| # DMD Source code |
| |
| This is the source code to the DMD compiler |
| for the D Programming Language defined in the documents at |
| https://dlang.org/ |
| |
| These sources are free, they are redistributable and modifiable |
| under the terms of the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. |
| The terms of this license are in the file boostlicense.txt, |
| or see https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt. |
| |
| If a particular file has a different license in it, that overrides |
| this license for that file. |
| |
| -Walter Bright |
| |
| ## Directory structure |
| |
| | Folder | Purpose | |
| |--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [dmd/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd) | The dmd driver and front-end | |
| | [dmd/backend/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/backend) | Code generation for x86 or x86-64. Based on [DMC](https://github.com/DigitalMars/Compiler/)'s backend, but not kept in sync anymore. Not used by [LDC](https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc) or [GDC](https://gdcproject.org/). | |
| | [dmd/common/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/common) | Code shared by the front-end and back-end | |
| | [dmd/root/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/root) | Meant as a portable utility library, but ["it wasn't very good and the only project left using it is dmd"](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/9844#issuecomment-498479516). | |
| |
| DMD has a mostly flat directory structure, so this section aims to divide all source files into logical groups for easier navigation. |
| The groups are roughly ordered by how late they appear in the compilation process. |
| Note that these groups have no strict meaning, the category assignments are a bit subjective. |
| |
| ### Driver |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [main.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/main.d) | The entry point. Contains `main`. | |
| | [mars.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mars.d) | Argument parsing, path manipulation. | |
| | [cli.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cli.d) | Define the command line interface | |
| | [dmdparams.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmdparams.d) | DMD-specific parameters | |
| | [dmsc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmsc.d) | Configures and initializes the back-end | |
| | [globals.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/globals.d) | Define a structure storing command line options | |
| | [dinifile.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dinifile.d) | Parse settings from .ini file (`sc.ini` / `dmd.conf`) | |
| | [vsoptions.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/vsoptions.d) | Detect the Microsoft Visual Studio toolchain for linking | |
| | [frontend.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/frontend.d) | An interface for using DMD as a library | |
| | [errors.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/errors.d) | Error reporting implementation | |
| | [errorsink.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/errorsink.d) | Error reporting interface | |
| | [sarif.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/sarif.d) | Generates SARIF reports for errors and warnings. | |
| | [target.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/target.d) | Manage target-specific parameters for cross-compiling (for LDC/GDC) | |
| | [compiler.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/compiler.d) | Describe a back-end compiler and implements compiler-specific actions | |
| | [deps.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/deps.d) | Implement the `-deps` and `-makedeps` switches | |
| | [timetrace.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/timetrace.d) | Build time profiling utility | |
| | [targetcompiler.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/targetcompiler.d) | Differences in building gdc, ldc and dmd | |
| |
| ### Lexing / parsing |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [lexer.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lexer.d) | Convert source code into tokens for the D and ImportC parsers | |
| | [location.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/location.d)| Encapsulate file/line/column info for error messages, etc. | |
| | [entity.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/entity.d) | Define "\\&Entity;" escape sequence for strings / character literals | |
| | [tokens.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/tokens.d) | Define lexical tokens. | |
| | [parse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/parse.d) | D parser, converting tokens into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) | |
| | [cparse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cparse.d) | ImportC parser, converting tokens into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) | |
| |
| ### Semantic analysis |
| |
| **Symbols and declarations** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [dsymbol.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbol.d) | Base class for a D symbol, e.g. a variable, function, module, enum etc. | |
| | [identifier.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/identifier.d) | Represents the name of a `Dsymbol` | |
| | [id.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/id.d) | Define strings for pre-defined identifiers (e.g. `sizeof`, `string`) | |
| | [dscope.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dscope.d) | Define a 'scope' on which symbol lookup can be performed | |
| | [dtemplate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dtemplate.d) | A template declaration or instance | |
| | [dmodule.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmodule.d) | Define a package and module | |
| | [mtype.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mtype.d) | Define expression types such as `int`, `char[]`, `void function()` | |
| | [arraytypes.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/arraytypes.d) | For certain Declaration nodes of type `T`, provides aliases for `Array!T` | |
| | [declaration.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/declaration.d) | Misc. declarations of `alias`, variables, type tuples, `ClassInfo` etc. | |
| | [denum.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/denum.d) | Defines `enum` declarations and enum members | |
| | [attrib.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nogc.d) | Declarations of 'attributes' such as `private`, `pragma()`, `immutable`, `@UDA`, `align`, `extern(C++)` and more | |
| | [func.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/func.d) | Define a function declaration (includes function literals, `invariant`, `unittest`) | |
| | [dversion.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dversion.d) | Defines a version symbol, e.g. `version = ident`, `debug = ident` | |
| |
| **AST nodes** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [ast_node.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ast_node.d) | Define an abstract AST node class | |
| | [astbase.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astbase.d) | Namespace of AST nodes that can be produced by the parser | |
| | [astcodegen.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astcodegen.d) | Namespace of AST nodes of a AST ready for code generation | |
| | [astenums.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astenums.d) | Enums common to DMD and AST | |
| | [expression.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/expression.d) | Define expression AST nodes | |
| | [rootobject.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/rootobject.d) | Define an abstract root class | |
| | [statement.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/statement.d) | Define statement AST nodes | |
| | [staticassert.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/staticassert.d) | Define a `static assert` AST node | |
| | [aggregate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/aggregate.d) | Define an aggregate (`struct`, `union` or `class`) AST node | |
| | [dclass.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dclass.d) | Define a `class` AST node | |
| | [dstruct.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dstruct.d) | Define a `struct` or `union` AST node | |
| | [init.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/init.d) | Define variable initializers | |
| |
| **AST visitors** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [visitor/parsetime.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/parsetime.d) | General [visitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern) for AST nodes | |
| | [visitor/permissive.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/permissive.d) | Subclass of ParseTimeVisitor that does not `assert(0)` on unimplemented nodes | |
| | [visitor/strict.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/strict.d) | Visitor that forces derived classes to implement `visit` for every possible node | |
| | [visitor/package.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/package.d) | A visitor implementing `visit` for all nodes present in the compiler | |
| | [visitor/transitive.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/transitive.d) | Provide a mixin template with visit methods for the parse time AST | |
| | [visitor/postorder.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/postorder.d) | Depth-first expression & statement visitor | |
| | [visitor/statement_rewrite_walker.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/statement_rewrite_walker.d) | Statement visitor that allows replacing the currently visited node | |
| | [visitor/foreachvar.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor/foreachvar.d) | Used in `ob.d` to iterate over all variables in an expression | |
| |
| **Semantic passes** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [attribsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/attribsem.d) | Attribute semantics | |
| | [dsymbolsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbolsem.d) | Do semantic 1 pass (symbol identifiers/types) | |
| | [enumsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/enumsem.d) | Enum semantics | |
| | [funcsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/funcsem.d) | Function semantics | |
| | [semantic2.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/semantic2.d) | Do semantic 2 pass (symbol initializers) | |
| | [semantic3.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/semantic3.d) | Do semantic 3 pass (function bodies) | |
| | [inline.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/inline.d) | Do inline pass (optimization pass that dmd does in the front-end) | |
| | [inlinecost.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/inlinecost.d) | Compute the cost of inlining a function call. | |
| | [expressionsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/expressionsem.d) | Do semantic analysis for expressions | |
| | [statementsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/statementsem.d) | Do semantic analysis for statements | |
| | [initsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/initsem.d) | Do semantic analysis for initializers | |
| | [pragmasem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/pragmasem.d) | Do semantic analysis for pragmas | |
| | [templatesem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/templatesem.d) | Do semantic analysis for templates | |
| | [templateparamsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/templateparamsem.d) | Do semantic analysis for template parameters | |
| | [typesem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/typesem.d) | Do semantic analysis for types | |
| |
| **Semantic helpers** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [opover.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/opover.d) | Operator overloading | |
| | [clone.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbolsem.d) | Generate automatic `opEquals`, `opAssign` and constructors for structs | |
| | [blockexit.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/blockexit.d) | Find out in what ways control flow can exit a block | |
| | [ctorflow.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ctorflow.d) | Control flow in constructors | |
| | [constfold.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/constfold.d) | Do constant folding of arithmetic expressions | |
| | [optimize.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/optimize.d) | Do constant folding more generally | |
| | [dcast.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dcast.d) | Implicit or explicit cast(), finding common types e.g. in `x ? a : b`, integral promotions | |
| | [impcnvtab.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/impcnvtab.d) | Define an implicit conversion table for basic types | |
| | [importc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/importc.d) | Helpers specific to ImportC | |
| | [sideeffect.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/sideeffect.d) | Extract side-effects of expressions for certain lowerings. | |
| | [mustuse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mustuse.d) | Helpers related to the `@mustuse` attribute | |
| |
| |
| **Compile Time Function Execution (CTFE)** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [dinterpret.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dinterpret.d) | CTFE entry point | |
| | [ctfeexpr.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ctfeexpr.d) | CTFE for expressions involving pointers, slices, array concatenation etc. | |
| | [builtin.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/builtin.d) | Allow CTFE of certain external functions (`core.math`, `std.math` and `core.bitop`) | |
| |
| ### Specific language features |
| |
| **Attribute checks** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| |
| | [nogc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nogc.d) | `@nogc` checks | |
| | [safe.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/safe.d) | `@safe` checks | |
| | [canthrow.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/canthrow.d) | `nothrow` checks | |
| | [escape.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/escape.d) | `scope` checks | |
| | [access.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/access.d) | `public` / `private` checks | |
| | [ob.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ob.d) | Ownership / borrowing (`@live`) checks | |
| |
| **Inline Assembly** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------| |
| | [iasm/package.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasm/package.d) | Inline assembly depending on the compiler | |
| | [iasm/dmdx86.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasm/dmd.d) | Inline assembly for DMD X86_64 | |
| | [iasm/dmdaarch64.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasm/aarch64.d) | Inline assembly for DMD AArch64 | |
| | [iasm/gcc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasm/gcc.d) | Inline assembly for GDC | |
| |
| **Other** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [aliasthis.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/aliasthis.d) | Resolve implicit conversions for `alias X this` | |
| | [traits.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/traits.d) | `__traits()` | |
| | [lambdacomp.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lambdacomp.d) | `__traits(isSame, x => y, z => w)` | |
| | [cond.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cond.d) | Evaluate `static if`, `version` `debug ` | |
| | [staticcond.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/staticcond.d) | Lazily evaluate static conditions for `static if`, `static assert` and template constraints | |
| | [delegatize.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/delegatize.d) | Converts expression to delegates for `lazy` parameters | |
| | [nspace.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nspace.d) | Namespace for `extern (C++, Module)` | |
| | [intrange.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/intrange.d) | [Value range propagation](https://digitalmars.com/articles/b62.html) | |
| | [dimport.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dimport.d) | Renamed imports (`import aliasSymbol = pkg1.pkg2.symbol`) | |
| | [arrayop.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/arrayop.d) | Array operations (`a[] = b[] + c[]`) | |
| | [cpreprocess.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cpreprocess.d)| Run the C preprocessor on C source files | |
| | [typinf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/typinf.d) | Generate typeinfo for `typeid()` (as well as internals) | |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [chkformat.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/chkformat.d) | Validate arguments with format specifiers for `printf` / `scanf` etc. | |
| | [imphint.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/imphint.d) | Give a suggestion to e.g. `import std.stdio` when `writeln` could not be resolved. | |
| |
| ### Library files |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [lib/package.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/package.d) | Abstract library class | |
| | [lib/elf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/elf.d) | Library in ELF format (Unix) | |
| | [lib/mach.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/mach.d) | Library in Mach-O format (macOS) | |
| | [lib/mscoff.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/mscoff.d) | Library in COFF format (32/64-bit Windows) | |
| | [lib/scanelf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/scanelf.d) | Extract symbol names from a library in ELF format | |
| | [lib/scanmach.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/scanmach.d) | Extract symbol names from a library in Mach-O format | |
| | [lib/scanmscoff.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib/scanmscoff.d) | Extract symbol names from a library in COFF format | |
| |
| |
| ### ABI |
| | File | Purpose | |
| | [argtypes_x86.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_x86.d) | Convert a D type into simple (register) types for the 32-bit x86 ABI | |
| | [argtypes_sysv_x64.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_sysv_x64.d) | 'argtypes' for the x86_64 System V ABI | |
| | [argtypes_aarch64.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_aarch64.d) | 'argtypes' for the AArch64 ABI | |
| ### Code generation / back-end interfacing |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [stmtstate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/stmtstate.d) | Used to help transform statement AST into flow graph | |
| | [objc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/objc.d) | Objective-C interfacing | |
| | [irgen/toobj.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/toobj.d) | Convert an AST that went through all semantic phases into an object file| |
| | [irgen/toir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/toir.d) | Convert Dsymbols intermediate representation | |
| | [irgen/e2ir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/e2ir.d) | Convert Expressions to intermediate representation | |
| | [irgen/s2ir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/s2ir.d) | Convert Statements to intermediate representation | |
| | [irgen/toctype.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/toctype.d) | Convert a D type to a type the back-end understands | |
| | [irgen/tocsym.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/tocsym.d) | Convert a D symbol to a symbol the linker understands (with mangled name) | |
| | [irgen/package.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/package.d) | Generate the object file for function declarations | |
| | [irgen/todt.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/todt.d) | Convert initializers into structures that the back-end will add to the data segment | |
| | [irgen/tocvdebug.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/tovcdebug.d)| Generate debug info in the CV4 debug format. | |
| | [irgen/objc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/irgen/objc.d)| irgen code for Objective-C interop. | |
| |
| **Name mangling** |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [mangle/cpp.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mangle/cpp.d) | C++ name mangling | |
| | [mangle/cppwin.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mangle/cppwin.d) | C++ name mangling for Windows | |
| | [mangle/basic.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mangle/basic.d) | D name mangling for basic types | |
| | [mangle/package.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mangle/package.d) | D [name mangling](https://dlang.org/spec/abi.html#name_mangling) | |
| |
| ### Linking |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------| |
| | [link.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/link.d) | Invoke the linker as a separate process | |
| |
| ### Special output |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [doc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/doc.d) | [Documentation generation](https://dlang.org/spec/ddoc.html) | |
| | [dmacro.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmacro.d) | DDoc macro processing | |
| | [hdrgen.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/hdrgen.d) | Convert an AST into D source code for `.di` header generation, as well as `-vcg-ast` and error messages | |
| | [json.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/json.d) | Describe the module in a `.json` file for the `-X` flag | |
| | [dtoh.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dtoh.d) | C++ header generation from D source files | |
| | [disasm86.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/backend/x86/disasm86.d) | x86-64 disassembly generation |
| | [disasmarm.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/backend/arm/disasmarm.d) | AArch64 disassembly generation |
| |
| ### Utility |
| |
| Note: many other utilities are in [dmd/root](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/root). |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------| |
| | [console.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/console.d) | Print error messages in color | |
| | [file_manager.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/file_manager.d) | Keep file contents in memory | |
| | [utils.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/utils.d) | Utility functions related to files and file paths | |
| |
| | File | Purpose | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | [asttypename.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/asttypename.d) | Print the internal name of an AST node (for debugging only) | |
| | [printast.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/printast.d) | Print the AST data structure | |
