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 .\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation
 .\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
 .TH as 1 "29 March 1996" "cygnus support" "GNU Development Tools"

 .SH NAME
 GNU as \- the portable GNU assembler.

 .SH SYNOPSIS
 .na
 .B as
 .RB "[\|" \-a "[\|" dhlns "\|]" \c
 \&\[\|\=\c
 .I file\c
 \&\|]\|]
 .RB "[\|" \-D "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-\-defsym\ SYM=VAL "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-f "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-\-gstabs "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-I
 .I path\c
 \&\|]
 .RB "[\|" \-K "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-L "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-M\ |\ \-\-mri "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-o
 .I objfile\c
 \&\|]
 .RB "[\|" \-R "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-\-traditional\-format "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-v "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-w "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-\^\- "\ |\ " \c
 .I files\c
 \&\|.\|.\|.\|]

 .I i960-only options:
 .br
 .RB "[\|" \-ACA "\||\|" \-ACA_A "\||\|" \-ACB\c
 .RB "\||\|" \-ACC "\||\|" \-AKA "\||\|" \-AKB\c
 .RB "\||\|" \-AKC "\||\|" \-AMC "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-b "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-no-relax "\|]"

 .I m680x0-only options:
 .br
 .RB "[\|" \-l "\|]"
 .RB "[\|" \-mc68000 "\||\|" \-mc68010 "\||\|" \-mc68020 "\|]"
 .ad b

 .SH DESCRIPTION
 GNU \c
 .B as\c
 \& is really a family of assemblers.
 If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
 should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
 architecture.  Each version has much in common with the others,
 including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
 \c
 .I pseudo-ops)\c
 \& and assembler syntax.

 For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU \c
 .B as\c
 \&, see `\|\c
 .B as\c
 \|' entry in \c
 .B info \c
 (or the manual \c
 .I
 .I
 Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
 \&).

 \c
 .B as\c
 \& is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
 compiler \c
 .B gcc\c
 \& for use by the linker \c
 .B ld\c
 \&.  Nevertheless,
 we've tried to make \c
 .B as\c
 \& assemble correctly everything that the native
 assembler would.
 This doesn't mean \c
 .B as\c
 \& always uses the same syntax as another
 assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
 incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.

 Each time you run \c
 .B as\c
 \& it assembles exactly one source
 program.  The source program is made up of one or more files.
 (The standard input is also a file.)

 If \c
 .B as\c
 \& is given no file names it attempts to read one input file
 from the \c
 .B as\c
 \& standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You
 may have to type \c
 .B ctl-D\c
 \& to tell \c
 .B as\c
 \& there is no more program
 to assemble.  Use `\|\c
 .B \-\^\-\c
 \|' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
 in your command line.

 .B as\c
 \& may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
 file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when \c
 .B as\c
 \& is
 run automatically by a compiler.  Warnings report an assumption made so
 that \c
 .B as\c
 \& could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
 grave problem that stops the assembly.

 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 .BR \-a
 Turn on assembly listings.  There are various suboptions.
 .B d
 omits debugging directives.
 .B h
 includes the high level source code; this is only available if the
 source file can be found, and the code was compiled with
 .B \-g.
 .B l
 includes an assembly listing.
 .B n
 omits forms processing.
 .B s
 includes a symbol listing.
 .B =
 .I file
 sets the listing file name; this must be the last suboption.
 The default suboptions are
 .B hls.
 .TP
 .B \-D
 This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to
 other assemblers; it has no effect on \c
 .B as\c
 \&.
 .TP
 .B \-\-defsym SYM=VALUE
 Define the symbol SYM to be VALUE before assembling the input file.
 VALUE must be an integer constant.  As in C, a leading 0x indicates a
 hexadecimal value, and a leading 0 indicates an octal value.
 .TP
 .B \-f
 ``fast''--skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
 .TP
 .BI "\-I\ " path
 Add
 .I path
 to the search list for
 .B .include
 directives.
 .TP
 .B \-\-gstabs
 Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line.  This
 may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.
 .TP
 .B \-K
 Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
 .TP
 .B \-L
 Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with `\|\c
 .B L\c
 \|'
 .TP
 .B \-M, \-\-mri
 Assemble in MRI compatibility mode.
 .TP
 .BI "\-o\ " objfile
 Name the object-file output from \c
 .B as
 .TP
 .B \-R
 Fold data section into text section
 .TP
 .B \-\-traditional\-format
 Use same format as native assembler, when possible.
 .TP
 .B \-v
 Announce \c
 .B as\c
 \& version
 .TP
 .B \-W, \-\-no-warn
 Suppress warning messages.
 .TP
 .B \-\-fatal\-warnings
 Consider warnings to be fatal.
 .TP
 .B \-\-warn
 Just warn on warnings.
 .TP
 .IR "\-\^\-" "\ |\ " "files\|.\|.\|."
 Source files to assemble, or standard input (\c
 .BR "\-\^\-" ")"
 .TP
 .BI \-A var
 .I
 (When configured for Intel 960.)
 Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
 .TP
 .B \-b
 .I
 (When configured for Intel 960.)
 Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
 .TP
 .B \-no-relax
 .I
 (When configured for Intel 960.)
 Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements;
 error if necessary.
 .TP
 .B \-l
 .I
 (When configured for Motorola 68000).
 .br
 Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
 .TP
 .BR "\-mc68000" "\||\|" "\-mc68010" "\||\|" "\-mc68020"
 .I
 (When configured for Motorola 68000).
 .br
 Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target (default 68020)

 .PP
 Options may be in any order, and may be
 before, after, or between file names.  The order of file names is
 significant.

 `\|\c
 .B \-\^\-\c
 \|' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
 explicitly, as one of the files for \c
 .B as\c
 \& to assemble.

 Except for `\|\c
 .B \-\^\-\c
 \|' any command line argument that begins with a
 hyphen (`\|\c
 .B \-\c
 \|') is an option.  Each option changes the behavior of
 \c
 .B as\c
 \&.  No option changes the way another option works.  An
 option is a `\|\c
 .B \-\c
 \|' followed by one or more letters; the case of
 the letter is important.   All options are optional.

 The `\|\c
 .B \-o\c
 \|' option expects exactly one file name to follow.  The file
 name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible
 with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU
 standard).

 These two command lines are equivalent:
 .br
 .B
 as\ \ \-o\ \ my\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s
 .br
 .B
 as\ \ \-omy\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s

 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 .RB "`\|" as "\|'"
 entry in
 .B
 info\c
 \&;
 .I
 Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
 \&;
 .BR gcc "(" 1 "),"
 .BR ld "(" 1 ")."

 .SH COPYING
 Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 .PP
 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
 are preserved on all copies.
 .PP
 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
 entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
 permission notice identical to this one.
 .PP
 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
 manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
 versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
 translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
 the original English.
	.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation
	.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
	.TH as 1 "29 March 1996" "cygnus support" "GNU Development Tools"

	.SH NAME
	GNU as \- the portable GNU assembler.

	.SH SYNOPSIS
	.na
	.B as
	.RB "[\\|" \-a "[\\|" dhlns "\\|]" \c
	\&\[\\|\=\c
	.I file\c
	\&\\|]\\|]
	.RB "[\\|" \-D "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-\-defsym\ SYM=VAL "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-f "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-\-gstabs "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-I
	.I path\c
	\&\\|]
	.RB "[\\|" \-K "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-L "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-M\ \|\ \-\-mri "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-o
	.I objfile\c
	\&\\|]
	.RB "[\\|" \-R "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-\-traditional\-format "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-v "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-w "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-\^\- "\ \|\ " \c
	.I files\c
	\&\\|.\\|.\\|.\\|]

	.I i960-only options:
	.br
	.RB "[\\|" \-ACA "\\|\|\\|" \-ACA_A "\\|\|\\|" \-ACB\c
	.RB "\\|\|\\|" \-ACC "\\|\|\\|" \-AKA "\\|\|\\|" \-AKB\c
	.RB "\\|\|\\|" \-AKC "\\|\|\\|" \-AMC "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-b "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-no-relax "\\|]"

	.I m680x0-only options:
	.br
	.RB "[\\|" \-l "\\|]"
	.RB "[\\|" \-mc68000 "\\|\|\\|" \-mc68010 "\\|\|\\|" \-mc68020 "\\|]"
	.ad b

	.SH DESCRIPTION
	GNU \c
	.B as\c
	\& is really a family of assemblers.
	If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
	should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
	architecture. Each version has much in common with the others,
	including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
	\c
	.I pseudo-ops)\c
	\& and assembler syntax.

	For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU \c
	.B as\c
	\&, see `\\|\c
	.B as\c
	\\|' entry in \c
	.B info \c
	(or the manual \c
	.I
	.I
	Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
	\&).

	\c
	.B as\c
	\& is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
	compiler \c
	.B gcc\c
	\& for use by the linker \c
	.B ld\c
	\&. Nevertheless,
	we've tried to make \c
	.B as\c
	\& assemble correctly everything that the native
	assembler would.
	This doesn't mean \c
	.B as\c
	\& always uses the same syntax as another
	assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
	incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.

	Each time you run \c
	.B as\c
	\& it assembles exactly one source
	program. The source program is made up of one or more files.
	(The standard input is also a file.)

	If \c
	.B as\c
	\& is given no file names it attempts to read one input file
	from the \c
	.B as\c
	\& standard input, which is normally your terminal. You
	may have to type \c
	.B ctl-D\c
	\& to tell \c
	.B as\c
	\& there is no more program
	to assemble. Use `\\|\c
	.B \-\^\-\c
	\\|' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
	in your command line.

	.B as\c
	\& may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
	file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when \c
	.B as\c
	\& is
	run automatically by a compiler. Warnings report an assumption made so
	that \c
	.B as\c
	\& could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
	grave problem that stops the assembly.

	.SH OPTIONS
	.TP
	.BR \-a
	Turn on assembly listings. There are various suboptions.
	.B d
	omits debugging directives.
	.B h
	includes the high level source code; this is only available if the
	source file can be found, and the code was compiled with
	.B \-g.
	.B l
	includes an assembly listing.
	.B n
	omits forms processing.
	.B s
	includes a symbol listing.
	.B =
	.I file
	sets the listing file name; this must be the last suboption.
	The default suboptions are
	.B hls.
	.TP
	.B \-D
	This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to
	other assemblers; it has no effect on \c
	.B as\c
	\&.
	.TP
	.B \-\-defsym SYM=VALUE
	Define the symbol SYM to be VALUE before assembling the input file.
	VALUE must be an integer constant. As in C, a leading 0x indicates a
	hexadecimal value, and a leading 0 indicates an octal value.
	.TP
	.B \-f
	``fast''--skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
	.TP
	.BI "\-I\ " path
	Add
	.I path
	to the search list for
	.B .include
	directives.
	.TP
	.B \-\-gstabs
	Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line. This
	may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.
	.TP
	.B \-K
	Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
	.TP
	.B \-L
	Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with `\\|\c
	.B L\c
	\\|'
	.TP
	.B \-M, \-\-mri
	Assemble in MRI compatibility mode.
	.TP
	.BI "\-o\ " objfile
	Name the object-file output from \c
	.B as
	.TP
	.B \-R
	Fold data section into text section
	.TP
	.B \-\-traditional\-format
	Use same format as native assembler, when possible.
	.TP
	.B \-v
	Announce \c
	.B as\c
	\& version
	.TP
	.B \-W, \-\-no-warn
	Suppress warning messages.
	.TP
	.B \-\-fatal\-warnings
	Consider warnings to be fatal.
	.TP
	.B \-\-warn
	Just warn on warnings.
	.TP
	.IR "\-\^\-" "\ \|\ " "files\\|.\\|.\\|."
	Source files to assemble, or standard input (\c
	.BR "\-\^\-" ")"
	.TP
	.BI \-A var
	.I
	(When configured for Intel 960.)
	Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
	.TP
	.B \-b
	.I
	(When configured for Intel 960.)
	Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
	.TP
	.B \-no-relax
	.I
	(When configured for Intel 960.)
	Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements;
	error if necessary.
	.TP
	.B \-l
	.I
	(When configured for Motorola 68000).
	.br
	Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
	.TP
	.BR "\-mc68000" "\\|\|\\|" "\-mc68010" "\\|\|\\|" "\-mc68020"
	.I
	(When configured for Motorola 68000).
	.br
	Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target (default 68020)

	.PP
	Options may be in any order, and may be
	before, after, or between file names. The order of file names is
	significant.

	`\\|\c
	.B \-\^\-\c
	\\|' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
	explicitly, as one of the files for \c
	.B as\c
	\& to assemble.

	Except for `\\|\c
	.B \-\^\-\c
	\\|' any command line argument that begins with a
	hyphen (`\\|\c
	.B \-\c
	\\|') is an option. Each option changes the behavior of
	\c
	.B as\c
	\&. No option changes the way another option works. An
	option is a `\\|\c
	.B \-\c
	\\|' followed by one or more letters; the case of
	the letter is important. All options are optional.

	The `\\|\c
	.B \-o\c
	\\|' option expects exactly one file name to follow. The file
	name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible
	with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU
	standard).

	These two command lines are equivalent:
	.br
	.B
	as\ \ \-o\ \ my\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s
	.br
	.B
	as\ \ \-omy\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s

	.SH "SEE ALSO"
	.RB "`\\|" as "\\|'"
	entry in
	.B
	info\c
	\&;
	.I
	Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
	\&;
	.BR gcc "(" 1 "),"
	.BR ld "(" 1 ")."

	.SH COPYING
	Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
	.PP
	Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
	this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
	are preserved on all copies.
	.PP
	Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
	manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
	entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
	permission notice identical to this one.
	.PP
	Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
	manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
	versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
	translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
	the original English.