<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
	 xml:id="manual.intro.setup.test" xreflabel="Testing">
<?dbhtml filename="test.html"?>

<info><title>Testing</title>
  <keywordset>
    <keyword>ISO C++</keyword>
    <keyword>test</keyword>
    <keyword>testsuite</keyword>
    <keyword>performance</keyword>
    <keyword>conformance</keyword>
    <keyword>ABI</keyword>
    <keyword>exception safety</keyword>
  </keywordset>
</info>

<para>
The libstdc++ testsuite includes testing for standard conformance,
regressions, ABI, and performance.
</para>

<section xml:id="test.organization" xreflabel="Test Organization"><info><title>Test Organization</title></info>


<section xml:id="test.organization.layout" xreflabel="Directory Layout"><info><title>Directory Layout</title></info>


<para>
  The directory
  <filename class="directory"><replaceable>gccsrcdir</replaceable>/libstdc++-v3/testsuite</filename>
  contains the individual test cases organized in sub-directories
  corresponding to clauses of the C++ standard (detailed below),
  the DejaGnu test harness support files, and sources to various
  testsuite utilities that are packaged in a separate testing library.
</para>

<para>
  All test cases for functionality required by the runtime components
  of the C++ standard (ISO 14882) are files within the following
  directories:

   <programlisting>
    17_intro
    18_support
    19_diagnostics
    20_util
    21_strings
    22_locale
    23_containers
    24_iterators
    25_algorithms
    26_numerics
    27_io
    28_regex
    29_atomics
    30_threads
   </programlisting>
</para>

   <para>
      In addition, the following directories include test files:

<variablelist spacing="compact">
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">tr1</filename></term>
  <listitem>Tests for components as described by the Technical Report
    on Standard Library Extensions (<link linked="status.iso.tr1">TR1</link>).
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">backward</filename></term>
  <listitem>Tests for backwards compatibility and deprecated features.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">demangle</filename></term>
  <listitem>Tests for <function>__cxa_demangle</function>, the IA-64 C++ ABI
    demangler.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">ext</filename></term>
  <listitem>Tests for extensions.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">performance</filename></term>
  <listitem>Tests for performance analysis, and performance regressions.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
      Some directories don't have test files, but instead contain
      auxiliary information:

<variablelist spacing="compact">
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">config</filename></term>
  <listitem>Files for the DejaGnu test harness.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">lib</filename></term>
  <listitem>Files for the DejaGnu test harness.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">libstdc++*</filename></term>
  <listitem>Files for the DejaGnu test harness.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">data</filename></term>
  <listitem>Sample text files for testing input and output.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">util</filename></term>
  <listitem>Files for libtestc++, utilities and testing routines.</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
      Within a directory that includes test files, there may be
      additional subdirectories, or files.  Originally, test cases
      were appended to one file that represented a particular section
      of the chapter under test, and was named accordingly. For
      instance, to test items related to <code> 21.3.6.1 -
      <function>basic_string::find</function> [lib.string::find]</code>
      in the standard, the following was used:
<programlisting>    21_strings/find.cc </programlisting>
      However, that practice soon became a liability as the test cases
      became huge and unwieldy, and testing new or extended
      functionality (like wide characters or named locales) became
      frustrating, leading to aggressive pruning of test cases on some
      platforms that covered up implementation errors. Now, the test
      suite has a policy of one file, one test case, which solves the
      above issues and gives finer grained results and more manageable
      error debugging. As an example, the test case quoted above
      becomes:
<programlisting>    21_strings/basic_string/find/char/1.cc
    21_strings/basic_string/find/char/2.cc
    21_strings/basic_string/find/char/3.cc
    21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/1.cc
    21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/2.cc
    21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/3.cc</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
      All new tests should be written with the policy of "one test
      case, one file" in mind.
   </para>
</section>


<section xml:id="test.organization.naming" xreflabel="Naming Conventions"><info><title>Naming Conventions</title></info>


   <para>
      In addition, there are some special names and suffixes that are
      used within the testsuite to designate particular kinds of
      tests.
   </para>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="extension">_xin.cc</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This test case expects some kind of interactive input in order
      to finish or pass. At the moment, the interactive tests are not
      run by default. Instead, they are run by hand, like:
      <programlisting>
g++ 27_io/objects/char/3_xin.cc
cat 27_io/objects/char/3_xin.in | a.out</programlisting>
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="extension">.in</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This file contains the expected input for the corresponding <emphasis>
      _xin.cc</emphasis> test case.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="extension">_neg.cc</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This test case is expected to fail: it's a negative test. At the
      moment, these are almost always compile time errors.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">char</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This can either be a directory name or part of a longer file
      name, and indicates that this file, or the files within this
      directory are testing the <code>char</code> instantiation of a
      template.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">wchar_t</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This can either be a directory name or part of a longer file
      name, and indicates that this file, or the files within this
      directory are testing the <code>wchar_t</code> instantiation of
      a template. Some hosts do not support <code>wchar_t</code>
      functionality, so for these targets, all of these tests will not
      be run.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">thread</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This can either be a directory name or part of a longer file
      name, and indicates that this file, or the files within this
      directory are testing situations where multiple threads are
      being used.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><filename class="directory">performance</filename></term>
  <listitem>
      This can either be an enclosing directory name or part of a
      specific file name. This indicates a test that is used to
      analyze runtime performance, for performance regression testing,
      or for other optimization related analysis. At the moment, these
      test cases are not run by default.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>

</section>
</section>


<section xml:id="test.run" xreflabel="Running the Testsuite"><info><title>Running the Testsuite</title></info>


  <section xml:id="test.run.basic"><info><title>Basic</title></info>


    <para>
      You can check the status of the build without installing it
      using the DejaGnu harness, much like the rest of the gcc
      tools, i.e.
   <userinput>make check</userinput>
      in the
      <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable></filename>
      directory, or
   <userinput>make check-target-libstdc++-v3</userinput>
       in the
      <filename class="directory"><replaceable>gccbuilddir</replaceable></filename>
       directory.
    </para>

     <para>
       These commands are functionally equivalent and will create a
       '<filename class="directory">testsuite</filename>' directory underneath
       <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable></filename>
       containing the results of the
       tests. Two results files will be generated:
       <filename>libstdc++.sum</filename>, which is a PASS/FAIL summary
       for each test, and
       <filename>libstdc++.log</filename> which is a log of
       the exact command-line passed to the compiler, the compiler
       output, and the executable output (if any) for each test.
     </para>

     <para>
       Archives of test results for various versions and platforms are
       available on the GCC website in the <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.3/buildstat.html">build
       status</link> section of each individual release, and are also
       archived on a daily basis on the <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/current">gcc-testresults</link>
       mailing list. Please check either of these places for a similar
       combination of source version, operating system, and host CPU.
     </para>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="test.run.variations"><info><title>Variations</title></info>

    <para>
      There are several options for running tests, including testing
      the regression tests, testing a subset of the regression tests,
      testing the performance tests, testing just compilation, testing
      installed tools, etc. In addition, there is a special rule for
      checking the exported symbols of the shared library.
    </para>
    <para>
      To debug the DejaGnu test harness during runs, try invoking with a
      specific argument to the variable <varname>RUNTESTFLAGS</varname>,
      like so:
<programlisting>
    make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="-v"
</programlisting>
      or
<programlisting>
    make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v"
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      To run a subset of the library tests, you can either generate the
      <filename>testsuite_files</filename> file (described below) by running
      <userinput>make testsuite_files</userinput> in the
      <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable>/testsuite</filename>
      directory, then edit the
      file to remove the tests you don't want and then run the testsuite as
      normal, or you can specify a testsuite and a subset of tests in the
      <varname>RUNTESTFLAGS</varname> variable.
    </para>

    <para>
      For example, to run only the tests for containers you could use:

<programlisting>
    make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="conformance.exp=23_containers/*"
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      When combining this with other options in <varname>RUNTESTFLAGS</varname>
      the <option>testsuite.exp=testfiles</option> options must come first.
    </para>

    <para>
      There are two ways to run on a simulator: set up <envar>DEJAGNU</envar>
      to point to a specially crafted <filename>site.exp</filename>,
      or pass down <option>--target_board</option> flags.
    </para>

    <para>
    Example flags to pass down for various embedded builds are as follows:

<programlisting>
  --target=powerpc-eabisim <emphasis>(libgloss/sim)</emphasis>
  make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=powerpc-sim"

  --target=calmrisc32 <emphasis>(libgloss/sid)</emphasis>
  make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=calmrisc32-sid"

  --target=xscale-elf <emphasis>(newlib/sim)</emphasis>
  make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=arm-sim"
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      Also, here is an example of how to run the libstdc++ testsuite
      for a multilibed build directory with different ABI settings:

 <programlisting>
    make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS='--target_board \"unix{-mabi=32,,-mabi=64}\"'
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      You can run the tests with a compiler and library that have
      already been installed.  Make sure that the compiler (e.g.,
      <command>g++</command>) is in your <envar>PATH</envar>.  If you are
      using shared libraries, then you must also ensure that the
      directory containing the shared version of libstdc++ is in your
      <envar>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</envar>, or
      <link linkend="manual.intro.using.linkage.dynamic">equivalent</link>.
      If your GCC source tree is at
      <filename class="directory">/path/to/gcc</filename>,
      then you can run the tests as follows:

<programlisting>
    runtest --tool libstdc++ --srcdir=/path/to/gcc/libstdc++-v3/testsuite
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      The testsuite will create a number of files in the directory in
      which you run this command,.  Some of those files might use the
      same name as files created by other testsuites (like the ones
      for GCC and G++), so you should not try to run all the
      testsuites in parallel from the same directory.
    </para>

    <para>
      In addition, there are some testing options that are mostly of
      interest to library maintainers and system integrators. As such,
      these tests may not work on all CPU and host combinations, and
      may need to be executed in the
      <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable>/testsuite</filename>
      directory.  These
      options include, but are not necessarily limited to, the
      following:
    </para>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make testsuite_files
   </userinput></term>>

  <listitem>
  <para>
    Five files are generated that determine what test files
    are run. These files are:

    <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
      <term> <filename>testsuite_files</filename> </term>
      <listitem>
	 This is a list of all the test cases that will be run. Each
	 test case is on a separate line, given with an absolute path
	 from the
         <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libsrcdir</replaceable>/testsuite</filename>
         directory.
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term> <filename>testsuite_files_interactive</filename> </term>
      <listitem>
	 This is a list of all the interactive test cases, using the
	 same format as the file list above. These tests are not run
	 by default.
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term> <filename>testsuite_files_performance</filename> </term>
      <listitem>
	 This is a list of all the performance test cases, using the
	 same format as the file list above. These tests are not run
	 by default.
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term> <filename>testsuite_thread</filename> </term>
      <listitem>
	 This file indicates that the host system can run tests which
	 involved multiple threads.
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term> <filename>testsuite_wchar_t</filename> </term>
      <listitem>
	 This file indicates that the host system can run the
         <code>wchar_t</code> tests, and corresponds to the macro
         definition <literal>_GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T</literal> in the
         file <filename>c++config.h</filename>.
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </para>
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make check-abi
   </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     The library ABI can be tested. This involves testing the shared
     library against a baseline list of symbol exports that defines the
     previous version of the ABI. The tests require that no exported
     symbols are removed, no new symbols are added to the old symbol
     versions, and any new symbols have the latest symbol version.
     See <link linkend="abi.versioning">Versioning</link> for more details
     of the ABI version history.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make new-abi-baseline
   </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     Generate a new baseline set of symbols exported from the library
     (written to a file under
     <filename class="directory"><replaceable>libsrcdir</replaceable>/config/abi/post/<replaceable>target</replaceable>/</filename>).
     A different baseline symbols file is needed for each architecture and
     is used by the <literal>check-abi</literal> target described above.
     The files are usually re-generated by target maintainers for releases.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
  <term><userinput>
   make check-compile
  </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     This rule compiles, but does not link or execute, the
     <filename>testsuite_files</filename> test cases and displays the
     output on stdout.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make check-performance
   </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     This rule runs through the
     <filename>testsuite_files_performance</filename> test cases and
     collects information for performance analysis and can be used to
     spot performance regressions. Various timing information is
     collected, as well as number of hard page faults, and memory
     used. This is not run by default, and the implementation is in
     flux.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make check-debug
   </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     This rule runs through the test suite under the
     <link linkend="manual.ext.debug_mode">debug mode</link>.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
   <term><userinput>
   make check-parallel
   </userinput></term>>

   <listitem>
   <para>
     This rule runs through the test suite under the
     <link linkend="manual.ext.parallel_mode">parallel mode</link>.
   </para>
   </listitem>
</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

   <para>
      We are interested in any strange failures of the testsuite;
      please email the main libstdc++ mailing list if you see
      something odd or have questions.
   </para>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="test.run.permutations"><info><title>Permutations</title></info>

    <para>
      The tests will be compiled with a set of default compiler flags defined
      by the
      <filename><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable>/scripts/testsuite_flags</filename>
      file, as well as options specified in individual tests. You can run
      the tests with different options by adding them to the output of
      the <option>--cxxflags</option> option of that script, or by setting
      the <varname>CXXFLAGS</varname> variable when running
      <command>make</command>, or via options for the DejaGnu test framework
      (described below). The latter approach uses the
      <option>--target_board</option> option that was shown earlier,
      but requires DejaGnu version 1.5.3 or newer to work reliably, so that the
      <literal>dg-options</literal> in the test aren't overridden.
      For example, to run the tests with
      <option>-O1 -D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS</option>
      you could use:
<programlisting>    make check RUNTESTFLAGS=--target_board=unix/-O1/-D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
      The <option>--target_board</option> option can also be used to run the
      tests multiple times in different variations. For example, to run the
      entire testsuite three times using <option>-O3</option> but with
      different <option>-std</option> options:
<programlisting>    make check 'RUNTESTFLAGS=--target_board=unix/-O3\"{-std=gnu++98,-std=gnu++11,-std=gnu++14}\"'</programlisting>
      N.B. that set of variations could also be written as
      <literal>unix/-O3\"{-std=gnu++98,-std=gnu++11,}\"</literal> so that
      the third variation would use the default for <option>-std</option>
      (which is <option>-std=gnu++14</option> as of GCC 6).
    </para>

    <para>
      To run the libstdc++ test suite under the
      <link linkend="manual.ext.debug_mode">debug mode</link>, use
      <userinput>make check-debug</userinput>. Alternatively, edit
      <filename><replaceable>libbuilddir</replaceable>/scripts/testsuite_flags</filename>
      to add the compile-time flag <option>-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</option> to the
      result printed by the <option>--cxxflags</option>
      option. Additionally, add the
      <option>-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC</option> flag to turn on
      pedantic checking. The libstdc++ test suite should produce
      the same results under debug mode that it does under release mode:
      any deviation indicates an error in either the library or the test suite.
      Note, however, that the number of tests that PASS may change, because
      some test cases are skipped in normal mode, and some are skipped in
      debug mode, as determined by the
      <literal>dg-require-<replaceable>support</replaceable></literal>
      directives described below.
    </para>

    <para>
      The <link linkend="manual.ext.parallel_mode">parallel
      mode</link> can be tested using
      <userinput>make check-parallel</userinput>, or in much the same manner
      as the debug mode, substituting
      <option>-D_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</option> for
      <option>-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</option> in the previous paragraph.
    </para>

    <para>
      Or, just run the testsuite
      <option>-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</option> or <option>-D_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</option>
      in <varname>CXXFLAGS</varname> or <varname>RUNTESTFLAGS</varname>.
    </para>
  </section>
</section>

<section xml:id="test.new_tests"><info><title>Writing a new test case</title></info>


   <para>
    The first step in making a new test case is to choose the correct
    directory and file name, given the organization as previously
    described.
   </para>

   <para>
    All files are copyright the FSF, and GPL'd: this is very
    important.  The first copyright year should correspond to the date
    the file was checked in to version control. If a test is copied from
    an existing file it should retain the copyright years from the
    original file.
   </para>

   <para>
     The DejaGnu instructions say to always return <literal>0</literal>
     from <function>main</function> to indicate success. Strictly speaking
     this is redundant in C++, since returning from <function>main</function>
     is defined to return <literal>0</literal>. Most tests still have an
     explicit return.
   </para>

   <para>
   A bunch of utility functions and classes have already been
   abstracted out into the testsuite utility library, <code>
   libtestc++</code>. To use this functionality, just include the
   appropriate header file: the library or specific object files will
   automatically be linked in as part of the testsuite run.
   </para>

   <para>
    Tests that need to perform runtime checks should use the
    <literal>VERIFY</literal> macro, defined in the
    <filename class="headerfile">&lt;testsuite_hooks.h&gt;</filename> header.
    This expands to a custom assertion using
    <function>__builtin_printf</function> and
    <function>__builtin_abort</function>
    (to avoid using <literal>assert</literal> and being affected by
    <literal>NDEBUG</literal>).
   </para>

   <para>
    Prior to GCC 7.1, <literal>VERIFY</literal> was defined differently.
    It usually expanded to the standard <literal>assert</literal> macro, but
    allowed targets to define it to something different. In order to support
    the alternative expansions of <literal>VERIFY</literal>, before any use
    of the macro there needed to be a variable called <varname>test</varname>
    in scope, which was usually defined like so (the attribute avoids
    warnings about an unused variable):
    <programlisting>
    bool test __attribute__((unused)) = true;
    </programlisting>
    This is no longer needed, and should not be added to new tests.
   </para>

   <para>
    The testsuite uses the DejaGnu framework to compile and run the tests.
    Test cases are normal C++ files which contain special directives in
    comments.  These directives look like <literal>{ dg-* ... }</literal>
    and tell DejaGnu what to do and what kinds of behavior are to be expected
    for a test.  The core DejaGnu directives are documented in the
    <filename>dg.exp</filename> file installed by DejaGnu.
    The GCC testsuites support additional directives
    as described in the GCC internals documentation, see <link
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Directives.html">Syntax
    and Descriptions of test directives</link>. GCC also defines many <link
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Effective-Target-Keywords.html">
    Keywords describing target attributes</link> (a.k.a effective targets)
    which can be used where a target <replaceable>selector</replaceable> can
    appear.
  </para>

  <para>
  Some directives commonly used in the libstdc++ testsuite are:

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
  <term><literal>{ dg-do <replaceable>do-what-keyword</replaceable> [{ target/xfail <replaceable>selector</replaceable> }] }</literal></term>
  <listitem>Where <replaceable>do-what-keyword</replaceable> is usually
    one of <literal>run</literal> (which is the default),
    <literal>compile</literal>, or <literal>link</literal>,
    and typical selectors are targets such as <literal>*-*-gnu*</literal>
    or an effective target such as <literal>c++11</literal>.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><literal>{ dg-require-<replaceable>support</replaceable> args }</literal></term>
  <listitem>Skip the test if the target does not provide the required support.
    See below for values of <replaceable>support</replaceable>.
  </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><literal>{ dg-options <replaceable>options</replaceable> [{ target <replaceable>selector</replaceable> }] }</literal></term>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><literal>{ dg-error <replaceable>regexp</replaceable> [ <replaceable>comment</replaceable> [{ target/xfail <replaceable>selector</replaceable> } [<replaceable>line</replaceable>] ]] }</literal></term>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
  <term><literal>{ dg-excess-errors <replaceable>comment</replaceable> [{ target/xfail <replaceable>selector</replaceable> }] }</literal></term>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
  For full details of these and other directives see the main GCC DejaGnu
  documentation in the internals manual.
  </para>

  <para>
    Test cases that use features of a particular C++ standard should specify
    the minimum required standard as an effective target:
<programlisting>    // { dg-do run { target c++11 } }</programlisting>
    or
<programlisting>    // { dg-require-effective-target c++11 }</programlisting>
    Specifying the minimum required standard for a test allows it to be run
    using later standards, so that we can verify that C++11 components still
    work correctly when compiled as C++14 or later. Specifying a minimum also
    means the test will be skipped if the test is compiled using
    an older standard, e.g. using
    <option>RUNTESTFLAGS=--target_board=unix/-std=gnu++98</option>.
  </para>

  <para>
    It is possible to indicate that a test should <emphasis>only</emphasis>
    be run for a specific standard (and not later standards) using an
    effective target like <literal>c++11_only</literal>. However, this means
    the test will be skipped by default (because the default mode is
    <literal>gnu++14</literal>), and so will only run when
    <option>-std=gnu++11</option> or <option>-std=c++11</option> is used
    explicitly. For tests that require a specific standard it is better to
    use a <literal>dg-options</literal> directive:
<programlisting>    // { dg-options "-std=gnu++11" }</programlisting>
    This means the test will not get skipped by default, and will always use
    the specific standard dialect that the test requires. This isn't needed
    often, and most tests should use an effective target to specify a
    minimum standard instead, to allow them to be tested for all
    possible variations.
  </para>

  <para>
    Similarly, tests which depend on a newer standard than the default
    must use <literal>dg-options</literal> instead of (or in addition to)
    an effective target, so that they are not skipped by default.
    For example, tests for C++17 features should use
<programlisting>    // { dg-options "-std=gnu++17" }</programlisting>
    before any <literal>dg-do</literal> such as:
<programlisting>    // { dg-do run "c++17" }</programlisting>
    The <literal>dg-options</literal> directive must come first, so that
    the <literal>-std</literal> flag has already been added to the options
    before checking the <literal>c++17</literal> target.
  </para>

<section xml:id="tests.dg.examples"><info><title>Examples of Test Directives</title></info>

   <para>
Example 1: Testing compilation only:
<programlisting>
// { dg-do compile }
</programlisting>

Example 2: Testing for expected warnings on line 36, which all targets fail:
<programlisting>
// { dg-warning "string literals" "" { xfail *-*-* } 36 }
</programlisting>

Example 3: Testing for expected warnings on line 36:
<programlisting>
// { dg-warning "string literals" "" { target *-*-* } 36 }
</programlisting>

Example 4: Testing for compilation errors on line 41:
<programlisting>
// { dg-do compile }
// { dg-error "no match for" "" { target *-*-* } 41 }
</programlisting>

Example 5: Testing with special command line settings, or without the
use of pre-compiled headers, in particular the
<filename class="headerfile">stdc++.h.gch</filename> file. Any
options here will override the <varname>DEFAULT_CXXFLAGS</varname> and
<varname>PCH_CXXFLAGS</varname> set up in the <filename>normal.exp</filename>
file:
<programlisting>
// { dg-options "-O0" { target *-*-* } }
</programlisting>

Example 6: Compiling and linking a test only for C++14 and later, and only
if Debug Mode is active:
<programlisting>
// { dg-do link { target c++14 } }
// { dg-require-debug-mode "" }
</programlisting>

Example 7: Running a test only on x86 targets, and only for C++11 and later,
with specific options, and additional options for 32-bit x86:
<programlisting>
// { dg-options "-fstrict-enums" }
// { dg-additional-options "-march=i486" { target ia32 } }
// { dg-do run { target { ia32 || x86_64-*-* } } }
// { dg-require-effective-target "c++11" }
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    More examples can be found in the
    <filename>libstdc++-v3/testsuite/*/*.cc</filename> files.
   </para>
</section>

<section xml:id="tests.dg.directives"><info><title>Directives Specific to Libstdc++ Tests</title></info>

  <para>
    In addition to the usual <link
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xlink:href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Require-Support.html">Variants
    of <literal>dg-require-<replaceable>support</replaceable></literal></link>
    several more directives are available for use in libstdc++ tests,
    including the following:
   </para>

  <variablelist>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-namedlocale</literal> <replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
      <listitem><para>The named locale must be available.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-debug-mode ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if the Debug Mode is not active
	(as determined by the <literal>_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</literal> macro).
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-parallel-mode ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if the Parallel Mode is not active
	(as determined by the <literal>_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</literal> macro).
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-normal-mode ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if Debug or Parallel Mode is active.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-atomic-builtins ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if atomic operations on <type>bool</type>
      and <type>int</type> are not lock-free.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-gthreads ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if the C++11 thread library is not
      supported, as determined by the <literal>_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS</literal>
      macro.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-gthreads-timed ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if C++11 timed mutexes are not supported,
      as determined by the <literal>_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS</literal> and
      <literal>_GTHREAD_USE_MUTEX_TIMEDLOCK</literal> macros.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-string-conversions ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if the C++11 <function>to_string</function>
      and <function>stoi</function>, <function>stod</function> etc. functions
      are not fully supported (including wide character versions).
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry><term><literal>dg-require-filesystem-ts ""</literal></term>
      <listitem><para>Skip the test if the Filesystem TS is not supported.
      </para></listitem>
    </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
</section>

</section>


<section xml:id="test.harness" xreflabel="Test Harness and Utilities"><info><title>Test Harness and Utilities</title></info>


<section xml:id="test.harness.dejagnu"><info><title>DejaGnu Harness Details</title></info>

  <para>
    Underlying details of testing for conformance and regressions are
    abstracted via the GNU DejaGnu package. This is similar to the
    rest of GCC.
  </para>


<para>This is information for those looking at making changes to the testsuite
structure, and/or needing to trace DejaGnu's actions with
<option>--verbose</option>.
This will not be useful to people who are "merely" adding new tests
to the existing structure.
</para>

<para>The first key point when working with DejaGnu is the idea of a "tool".
Files, directories, and functions are all implicitly used when they are
named after the tool in use.  Here, the tool will always be "libstdc++".
</para>

<para>The <code>lib</code> subdir contains support routines.  The
<code>lib/libstdc++.exp</code> file ("support library") is loaded
automagically, and must explicitly load the others.  For example, files can
be copied from the core compiler's support directory into <code>lib</code>.
</para>

<para>Some routines in <code>lib/libstdc++.exp</code> are callbacks, some are
our own.  Callbacks must be prefixed with the name of the tool.  To easily
distinguish the others, by convention our own routines are named "v3-*".
</para>

<para>The next key point when working with DejaGnu is "test files".  Any
directory whose name starts with the tool name will be searched for test files.
(We have only one.)  In those directories, any <code>.exp</code> file is
considered a test file, and will be run in turn.  Our main test file is called
<code>normal.exp</code>; it runs all the tests in testsuite_files using the
callbacks loaded from the support library.
</para>

<para>The <code>config</code> directory is searched for any particular "target
board" information unique to this library.  This is currently unused and sets
only default variables.
</para>

</section>

<section xml:id="test.harness.utils"><info><title>Utilities</title></info>

  <para>
  </para>
  <para>
   The testsuite directory also contains some files that implement
   functionality that is intended to make writing test cases easier,
   or to avoid duplication, or to provide error checking in a way that
   is consistent across platforms and test harnesses. A stand-alone
   executable, called <emphasis>abi_check</emphasis>, and a static
   library called <emphasis>libtestc++</emphasis> are
   constructed. Both of these items are not installed, and only used
   during testing.
  </para>

  <para>
  These files include the following functionality:
  </para>

  <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
       <para>
       <emphasis>testsuite_abi.h</emphasis>,
       <emphasis>testsuite_abi.cc</emphasis>,
       <emphasis>testsuite_abi_check.cc</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
	Creates the executable <emphasis>abi_check</emphasis>.
	Used to check correctness of symbol versioning, visibility of
	exported symbols, and compatibility on symbols in the shared
	library, for hosts that support this feature. More information
	can be found in the ABI documentation <link linkend="appendix.porting.abi">here</link>
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
       <emphasis>testsuite_allocator.h</emphasis>,
       <emphasis>testsuite_allocator.cc</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
	Contains specialized allocators that keep track of construction
	and destruction. Also, support for overriding global new and
	delete operators, including verification that new and delete
	are called during execution, and that allocation over max_size
	fails.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
       <emphasis>testsuite_character.h</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
	Contains <code>std::char_traits</code> and
	<code>std::codecvt</code> specializations for a user-defined
	POD.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
       <emphasis>testsuite_hooks.h</emphasis>,
       <emphasis>testsuite_hooks.cc</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
       A large number of utilities, including:
       </para>
       <itemizedlist>
	 <listitem><para>VERIFY</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>set_memory_limits</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>verify_demangle</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>run_tests_wrapped_locale</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>run_tests_wrapped_env</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>try_named_locale</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>try_mkfifo</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>func_callback</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>counter</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>copy_tracker</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>copy_constructor</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>assignment_operator</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>destructor</para></listitem>
	 <listitem>
	 <para>pod_char, pod_int and associated char_traits specializations</para>
	 </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
	 <emphasis>testsuite_io.h</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
       Error, exception, and constraint checking for
       <code>std::streambuf, std::basic_stringbuf, std::basic_filebuf</code>.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
	 <emphasis>testsuite_iterators.h</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
	 Wrappers for various iterators.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
	 <emphasis>testsuite_performance.h</emphasis>
       </para>
       <para>
       A number of class abstractions for performance counters, and
       reporting functions including:
       </para>
      <itemizedlist>
	 <listitem><para>time_counter</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>resource_counter</para></listitem>
	 <listitem><para>report_performance</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
     </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
</section>

</section>

<section xml:id="test.special"><info><title>Special Topics</title></info>


<section xml:id="test.exception.safety"><info><title>
  Qualifying Exception Safety Guarantees
  <indexterm>
    <primary>Test</primary>
    <secondary>Exception Safety</secondary>
  </indexterm>
</title></info>


<section xml:id="test.exception.safety.overview"><info><title>Overview</title></info>


       <para>
	 Testing is composed of running a particular test sequence,
	 and looking at what happens to the surrounding code when
	 exceptions are thrown. Each test is composed of measuring
	 initial state, executing a particular sequence of code under
	 some instrumented conditions, measuring a final state, and
	 then examining the differences between the two states.
       </para>

       <para>
	 Test sequences are composed of constructed code sequences
	 that exercise a particular function or member function, and
	 either confirm no exceptions were generated, or confirm the
	 consistency/coherency of the test subject in the event of a
	 thrown exception.
       </para>

       <para>
	 Random code paths can be constructed using the basic test
	 sequences and instrumentation as above, only combined in a
	 random or pseudo-random way.
       </para>

       <para> To compute the code paths that throw, test instruments
	 are used that throw on allocation events
	 (<classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_random</classname>
	 and <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_limit</classname>)
	 and copy, assignment, comparison, increment, swap, and
	 various operators
	 (<classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type_random</classname>
	 and <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type_limit</classname>). Looping
	 through a given test sequence and conditionally throwing in
	 all instrumented places.  Then, when the test sequence
	 completes without an exception being thrown, assume all
	 potential error paths have been exercised in a sequential
	 manner.
       </para>
</section>


<section xml:id="test.exception.safety.status"><info><title>
    Existing tests
</title></info>


  <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
       <para>
	 Ad Hoc
       </para>
       <para>
	 For example,
	 <filename>testsuite/23_containers/list/modifiers/3.cc</filename>.
       </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
       <para>
	 Policy Based Data Structures
       </para>
       <para>
	 For example, take the test
	 functor <classname>rand_reg_test</classname> in
	 in <filename>testsuite/ext/pb_ds/regression/tree_no_data_map_rand.cc</filename>. This uses <classname>container_rand_regression_test</classname> in
<filename>testsuite/util/regression/rand/assoc/container_rand_regression_test.h</filename>.

       </para>

       <para>
	 Which has several tests for container member functions,
Includes control and test container objects. Configuration includes
random seed, iterations, number of distinct values, and the
probability that an exception will be thrown. Assumes instantiating
container uses an extension
allocator, <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_random</classname>,
as the allocator type.
       </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
       <para>
	 C++11 Container Requirements.
       </para>

       <para>
	 Coverage is currently limited to testing container
	 requirements for exception safety,
	 although <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type</classname> meets
	 the additional type requirements for testing numeric data
	 structures and instantiating algorithms.
       </para>

       <para>
	 Of particular interest is extending testing to algorithms and
	 then to parallel algorithms. Also io and locales.
       </para>

       <para>
	 The test instrumentation should also be extended to add
	 instrumentation to <classname>iterator</classname>
	 and <classname>const_iterator</classname> types that throw
	 conditionally on iterator operations.
       </para>
     </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
</section>


<section xml:id="test.exception.safety.containers"><info><title>
C++11 Requirements Test Sequence Descriptions
</title></info>


  <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
       <para>
	 Basic
       </para>

       <para>
	 Basic consistency on exception propagation tests. For
	 each container, an object of that container is constructed,
	 a specific member function is exercised in
	 a <literal>try</literal> block, and then any thrown
	 exceptions lead to error checking in the appropriate
	 <literal>catch</literal> block. The container's use of
	 resources is compared to the container's use prior to the
	 test block. Resource monitoring is limited to allocations
	 made through the container's <type>allocator_type</type>,
	 which should be sufficient for container data
	 structures. Included in these tests are member functions
	 are <type>iterator</type> and <type>const_iterator</type>
	 operations, <function>pop_front</function>, <function>pop_back</function>, <function>push_front</function>, <function>push_back</function>, <function>insert</function>, <function>erase</function>, <function>swap</function>, <function>clear</function>,
	 and <function>rehash</function>. The container in question is
	 instantiated with two instrumented template arguments,
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_limit</classname>
	 as the allocator type, and
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type_limit</classname> as
	 the value type. This allows the test to loop through
	 conditional throw points.
       </para>

     <para>
	 The general form is demonstrated in
	 <filename>testsuite/23_containers/list/requirements/exception/basic.cc
	 </filename>. The instantiating test object is <classname>__gnu_test::basic_safety</classname> and is detailed in <filename>testsuite/util/exception/safety.h</filename>.
       </para>
     </listitem>


     <listitem>
       <para>
	 Generation Prohibited
       </para>

       <para>
	 Exception generation tests. For each container, an object of
	 that container is constructed and all member functions
	 required to not throw exceptions are exercised. Included in
	 these tests are member functions
	 are <type>iterator</type> and <type>const_iterator</type> operations, <function>erase</function>, <function>pop_front</function>, <function>pop_back</function>, <function>swap</function>,
	 and <function>clear</function>. The container in question is
	 instantiated with two instrumented template arguments,
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_random</classname>
	 as the allocator type, and
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type_random</classname> as
	 the value type. This test does not loop, an instead is sudden
	 death: first error fails.
       </para>
       <para>
	 The general form is demonstrated in
	 <filename>testsuite/23_containers/list/requirements/exception/generation_prohibited.cc
	 </filename>. The instantiating test object is <classname>__gnu_test::generation_prohibited</classname> and is detailed in <filename>testsuite/util/exception/safety.h</filename>.
       </para>
     </listitem>


     <listitem>
       <para>
	 Propagation Consistent
       </para>

       <para>
	 Container rollback on exception propagation tests. For
	 each container, an object of that container is constructed,
	 a specific member function that requires rollback to a previous
	 known good state is exercised in
	 a <literal>try</literal> block, and then any thrown
	 exceptions lead to error checking in the appropriate
	 <literal>catch</literal> block. The container is compared to
	 the container's last known good state using such parameters
	 as size, contents, and iterator references. Included in these
	 tests are member functions
	 are <function>push_front</function>, <function>push_back</function>, <function>insert</function>,
	 and <function>rehash</function>. The container in question is
	 instantiated with two instrumented template arguments,
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_limit</classname>
	 as the allocator type, and
	 with <classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_type_limit</classname> as
	 the value type. This allows the test to loop through
	 conditional throw points.
       </para>

       <para>
	 The general form demonstrated in
	 <filename>testsuite/23_containers/list/requirements/exception/propagation_coherent.cc
	 </filename>. The instantiating test object is <classname>__gnu_test::propagation_coherent</classname> and is detailed in <filename>testsuite/util/exception/safety.h</filename>.
       </para>
     </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

</section>

</section>

</section>

</section>