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| <br /> |
| The Library<br /> |
| -----------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| This paper is covers two major areas:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Features and policies not mentioned in the standard that<br /> |
| the quality of the library implementation depends on, including<br /> |
| extensions and "implementation-defined" features;<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Plans for required but unimplemented library features and<br /> |
| optimizations to them.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Overhead<br /> |
| --------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The standard defines a large library, much larger than the standard<br /> |
| C library. A naive implementation would suffer substantial overhead<br /> |
| in compile time, executable size, and speed, rendering it unusable<br /> |
| in many (particularly embedded) applications. The alternative demands<br /> |
| care in construction, and some compiler support, but there is no<br /> |
| need for library subsets.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| What are the sources of this overhead? There are four main causes:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - The library is specified almost entirely as templates, which<br /> |
| with current compilers must be included in-line, resulting in<br /> |
| very slow builds as tens or hundreds of thousands of lines<br /> |
| of function definitions are read for each user source file.<br /> |
| Indeed, the entire SGI STL, as well as the dos Reis valarray,<br /> |
| are provided purely as header files, largely for simplicity in<br /> |
| porting. Iostream/locale is (or will be) as large again.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - The library is very flexible, specifying a multitude of hooks<br /> |
| where users can insert their own code in place of defaults.<br /> |
| When these hooks are not used, any time and code expended to<br /> |
| support that flexibility is wasted.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Templates are often described as causing to "code bloat". In<br /> |
| practice, this refers (when it refers to anything real) to several<br /> |
| independent processes. First, when a class template is manually<br /> |
| instantiated in its entirely, current compilers place the definitions<br /> |
| for all members in a single object file, so that a program linking<br /> |
| to one member gets definitions of all. Second, template functions<br /> |
| which do not actually depend on the template argument are, under<br /> |
| current compilers, generated anew for each instantiation, rather<br /> |
| than being shared with other instantiations. Third, some of the<br /> |
| flexibility mentioned above comes from virtual functions (both in<br /> |
| regular classes and template classes) which current linkers add<br /> |
| to the executable file even when they manifestly cannot be called.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - The library is specified to use a language feature, exceptions,<br /> |
| which in the current gcc compiler ABI imposes a run time and<br /> |
| code space cost to handle the possibility of exceptions even when<br /> |
| they are not used. Under the new ABI (accessed with -fnew-abi),<br /> |
| there is a space overhead and a small reduction in code efficiency<br /> |
| resulting from lost optimization opportunities associated with<br /> |
| non-local branches associated with exceptions.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| What can be done to eliminate this overhead? A variety of coding<br /> |
| techniques, and compiler, linker and library improvements and<br /> |
| extensions may be used, as covered below. Most are not difficult,<br /> |
| and some are already implemented in varying degrees.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Overhead: Compilation Time<br /> |
| --------------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Providing "ready-instantiated" template code in object code archives<br /> |
| allows us to avoid generating and optimizing template instantiations<br /> |
| in each compilation unit which uses them. However, the number of such<br /> |
| instantiations that are useful to provide is limited, and anyway this<br /> |
| is not enough, by itself, to minimize compilation time. In particular,<br /> |
| it does not reduce time spent parsing conforming headers.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Quicker header parsing will depend on library extensions and compiler<br /> |
| improvements. One approach is some variation on the techniques<br /> |
| previously marketed as "pre-compiled headers", now standardized as<br /> |
| support for the "export" keyword. "Exported" template definitions<br /> |
| can be placed (once) in a "repository" -- really just a library, but<br /> |
| of template definitions rather than object code -- to be drawn upon<br /> |
| at link time when an instantiation is needed, rather than placed in<br /> |
| header files to be parsed along with every compilation unit.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Until "export" is implemented we can put some of the lengthy template<br /> |
| definitions in #if guards or alternative headers so that users can skip<br /> |
| over the full definitions when they need only the ready-instantiated<br /> |
| specializations.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| To be precise, this means that certain headers which define<br /> |
| templates which users normally use only for certain arguments<br /> |
| can be instrumented to avoid exposing the template definitions<br /> |
| to the compiler unless a macro is defined. For example, in<br /> |
| <string>, we might have:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| template <class _CharT, ... > class basic_string {<br /> |
| ... // member declarations<br /> |
| };<br /> |
| ... // operator declarations<br /> |
| <br /> |
| #ifdef _STRICT_ISO_<br /> |
| # if _G_NO_TEMPLATE_EXPORT<br /> |
| # include <bits/std_locale.h> // headers needed by definitions<br /> |
| # ...<br /> |
| # include <bits/string.tcc> // member and global template definitions.<br /> |
| # endif<br /> |
| #endif<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Users who compile without specifying a strict-ISO-conforming flag<br /> |
| would not see many of the template definitions they now see, and rely<br /> |
| instead on ready-instantiated specializations in the library. This<br /> |
| technique would be useful for the following substantial components:<br /> |
| string, locale/iostreams, valarray. It would *not* be useful or<br /> |
| usable with the following: containers, algorithms, iterators,<br /> |
| allocator. Since these constitute a large (though decreasing)<br /> |
| fraction of the library, the benefit the technique offers is<br /> |
| limited.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The language specifies the semantics of the "export" keyword, but<br /> |
| the gcc compiler does not yet support it. When it does, problems<br /> |
| with large template inclusions can largely disappear, given some<br /> |
| minor library reorganization, along with the need for the apparatus<br /> |
| described above.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Overhead: Flexibility Cost<br /> |
| --------------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The library offers many places where users can specify operations<br /> |
| to be performed by the library in place of defaults. Sometimes<br /> |
| this seems to require that the library use a more-roundabout, and<br /> |
| possibly slower, way to accomplish the default requirements than<br /> |
| would be used otherwise.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The primary protection against this overhead is thorough compiler<br /> |
| optimization, to crush out layers of inline function interfaces.<br /> |
| Kuck & Associates has demonstrated the practicality of this kind<br /> |
| of optimization.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The second line of defense against this overhead is explicit<br /> |
| specialization. By defining helper function templates, and writing<br /> |
| specialized code for the default case, overhead can be eliminated<br /> |
| for that case without sacrificing flexibility. This takes full<br /> |
| advantage of any ability of the optimizer to crush out degenerate<br /> |
| code.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The library specifies many virtual functions which current linkers<br /> |
| load even when they cannot be called. Some minor improvements to the<br /> |
| compiler and to ld would eliminate any such overhead by simply<br /> |
| omitting virtual functions that the complete program does not call.<br /> |
| A prototype of this work has already been done. For targets where<br /> |
| GNU ld is not used, a "pre-linker" could do the same job.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The main areas in the standard interface where user flexibility<br /> |
| can result in overhead are:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Allocators: Containers are specified to use user-definable<br /> |
| allocator types and objects, making tuning for the container<br /> |
| characteristics tricky.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Locales: the standard specifies locale objects used to implement<br /> |
| iostream operations, involving many virtual functions which use<br /> |
| streambuf iterators.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Algorithms and containers: these may be instantiated on any type,<br /> |
| frequently duplicating code for identical operations.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| - Iostreams and strings: users are permitted to use these on their<br /> |
| own types, and specify the operations the stream must use on these<br /> |
| types.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Note that these sources of overhead are _avoidable_. The techniques<br /> |
| to avoid them are covered below.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Code Bloat<br /> |
| ----------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| In the SGI STL, and in some other headers, many of the templates<br /> |
| are defined "inline" -- either explicitly or by their placement<br /> |
| in class definitions -- which should not be inline. This is a<br /> |
| source of code bloat. Matt had remarked that he was relying on<br /> |
| the compiler to recognize what was too big to benefit from inlining,<br /> |
| and generate it out-of-line automatically. However, this also can<br /> |
| result in code bloat except where the linker can eliminate the extra<br /> |
| copies.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Fixing these cases will require an audit of all inline functions<br /> |
| defined in the library to determine which merit inlining, and moving<br /> |
| the rest out of line. This is an issue mainly in clauses 23, 25, and<br /> |
| 27. Of course it can be done incrementally, and we should generally<br /> |
| accept patches that move large functions out of line and into ".tcc"<br /> |
| files, which can later be pulled into a repository. Compiler/linker<br /> |
| improvements to recognize very large inline functions and move them<br /> |
| out-of-line, but shared among compilation units, could make this<br /> |
| work unnecessary.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Pre-instantiating template specializations currently produces large<br /> |
| amounts of dead code which bloats statically linked programs. The<br /> |
| current state of the static library, libstdc++.a, is intolerable on<br /> |
| this account, and will fuel further confused speculation about a need<br /> |
| for a library "subset". A compiler improvement that treats each<br /> |
| instantiated function as a separate object file, for linking purposes,<br /> |
| would be one solution to this problem. An alternative would be to<br /> |
| split up the manual instantiation files into dozens upon dozens of<br /> |
| little files, each compiled separately, but an abortive attempt at<br /> |
| this was done for <string> and, though it is far from complete, it<br /> |
| is already a nuisance. A better interim solution (just until we have<br /> |
| "export") is badly needed.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| When building a shared library, the current compiler/linker cannot<br /> |
| automatically generate the instantiations needed. This creates a<br /> |
| miserable situation; it means any time something is changed in the<br /> |
| library, before a shared library can be built someone must manually<br /> |
| copy the declarations of all templates that are needed by other parts<br /> |
| of the library to an "instantiation" file, and add it to the build<br /> |
| system to be compiled and linked to the library. This process is<br /> |
| readily automated, and should be automated as soon as possible.<br /> |
| Users building their own shared libraries experience identical<br /> |
| frustrations.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Sharing common aspects of template definitions among instantiations<br /> |
| can radically reduce code bloat. The compiler could help a great<br /> |
| deal here by recognizing when a function depends on nothing about<br /> |
| a template parameter, or only on its size, and giving the resulting<br /> |
| function a link-name "equate" that allows it to be shared with other<br /> |
| instantiations. Implementation code could take advantage of the<br /> |
| capability by factoring out code that does not depend on the template<br /> |
| argument into separate functions to be merged by the compiler.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Until such a compiler optimization is implemented, much can be done<br /> |
| manually (if tediously) in this direction. One such optimization is<br /> |
| to derive class templates from non-template classes, and move as much<br /> |
| implementation as possible into the base class. Another is to partial-<br /> |
| specialize certain common instantiations, such as vector<T*>, to share<br /> |
| code for instantiations on all types T. While these techniques work,<br /> |
| they are far from the complete solution that a compiler improvement<br /> |
| would afford.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Overhead: Expensive Language Features<br /> |
| -------------------------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The main "expensive" language feature used in the standard library<br /> |
| is exception support, which requires compiling in cleanup code with<br /> |
| static table data to locate it, and linking in library code to use<br /> |
| the table. For small embedded programs the amount of such library<br /> |
| code and table data is assumed by some to be excessive. Under the<br /> |
| "new" ABI this perception is generally exaggerated, although in some<br /> |
| cases it may actually be excessive.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| To implement a library which does not use exceptions directly is<br /> |
| not difficult given minor compiler support (to "turn off" exceptions<br /> |
| and ignore exception constructs), and results in no great library<br /> |
| maintenance difficulties. To be precise, given "-fno-exceptions",<br /> |
| the compiler should treat "try" blocks as ordinary blocks, and<br /> |
| "catch" blocks as dead code to ignore or eliminate. Compiler<br /> |
| support is not strictly necessary, except in the case of "function<br /> |
| try blocks"; otherwise the following macros almost suffice:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| #define throw(X)<br /> |
| #define try if (true)<br /> |
| #define catch(X) else if (false)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| However, there may be a need to use function try blocks in the<br /> |
| library implementation, and use of macros in this way can make<br /> |
| correct diagnostics impossible. Furthermore, use of this scheme<br /> |
| would require the library to call a function to re-throw exceptions<br /> |
| from a try block. Implementing the above semantics in the compiler<br /> |
| is preferable.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Given the support above (however implemented) it only remains to<br /> |
| replace code that "throws" with a call to a well-documented "handler"<br /> |
| function in a separate compilation unit which may be replaced by<br /> |
| the user. The main source of exceptions that would be difficult<br /> |
| for users to avoid is memory allocation failures, but users can<br /> |
| define their own memory allocation primitives that never throw.<br /> |
| Otherwise, the complete list of such handlers, and which library<br /> |
| functions may call them, would be needed for users to be able to<br /> |
| implement the necessary substitutes. (Fortunately, they have the<br /> |
| source code.)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Opportunities<br /> |
| -------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The template capabilities of C++ offer enormous opportunities for<br /> |
| optimizing common library operations, well beyond what would be<br /> |
| considered "eliminating overhead". In particular, many operations<br /> |
| done in Glibc with macros that depend on proprietary language<br /> |
| extensions can be implemented in pristine Standard C++. For example,<br /> |
| the chapter 25 algorithms, and even C library functions such as strchr,<br /> |
| can be specialized for the case of static arrays of known (small) size.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Detailed optimization opportunities are identified below where<br /> |
| the component where they would appear is discussed. Of course new<br /> |
| opportunities will be identified during implementation.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Unimplemented Required Library Features<br /> |
| ---------------------------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The standard specifies hundreds of components, grouped broadly by<br /> |
| chapter. These are listed in excruciating detail in the CHECKLIST<br /> |
| file.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| 17 general<br /> |
| 18 support<br /> |
| 19 diagnostics<br /> |
| 20 utilities<br /> |
| 21 string<br /> |
| 22 locale<br /> |
| 23 containers<br /> |
| 24 iterators<br /> |
| 25 algorithms<br /> |
| 26 numerics<br /> |
| 27 iostreams<br /> |
| Annex D backward compatibility<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Anyone participating in implementation of the library should obtain<br /> |
| a copy of the standard, ISO 14882. People in the U.S. can obtain an<br /> |
| electronic copy for US$18 from ANSI's web site. Those from other<br /> |
| countries should visit http://www.iso.org/ to find out the location<br /> |
| of their country's representation in ISO, in order to know who can<br /> |
| sell them a copy.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The emphasis in the following sections is on unimplemented features<br /> |
| and optimization opportunities.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 17 General<br /> |
| -------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 17 concerns overall library requirements.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The standard doesn't mention threads. A multi-thread (MT) extension<br /> |
| primarily affects operators new and delete (18), allocator (20),<br /> |
| string (21), locale (22), and iostreams (27). The common underlying<br /> |
| support needed for this is discussed under chapter 20.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The standard requirements on names from the C headers create a<br /> |
| lot of work, mostly done. Names in the C headers must be visible<br /> |
| in the std:: and sometimes the global namespace; the names in the<br /> |
| two scopes must refer to the same object. More stringent is that<br /> |
| Koenig lookup implies that any types specified as defined in std::<br /> |
| really are defined in std::. Names optionally implemented as<br /> |
| macros in C cannot be macros in C++. (An overview may be read at<br /> |
| <http://www.cantrip.org/cheaders.html>). The scripts "inclosure"<br /> |
| and "mkcshadow", and the directories shadow/ and cshadow/, are the<br /> |
| beginning of an effort to conform in this area.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| A correct conforming definition of C header names based on underlying<br /> |
| C library headers, and practical linking of conforming namespaced<br /> |
| customer code with third-party C libraries depends ultimately on<br /> |
| an ABI change, allowing namespaced C type names to be mangled into<br /> |
| type names as if they were global, somewhat as C function names in a<br /> |
| namespace, or C++ global variable names, are left unmangled. Perhaps<br /> |
| another "extern" mode, such as 'extern "C-global"' would be an<br /> |
| appropriate place for such type definitions. Such a type would<br /> |
| affect mangling as follows:<br /> |
| <br /> |
| namespace A {<br /> |
| struct X {};<br /> |
| extern "C-global" { // or maybe just 'extern "C"'<br /> |
| struct Y {};<br /> |
| };<br /> |
| }<br /> |
| void f(A::X*); // mangles to f__FPQ21A1X<br /> |
| void f(A::Y*); // mangles to f__FP1Y<br /> |
| <br /> |
| (It may be that this is really the appropriate semantics for regular<br /> |
| 'extern "C"', and 'extern "C-global"', as an extension, would not be<br /> |
| necessary.) This would allow functions declared in non-standard C headers<br /> |
| (and thus fixable by neither us nor users) to link properly with functions<br /> |
| declared using C types defined in properly-namespaced headers. The<br /> |
| problem this solves is that C headers (which C++ programmers do persist<br /> |
| in using) frequently forward-declare C struct tags without including<br /> |
| the header where the type is defined, as in<br /> |
| <br /> |
| struct tm;<br /> |
| void munge(tm*);<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Without some compiler accommodation, munge cannot be called by correct<br /> |
| C++ code using a pointer to a correctly-scoped tm* value.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The current C headers use the preprocessor extension "#include_next",<br /> |
| which the compiler complains about when run "-pedantic".<br /> |
| (Incidentally, it appears that "-fpedantic" is currently ignored,<br /> |
| probably a bug.) The solution in the C compiler is to use<br /> |
| "-isystem" rather than "-I", but unfortunately in g++ this seems<br /> |
| also to wrap the whole header in an 'extern "C"' block, so it's<br /> |
| unusable for C++ headers. The correct solution appears to be to<br /> |
| allow the various special include-directory options, if not given<br /> |
| an argument, to affect subsequent include-directory options additively,<br /> |
| so that if one said<br /> |
| <br /> |
| -pedantic -iprefix $(prefix) \<br /> |
| -idirafter -ino-pedantic -ino-extern-c -iwithprefix -I g++-v3 \<br /> |
| -iwithprefix -I g++-v3/ext<br /> |
| <br /> |
| the compiler would search $(prefix)/g++-v3 and not report<br /> |
| pedantic warnings for files found there, but treat files in<br /> |
| $(prefix)/g++-v3/ext pedantically. (The undocumented semantics<br /> |
| of "-isystem" in g++ stink. Can they be rescinded? If not it<br /> |
| must be replaced with something more rationally behaved.)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| All the C headers need the treatment above; in the standard these<br /> |
| headers are mentioned in various clauses. Below, I have only<br /> |
| mentioned those that present interesting implementation issues.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The components identified as "mostly complete", below, have not been<br /> |
| audited for conformance. In many cases where the library passes<br /> |
| conformance tests we have non-conforming extensions that must be<br /> |
| wrapped in #if guards for "pedantic" use, and in some cases renamed<br /> |
| in a conforming way for continued use in the implementation regardless<br /> |
| of conformance flags.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The STL portion of the library still depends on a header<br /> |
| stl/bits/stl_config.h full of #ifdef clauses. This apparatus<br /> |
| should be replaced with autoconf/automake machinery.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The SGI STL defines a type_traits<> template, specialized for<br /> |
| many types in their code including the built-in numeric and<br /> |
| pointer types and some library types, to direct optimizations of<br /> |
| standard functions. The SGI compiler has been extended to generate<br /> |
| specializations of this template automatically for user types,<br /> |
| so that use of STL templates on user types can take advantage of<br /> |
| these optimizations. Specializations for other, non-STL, types<br /> |
| would make more optimizations possible, but extending the gcc<br /> |
| compiler in the same way would be much better. Probably the next<br /> |
| round of standardization will ratify this, but probably with<br /> |
| changes, so it probably should be renamed to place it in the<br /> |
| implementation namespace.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The SGI STL also defines a large number of extensions visible in<br /> |
| standard headers. (Other extensions that appear in separate headers<br /> |
| have been sequestered in subdirectories ext/ and backward/.) All<br /> |
| these extensions should be moved to other headers where possible,<br /> |
| and in any case wrapped in a namespace (not std!), and (where kept<br /> |
| in a standard header) girded about with macro guards. Some cannot be<br /> |
| moved out of standard headers because they are used to implement<br /> |
| standard features. The canonical method for accommodating these<br /> |
| is to use a protected name, aliased in macro guards to a user-space<br /> |
| name. Unfortunately C++ offers no satisfactory template typedef<br /> |
| mechanism, so very ad-hoc and unsatisfactory aliasing must be used<br /> |
| instead.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Implementation of a template typedef mechanism should have the highest<br /> |
| priority among possible extensions, on the same level as implementation<br /> |
| of the template "export" feature.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 18 Language support<br /> |
| ----------------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Headers: <limits> <new> <typeinfo> <exception><br /> |
| C headers: <cstddef> <climits> <cfloat> <cstdarg> <csetjmp><br /> |
| <ctime> <csignal> <cstdlib> (also 21, 25, 26)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| This defines the built-in exceptions, rtti, numeric_limits<>,<br /> |
| operator new and delete. Much of this is provided by the<br /> |
| compiler in its static runtime library.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Work to do includes defining numeric_limits<> specializations in<br /> |
| separate files for all target architectures. Values for integer types<br /> |
| except for bool and wchar_t are readily obtained from the C header<br /> |
| <limits.h>, but values for the remaining numeric types (bool, wchar_t,<br /> |
| float, double, long double) must be entered manually. This is<br /> |
| largely dog work except for those members whose values are not<br /> |
| easily deduced from available documentation. Also, this involves<br /> |
| some work in target configuration to identify the correct choice of<br /> |
| file to build against and to install.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The definitions of the various operators new and delete must be<br /> |
| made thread-safe, which depends on a portable exclusion mechanism,<br /> |
| discussed under chapter 20. Of course there is always plenty of<br /> |
| room for improvements to the speed of operators new and delete.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| <cstdarg>, in Glibc, defines some macros that gcc does not allow to<br /> |
| be wrapped into an inline function. Probably this header will demand<br /> |
| attention whenever a new target is chosen. The functions atexit(),<br /> |
| exit(), and abort() in cstdlib have different semantics in C++, so<br /> |
| must be re-implemented for C++.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 19 Diagnostics<br /> |
| -----------------------<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Headers: <stdexcept><br /> |
| C headers: <cassert> <cerrno><br /> |
| <br /> |
| This defines the standard exception objects, which are "mostly complete".<br /> |
| Cygnus has a version, and now SGI provides a slightly different one.<br /> |
| It makes little difference which we use.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The C global name "errno", which C allows to be a variable or a macro,<br /> |
| is required in C++ to be a macro. For MT it must typically result in<br /> |
| a function call.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 20 Utilities<br /> |
| ---------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <utility> <functional> <memory><br /> |
| C header: <ctime> (also in 18)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| SGI STL provides "mostly complete" versions of all the components<br /> |
| defined in this chapter. However, the auto_ptr<> implementation<br /> |
| is known to be wrong. Furthermore, the standard definition of it<br /> |
| is known to be unimplementable as written. A minor change to the<br /> |
| standard would fix it, and auto_ptr<> should be adjusted to match.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Multi-threading affects the allocator implementation, and there must<br /> |
| be configuration/installation choices for different users' MT<br /> |
| requirements. Anyway, users will want to tune allocator options<br /> |
| to support different target conditions, MT or no.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The primitives used for MT implementation should be exposed, as an<br /> |
| extension, for users' own work. We need cross-CPU "mutex" support,<br /> |
| multi-processor shared-memory atomic integer operations, and single-<br /> |
| processor uninterruptible integer operations, and all three configurable<br /> |
| to be stubbed out for non-MT use, or to use an appropriately-loaded<br /> |
| dynamic library for the actual runtime environment, or statically<br /> |
| compiled in for cases where the target architecture is known.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 21 String<br /> |
| ------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <string><br /> |
| C headers: <cctype> <cwctype> <cstring> <cwchar> (also in 27)<br /> |
| <cstdlib> (also in 18, 25, 26)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| We have "mostly-complete" char_traits<> implementations. Many of the<br /> |
| char_traits<char> operations might be optimized further using existing<br /> |
| proprietary language extensions.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| We have a "mostly-complete" basic_string<> implementation. The work<br /> |
| to manually instantiate char and wchar_t specializations in object<br /> |
| files to improve link-time behavior is extremely unsatisfactory,<br /> |
| literally tripling library-build time with no commensurate improvement<br /> |
| in static program link sizes. It must be redone. (Similar work is<br /> |
| needed for some components in clauses 22 and 27.)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Other work needed for strings is MT-safety, as discussed under the<br /> |
| chapter 20 heading.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The standard C type mbstate_t from <cwchar> and used in char_traits<><br /> |
| must be different in C++ than in C, because in C++ the default constructor<br /> |
| value mbstate_t() must be the "base" or "ground" sequence state.<br /> |
| (According to the likely resolution of a recently raised Core issue,<br /> |
| this may become unnecessary. However, there are other reasons to<br /> |
| use a state type not as limited as whatever the C library provides.)<br /> |
| If we might want to provide conversions from (e.g.) internally-<br /> |
| represented EUC-wide to externally-represented Unicode, or vice-<br /> |
| versa, the mbstate_t we choose will need to be more accommodating<br /> |
| than what might be provided by an underlying C library.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| There remain some basic_string template-member functions which do<br /> |
| not overload properly with their non-template brethren. The infamous<br /> |
| hack akin to what was done in vector<> is needed, to conform to<br /> |
| 23.1.1 para 10. The CHECKLIST items for basic_string marked 'X',<br /> |
| or incomplete, are so marked for this reason.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Replacing the string iterators, which currently are simple character<br /> |
| pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the<br /> |
| client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,<br /> |
| ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of<br /> |
| raw pointers as string iterators is evil. vector<> iterators need the<br /> |
| same treatment. Note that the current implementation freely mixes<br /> |
| pointers and iterators, and that must be fixed before safer iterators<br /> |
| can be introduced.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Some of the functions in <cstring> are different from the C version.<br /> |
| generally overloaded on const and non-const argument pointers. For<br /> |
| example, in <cstring> strchr is overloaded. The functions isupper<br /> |
| etc. in <cctype> typically implemented as macros in C are functions<br /> |
| in C++, because they are overloaded with others of the same name<br /> |
| defined in <locale>.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Many of the functions required in <cwctype> and <cwchar> cannot be<br /> |
| implemented using underlying C facilities on intended targets because<br /> |
| such facilities only partly exist.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 22 Locale<br /> |
| ------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <locale><br /> |
| C headers: <clocale><br /> |
| <br /> |
| We have a "mostly complete" class locale, with the exception of<br /> |
| code for constructing, and handling the names of, named locales.<br /> |
| The ways that locales are named (particularly when categories<br /> |
| (e.g. LC_TIME, LC_COLLATE) are different) varies among all target<br /> |
| environments. This code must be written in various versions and<br /> |
| chosen by configuration parameters.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Members of many of the facets defined in <locale> are stubs. Generally,<br /> |
| there are two sets of facets: the base class facets (which are supposed<br /> |
| to implement the "C" locale) and the "byname" facets, which are supposed<br /> |
| to read files to determine their behavior. The base ctype<>, collate<>,<br /> |
| and numpunct<> facets are "mostly complete", except that the table of<br /> |
| bitmask values used for "is" operations, and corresponding mask values,<br /> |
| are still defined in libio and just included/linked. (We will need to<br /> |
| implement these tables independently, soon, but should take advantage<br /> |
| of libio where possible.) The num_put<>::put members for integer types<br /> |
| are "mostly complete".<br /> |
| <br /> |
| A complete list of what has and has not been implemented may be<br /> |
| found in CHECKLIST. However, note that the current definition of<br /> |
| codecvt<wchar_t,char,mbstate_t> is wrong. It should simply write<br /> |
| out the raw bytes representing the wide characters, rather than<br /> |
| trying to convert each to a corresponding single "char" value.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Some of the facets are more important than others. Specifically,<br /> |
| the members of ctype<>, numpunct<>, num_put<>, and num_get<> facets<br /> |
| are used by other library facilities defined in <string>, <istream>,<br /> |
| and <ostream>, and the codecvt<> facet is used by basic_filebuf<><br /> |
| in <fstream>, so a conforming iostream implementation depends on<br /> |
| these.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The "long long" type eventually must be supported, but code mentioning<br /> |
| it should be wrapped in #if guards to allow pedantic-mode compiling.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Performance of num_put<> and num_get<> depend critically on<br /> |
| caching computed values in ios_base objects, and on extensions<br /> |
| to the interface with streambufs.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Specifically: retrieving a copy of the locale object, extracting<br /> |
| the needed facets, and gathering data from them, for each call to<br /> |
| (e.g.) operator<< would be prohibitively slow. To cache format<br /> |
| data for use by num_put<> and num_get<> we have a _Format_cache<><br /> |
| object stored in the ios_base::pword() array. This is constructed<br /> |
| and initialized lazily, and is organized purely for utility. It<br /> |
| is discarded when a new locale with different facets is imbued.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Using only the public interfaces of the iterator arguments to the<br /> |
| facet functions would limit performance by forbidding "vector-style"<br /> |
| character operations. The streambuf iterator optimizations are<br /> |
| described under chapter 24, but facets can also bypass the streambuf<br /> |
| iterators via explicit specializations and operate directly on the<br /> |
| streambufs, and use extended interfaces to get direct access to the<br /> |
| streambuf internal buffer arrays. These extensions are mentioned<br /> |
| under chapter 27. These optimizations are particularly important<br /> |
| for input parsing.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Unused virtual members of locale facets can be omitted, as mentioned<br /> |
| above, by a smart linker.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 23 Containers<br /> |
| ----------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <deque> <list> <queue> <stack> <vector> <map> <set> <bitset><br /> |
| <br /> |
| All the components in chapter 23 are implemented in the SGI STL.<br /> |
| They are "mostly complete"; they include a large number of<br /> |
| nonconforming extensions which must be wrapped. Some of these<br /> |
| are used internally and must be renamed or duplicated.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The SGI components are optimized for large-memory environments. For<br /> |
| embedded targets, different criteria might be more appropriate. Users<br /> |
| will want to be able to tune this behavior. We should provide<br /> |
| ways for users to compile the library with different memory usage<br /> |
| characteristics.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| A lot more work is needed on factoring out common code from different<br /> |
| specializations to reduce code size here and in chapter 25. The<br /> |
| easiest fix for this would be a compiler/ABI improvement that allows<br /> |
| the compiler to recognize when a specialization depends only on the<br /> |
| size (or other gross quality) of a template argument, and allow the<br /> |
| linker to share the code with similar specializations. In its<br /> |
| absence, many of the algorithms and containers can be partial-<br /> |
| specialized, at least for the case of pointers, but this only solves<br /> |
| a small part of the problem. Use of a type_traits-style template<br /> |
| allows a few more optimization opportunities, more if the compiler<br /> |
| can generate the specializations automatically.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| As an optimization, containers can specialize on the default allocator<br /> |
| and bypass it, or take advantage of details of its implementation<br /> |
| after it has been improved upon.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Replacing the vector iterators, which currently are simple element<br /> |
| pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the<br /> |
| client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,<br /> |
| ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of<br /> |
| pointers for iterators is evil.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| As mentioned for chapter 24, the deque iterator is a good example of<br /> |
| an opportunity to implement a "staged" iterator that would benefit<br /> |
| from specializations of some algorithms.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 24 Iterators<br /> |
| ---------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <iterator><br /> |
| <br /> |
| Standard iterators are "mostly complete", with the exception of<br /> |
| the stream iterators, which are not yet templatized on the<br /> |
| stream type. Also, the base class template iterator<> appears<br /> |
| to be wrong, so everything derived from it must also be wrong,<br /> |
| currently.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The streambuf iterators (currently located in stl/bits/std_iterator.h,<br /> |
| but should be under bits/) can be rewritten to take advantage of<br /> |
| friendship with the streambuf implementation.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Matt Austern has identified opportunities where certain iterator<br /> |
| types, particularly including streambuf iterators and deque<br /> |
| iterators, have a "two-stage" quality, such that an intermediate<br /> |
| limit can be checked much more quickly than the true limit on<br /> |
| range operations. If identified with a member of iterator_traits,<br /> |
| algorithms may be specialized for this case. Of course the<br /> |
| iterators that have this quality can be identified by specializing<br /> |
| a traits class.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Many of the algorithms must be specialized for the streambuf<br /> |
| iterators, to take advantage of block-mode operations, in order<br /> |
| to allow iostream/locale operations' performance not to suffer.<br /> |
| It may be that they could be treated as staged iterators and<br /> |
| take advantage of those optimizations.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 25 Algorithms<br /> |
| ----------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <algorithm><br /> |
| C headers: <cstdlib> (also in 18, 21, 26))<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The algorithms are "mostly complete". As mentioned above, they<br /> |
| are optimized for speed at the expense of code and data size.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Specializations of many of the algorithms for non-STL types would<br /> |
| give performance improvements, but we must use great care not to<br /> |
| interfere with fragile template overloading semantics for the<br /> |
| standard interfaces. Conventionally the standard function template<br /> |
| interface is an inline which delegates to a non-standard function<br /> |
| which is then overloaded (this is already done in many places in<br /> |
| the library). Particularly appealing opportunities for the sake of<br /> |
| iostream performance are for copy and find applied to streambuf<br /> |
| iterators or (as noted elsewhere) for staged iterators, of which<br /> |
| the streambuf iterators are a good example.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The bsearch and qsort functions cannot be overloaded properly as<br /> |
| required by the standard because gcc does not yet allow overloading<br /> |
| on the extern-"C"-ness of a function pointer.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 26 Numerics<br /> |
| --------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <complex> <valarray> <numeric><br /> |
| C headers: <cmath>, <cstdlib> (also 18, 21, 25)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Numeric components: Gabriel dos Reis's valarray, Drepper's complex,<br /> |
| and the few algorithms from the STL are "mostly done". Of course<br /> |
| optimization opportunities abound for the numerically literate. It<br /> |
| is not clear whether the valarray implementation really conforms<br /> |
| fully, in the assumptions it makes about aliasing (and lack thereof)<br /> |
| in its arguments.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The C div() and ldiv() functions are interesting, because they are the<br /> |
| only case where a C library function returns a class object by value.<br /> |
| Since the C++ type div_t must be different from the underlying C type<br /> |
| (which is in the wrong namespace) the underlying functions div() and<br /> |
| ldiv() cannot be re-used efficiently. Fortunately they are trivial to<br /> |
| re-implement.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Chapter 27 Iostreams<br /> |
| ---------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <iosfwd> <streambuf> <ios> <ostream> <istream> <iostream><br /> |
| <iomanip> <sstream> <fstream><br /> |
| C headers: <cstdio> <cwchar> (also in 21)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Iostream is currently in a very incomplete state. <iosfwd>, <iomanip>,<br /> |
| ios_base, and basic_ios<> are "mostly complete". basic_streambuf<> and<br /> |
| basic_ostream<> are well along, but basic_istream<> has had little work<br /> |
| done. The standard stream objects, <sstream> and <fstream> have been<br /> |
| started; basic_filebuf<> "write" functions have been implemented just<br /> |
| enough to do "hello, world".<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Most of the istream and ostream operators << and >> (with the exception<br /> |
| of the op<<(integer) ones) have not been changed to use locale primitives,<br /> |
| sentry objects, or char_traits members.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| All these templates should be manually instantiated for char and<br /> |
| wchar_t in a way that links only used members into user programs.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Streambuf is fertile ground for optimization extensions. An extended<br /> |
| interface giving iterator access to its internal buffer would be very<br /> |
| useful for other library components.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Iostream operations (primarily operators << and >>) can take advantage<br /> |
| of the case where user code has not specified a locale, and bypass locale<br /> |
| operations entirely. The current implementation of op<</num_put<>::put,<br /> |
| for the integer types, demonstrates how they can cache encoding details<br /> |
| from the locale on each operation. There is lots more room for<br /> |
| optimization in this area.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The definition of the relationship between the standard streams<br /> |
| cout et al. and stdout et al. requires something like a "stdiobuf".<br /> |
| The SGI solution of using double-indirection to actually use a<br /> |
| stdio FILE object for buffering is unsatisfactory, because it<br /> |
| interferes with peephole loop optimizations.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The <sstream> header work has begun. stringbuf can benefit from<br /> |
| friendship with basic_string<> and basic_string<>::_Rep to use<br /> |
| those objects directly as buffers, and avoid allocating and making<br /> |
| copies.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The basic_filebuf<> template is a complex beast. It is specified to<br /> |
| use the locale facet codecvt<> to translate characters between native<br /> |
| files and the locale character encoding. In general this involves<br /> |
| two buffers, one of "char" representing the file and another of<br /> |
| "char_type", for the stream, with codecvt<> translating. The process<br /> |
| is complicated by the variable-length nature of the translation, and<br /> |
| the need to seek to corresponding places in the two representations.<br /> |
| For the case of basic_filebuf<char>, when no translation is needed,<br /> |
| a single buffer suffices. A specialized filebuf can be used to reduce<br /> |
| code space overhead when no locale has been imbued. Matt Austern's<br /> |
| work at SGI will be useful, perhaps directly as a source of code, or<br /> |
| at least as an example to draw on.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Filebuf, almost uniquely (cf. operator new), depends heavily on<br /> |
| underlying environmental facilities. In current releases iostream<br /> |
| depends fairly heavily on libio constant definitions, but it should<br /> |
| be made independent. It also depends on operating system primitives<br /> |
| for file operations. There is immense room for optimizations using<br /> |
| (e.g.) mmap for reading. The shadow/ directory wraps, besides the<br /> |
| standard C headers, the libio.h and unistd.h headers, for use mainly<br /> |
| by filebuf. These wrappings have not been completed, though there<br /> |
| is scaffolding in place.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| The encapsulation of certain C header <cstdio> names presents an<br /> |
| interesting problem. It is possible to define an inline std::fprintf()<br /> |
| implemented in terms of the 'extern "C"' vfprintf(), but there is no<br /> |
| standard vfscanf() to use to implement std::fscanf(). It appears that<br /> |
| vfscanf but be re-implemented in C++ for targets where no vfscanf<br /> |
| extension has been defined. This is interesting in that it seems<br /> |
| to be the only significant case in the C library where this kind of<br /> |
| rewriting is necessary. (Of course Glibc provides the vfscanf()<br /> |
| extension.) (The functions related to exit() must be rewritten<br /> |
| for other reasons.)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| <br /> |
| Annex D<br /> |
| -------<br /> |
| Headers: <strstream><br /> |
| <br /> |
| Annex D defines many non-library features, and many minor<br /> |
| modifications to various headers, and a complete header.<br /> |
| It is "mostly done", except that the libstdc++-2 <strstream><br /> |
| header has not been adopted into the library, or checked to<br /> |
| verify that it matches the draft in those details that were<br /> |
| clarified by the committee. Certainly it must at least be<br /> |
| moved into the std namespace.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| We still need to wrap all the deprecated features in #if guards<br /> |
| so that pedantic compile modes can detect their use.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| Nonstandard Extensions<br /> |
| ----------------------<br /> |
| Headers: <iostream.h> <strstream.h> <hash> <rbtree><br /> |
| <pthread_alloc> <stdiobuf> (etc.)<br /> |
| <br /> |
| User code has come to depend on a variety of nonstandard components<br /> |
| that we must not omit. Much of this code can be adopted from<br /> |
| libstdc++-v2 or from the SGI STL. This particularly includes<br /> |
| <iostream.h>, <strstream.h>, and various SGI extensions such<br /> |
| as <hash_map.h>. Many of these are already placed in the<br /> |
| subdirectories ext/ and backward/. (Note that it is better to<br /> |
| include them via "<backward/hash_map.h>" or "<ext/hash_map>" than<br /> |
| to search the subdirectory itself via a "-I" directive.<br /> |
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