dll_entry@12',
     `_fmode', `_impure_ptr', `cygwin_attach_dll', `cygwin_premain0',
     `cygwin_premain1', `cygwin_premain2', `cygwin_premain3', and
     `environ'.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port
     of the linker]

`--exclude-symbols SYMBOL,SYMBOL,...'
     Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically
     exported.  The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--exclude-libs LIB,LIB,...'
     Specifies a list of archive libraries from which symbols should
     not be automatically exported. The library names may be delimited
     by commas or colons.  Specifying `--exclude-libs ALL' excludes
     symbols in all archive libraries from automatic export. Symbols
     explicitly listed in a .def file are still exported, regardless of
     this option.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted
     port of the linker]

`--file-alignment'
     Specify the file alignment.  Sections in the file will always
     begin at file offsets which are multiples of this number.  This
     defaults to 512.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted
     port of the linker]

`--heap RESERVE'
`--heap RESERVE,COMMIT'
     Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to
     be used as heap for this program.  The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
     committed.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port
     of the linker]

`--image-base VALUE'
     Use VALUE as the base address of your program or dll.  This is the
     lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll
     is loaded.  To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance
     of your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not
     overlap any other dlls.  The default is 0x400000 for executables,
     and 0x10000000 for dlls.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
     targeted port of the linker]

`--kill-at'
     If given, the stdcall suffixes (@NN) will be stripped from symbols
     before they are exported.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
     targeted port of the linker]

`--major-image-version VALUE'
     Sets the major number of the "image version".  Defaults to 1.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--major-os-version VALUE'
     Sets the major number of the "os version".  Defaults to 4.  [This
     option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--major-subsystem-version VALUE'
     Sets the major number of the "subsystem version".  Defaults to 4.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--minor-image-version VALUE'
     Sets the minor number of the "image version".  Defaults to 0.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--minor-os-version VALUE'
     Sets the minor number of the "os version".  Defaults to 0.  [This
     option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--minor-subsystem-version VALUE'
     Sets the minor number of the "subsystem version".  Defaults to 0.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--output-def FILE'
     The linker will create the file FILE which will contain a DEF file
     corresponding to the DLL the linker is generating.  This DEF file
     (which should be called `*.def') may be used to create an import
     library with `dlltool' or may be used as a reference to
     automatically or implicitly exported symbols.  [This option is
     specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--out-implib FILE'
     The linker will create the file FILE which will contain an import
     lib corresponding to the DLL the linker is generating. This import
     lib (which should be called `*.dll.a' or `*.a' may be used to link
     clients against the generated DLL; this behavior makes it possible
     to skip a separate `dlltool' import library creation step.  [This
     option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--enable-auto-image-base'
     Automatically choose the image base for DLLs, unless one is
     specified using the `--image-base' argument.  By using a hash
     generated from the dllname to create unique image bases for each
     DLL, in-memory collisions and relocations which can delay program
     execution are avoided.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
     targeted port of the linker]

`--disable-auto-image-base'
     Do not automatically generate a unique image base.  If there is no
     user-specified image base (`--image-base') then use the platform
     default.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of
     the linker]

`--dll-search-prefix STRING'
     When linking dynamically to a dll without an import library,
     search for `<string><basename>.dll' in preference to
     `lib<basename>.dll'. This behavior allows easy distinction between
     DLLs built for the various "subplatforms": native, cygwin, uwin,
     pw, etc.  For instance, cygwin DLLs typically use
     `--dll-search-prefix=cyg'.  [This option is specific to the i386
     PE targeted port of the linker]

`--enable-auto-import'
     Do sophisticated linking of `_symbol' to `__imp__symbol' for DATA
     imports from DLLs, and create the necessary thunking symbols when
     building the import libraries with those DATA exports.  This
     generally will 'just work' - but sometimes you may see this
     message:

     "variable '<var>' can't be auto-imported. Please read the
     documentation for ld's `--enable-auto-import' for details."

     This message occurs when some (sub)expression accesses an address
     ultimately given by the sum of two constants (Win32 import tables
     only allow one).  Instances where this may occur include accesses
     to member fields of struct variables imported from a DLL, as well
     as using a constant index into an array variable imported from a
     DLL.  Any multiword variable (arrays, structs, long long, etc) may
     trigger this error condition.  However, regardless of the exact
     data type of the offending exported variable, ld will always
     detect it, issue the warning, and exit.

     There are several ways to address this difficulty, regardless of
     the data type of the exported variable:

     One way is to use -enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc switch. This leaves
     the task of adjusting references in your client code for runtime
     environment, so this method works only when runtime environtment
     supports this feature.

     A second solution is to force one of the 'constants' to be a
     variable - that is, unknown and un-optimizable at compile time.
     For arrays, there are two possibilities: a) make the indexee (the
     array's address) a variable, or b) make the 'constant' index a
     variable.  Thus:

          extern type extern_array[];
          extern_array[1] -->
             { volatile type *t=extern_array; t[1] }

     or

          extern type extern_array[];
          extern_array[1] -->
             { volatile int t=1; extern_array[t] }

     For structs (and most other multiword data types) the only option
     is to make the struct itself (or the long long, or the ...)
     variable:

          extern struct s extern_struct;
          extern_struct.field -->
             { volatile struct s *t=&extern_struct; t->field }

     or

          extern long long extern_ll;
          extern_ll -->
            { volatile long long * local_ll=&extern_ll; *local_ll }

     A third method of dealing with this difficulty is to abandon
     'auto-import' for the offending symbol and mark it with
     `__declspec(dllimport)'.  However, in practice that requires using
     compile-time #defines to indicate whether you are building a DLL,
     building client code that will link to the DLL, or merely
     building/linking to a static library.   In making the choice
     between the various methods of resolving the 'direct address with
     constant offset' problem, you should consider typical real-world
     usage:

     Original:
          --foo.h
          extern int arr[];
          --foo.c
          #include "foo.h"
          void main(int argc, char **argv){
            printf("%d\n",arr[1]);
          }

     Solution 1:
          --foo.h
          extern int arr[];
          --foo.c
          #include "foo.h"
          void main(int argc, char **argv){
            /* This workaround is for win32 and cygwin; do not "optimize" */
            volatile int *parr = arr;
            printf("%d\n",parr[1]);
          }

     Solution 2:
          --foo.h
          /* Note: auto-export is assumed (no __declspec(dllexport)) */
          #if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)) && \
            !(defined(FOO_BUILD_DLL) || defined(FOO_STATIC))
          #define FOO_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
          #else
          #define FOO_IMPORT
          #endif
          extern FOO_IMPORT int arr[];
          --foo.c
          #include "foo.h"
          void main(int argc, char **argv){
            printf("%d\n",arr[1]);
          }

     A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your library to
     use a functional interface rather than a data interface for the
     offending variables (e.g. set_foo() and get_foo() accessor
     functions).  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port
     of the linker]

`--disable-auto-import'
     Do not attempt to do sophisticalted linking of `_symbol' to
     `__imp__symbol' for DATA imports from DLLs.  [This option is
     specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc'
     If your code contains expressions described in -enable-auto-import
     section, that is, DATA imports from DLL with non-zero offset, this
     switch will create a vector of 'runtime pseudo relocations' which
     can be used by runtime environment to adjust references to such
     data in your client code.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
     targeted port of the linker]

`--disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc'
     Do not create pseudo relocations for non-zero offset DATA imports
     from DLLs.  This is the default.  [This option is specific to the
     i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

`--enable-extra-pe-debug'
     Show additional debug info related to auto-import symbol thunking.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]

`--section-alignment'
     Sets the section alignment.  Sections in memory will always begin
     at addresses which are a multiple of this number.  Defaults to
     0x1000.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of
     the linker]

`--stack RESERVE'
`--stack RESERVE,COMMIT'
     Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to
     be used as stack for this program.  The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K
     committed.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port
     of the linker]

`--subsystem WHICH'
`--subsystem WHICH:MAJOR'
`--subsystem WHICH:MAJOR.MINOR'
     Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute.  The
     legal values for WHICH are `native', `windows', `console', and
     `posix'.  You may optionally set the subsystem version also.
     [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
     linker]