<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
	 xml:id="std.diagnostics" xreflabel="Diagnostics">
<?dbhtml filename="diagnostics.html"?>

<info><title>
  Diagnostics
  <indexterm><primary>Diagnostics</primary></indexterm>
</title>
  <keywordset>
    <keyword>ISO C++</keyword>
    <keyword>library</keyword>
  </keywordset>
</info>


<section xml:id="std.diagnostics.exceptions" xreflabel="Exceptions"><info><title>Exceptions</title></info>
  <?dbhtml filename="exceptions.html"?>


  <section xml:id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.api"><info><title>API Reference</title></info>

    <para>
      Most exception classes are defined in one of the standard headers
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;exception&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;stdexcept&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;new&gt;</filename>, and
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;typeinfo&gt;</filename>.
      The C++ 2011 revision of the standard added more exception types
      in the headers
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;functional&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;future&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;regex&gt;</filename>, and
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;system_error&gt;</filename>.
      The C++ 2017 revision of the standard added more exception types
      in the headers
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;any&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;filesystem&gt;</filename>,
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;optional&gt;</filename>, and
      <filename class="headerfile">&lt;variant&gt;</filename>.
    </para>

    <para>
      All exceptions thrown by the library have a base class of type
      <classname>std::exception</classname>,
      defined in <filename class="headerfile">&lt;exception&gt;</filename>.
      This type has no <classname>std::string</classname> member.
    </para>

    <para>
      Derived from this are several classes that may have a
      <classname>std::string</classname> member. A full hierarchy can be
      found in the source documentation.
    </para>

    <!-- Doxygen XML: api/group__exceptions.xml -->

  </section>
  <section xml:id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.data" xreflabel="Adding Data to Exceptions"><info><title>Adding Data to <classname>exception</classname></title></info>

    <para>
      The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as
      data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took
    place).  It's good to remember that you can add your own data to
    these exceptions when extending the hierarchy:
   </para>
   <programlisting>
   struct My_Exception : public std::runtime_error
   {
     public:
       My_Exception (const string&amp; whatarg)
	   : std::runtime_error(whatarg), e(errno), id(GetDataBaseID()) { }
       int  errno_at_time_of_throw() const { return e; }
       DBID id_of_thing_that_threw() const { return id; }
     protected:
       int    e;
       DBID   id;     // some user-defined type
   };
   </programlisting>

  </section>
</section>

<section xml:id="std.diagnostics.errno" xreflabel="errno"><info><title>Use of errno by the library</title></info>
  <?dbhtml filename="errno.html"?>

  <para>
    The C and POSIX standards guarantee that <varname>errno</varname>
    is never set to zero by any library function.
    The C++ standard has less to say about when <varname>errno</varname>
    is or isn't set, but libstdc++ follows the same rule and never sets
    it to zero.
  </para>

  <para>
    On the other hand, there are few guarantees about when the C++ library
    sets <varname>errno</varname> on error, beyond what is specified for
    functions that come from the C library.
    For example, when <function>std::stoi</function> throws an exception of
    type <classname>std::out_of_range</classname>, <varname>errno</varname>
    may or may not have been set to <constant>ERANGE</constant>.
  </para>

  <para>
    Parts of the C++ library may be implemented in terms of C library
    functions, which may result in <varname>errno</varname> being set
    with no explicit call to a C function. For example, on a target where
    <function>operator new</function> uses <function>malloc</function>
    a failed memory allocation with <function>operator new</function> might
    set <varname>errno</varname> to <constant>ENOMEM</constant>.
    Which C++ library functions can set <varname>errno</varname> in this way
    is unspecified because it may vary between platforms and between releases.
  </para>

</section>

<section xml:id="std.diagnostics.concept_checking" xreflabel="Concept Checking"><info><title>Concept Checking</title></info>
  <?dbhtml filename="concept_checking.html"?>

  <para>
    In 1999, SGI added <quote>concept checkers</quote> to their
    implementation of the STL: code which checked the template
    parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure
    that the parameters being used met the requirements of the
    standard.  For example, the Standard requires that types passed as
    template parameters to <classname>vector</classname> be
    "Assignable" (which means what you think it means).  The
    checking was done during compilation, and none of the code was
    executed at runtime.
   </para>
   <para>
     Unfortunately, the size of the compiler files grew significantly
     as a result.  The checking code itself was cumbersome.  And bugs
     were found in it on more than one occasion.
   </para>
   <para>
     The primary author of the checking code, Jeremy Siek, had already
     started work on a replacement implementation.  The new code was
     formally reviewed and accepted into
   <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.boost.org/libs/concept_check/concept_check.htm">the
   Boost libraries</link>, and we are pleased to incorporate it into the
   GNU C++ library.
 </para>
 <para>
   The new version imposes a much smaller space overhead on the generated
   object file.  The checks are also cleaner and easier to read and
   understand.
 </para>

 <para>
   They are off by default for all versions of GCC.
   They can be enabled at configure time with
   <link linkend="manual.intro.setup.configure"><literal>--enable-concept-checks</literal></link>.
   You can enable them on a per-translation-unit basis with
     <literal>-D_GLIBCXX_CONCEPT_CHECKS</literal>.
 </para>

 <para>
   Please note that the checks are based on the requirements in the original
   C++ standard, many of which were relaxed in the C++11 standard and so valid
   C++11 code may be incorrectly rejected by the concept checks.  Additionally,
   some correct C++03 code might be rejected by the concept checks,
   for example template argument types may need to be complete when used in
   a template definition, rather than at the point of instantiation.
   There are no plans to address these shortcomings.
 </para>

</section>

</chapter>