Fix crash in gdbpy_parse_register_id

I noticed that gdbpy_parse_register_id would assert if passed a Python
object of a type it was not expecting.  The included test case shows
this crash.  This patch fixes the problem and also changes
gdbpy_parse_register_id to be more "Python-like" -- it always ensures
the Python error is set when it fails, and the callers now simply
propagate the existing exception.