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//===-- sanitizer_stoptheworld_linux_libcdep.cpp --------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// See sanitizer_stoptheworld.h for details.
// This implementation was inspired by Markus Gutschke's linuxthreads.cc.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "sanitizer_platform.h"
#if SANITIZER_LINUX && \
(defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__mips__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
defined(__powerpc64__) || defined(__s390__) || defined(__i386__) || \
defined(__arm__) || SANITIZER_RISCV64)
#include "sanitizer_stoptheworld.h"
#include "sanitizer_platform_limits_posix.h"
#include "sanitizer_atomic.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <sched.h> // for CLONE_* definitions
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h> // for PR_* definitions
#include <sys/ptrace.h> // for PTRACE_* definitions
#include <sys/types.h> // for pid_t
#include <sys/uio.h> // for iovec
#include <elf.h> // for NT_PRSTATUS
#if (defined(__aarch64__) || SANITIZER_RISCV64) && !SANITIZER_ANDROID
// GLIBC 2.20+ sys/user does not include asm/ptrace.h
# include <asm/ptrace.h>
#endif
#include <sys/user.h> // for user_regs_struct
#if SANITIZER_ANDROID && SANITIZER_MIPS
# include <asm/reg.h> // for mips SP register in sys/user.h
#endif
#include <sys/wait.h> // for signal-related stuff
#ifdef sa_handler
# undef sa_handler
#endif
#ifdef sa_sigaction
# undef sa_sigaction
#endif
#include "sanitizer_common.h"
#include "sanitizer_flags.h"
#include "sanitizer_libc.h"
#include "sanitizer_linux.h"
#include "sanitizer_mutex.h"
#include "sanitizer_placement_new.h"
// Sufficiently old kernel headers don't provide this value, but we can still
// call prctl with it. If the runtime kernel is new enough, the prctl call will
// have the desired effect; if the kernel is too old, the call will error and we
// can ignore said error.
#ifndef PR_SET_PTRACER
#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
#endif
// This module works by spawning a Linux task which then attaches to every
// thread in the caller process with ptrace. This suspends the threads, and
// PTRACE_GETREGS can then be used to obtain their register state. The callback
// supplied to StopTheWorld() is run in the tracer task while the threads are
// suspended.
// The tracer task must be placed in a different thread group for ptrace to
// work, so it cannot be spawned as a pthread. Instead, we use the low-level
// clone() interface (we want to share the address space with the caller
// process, so we prefer clone() over fork()).
//
// We don't use any libc functions, relying instead on direct syscalls. There
// are two reasons for this:
// 1. calling a library function while threads are suspended could cause a
// deadlock, if one of the treads happens to be holding a libc lock;
// 2. it's generally not safe to call libc functions from the tracer task,
// because clone() does not set up a thread-local storage for it. Any
// thread-local variables used by libc will be shared between the tracer task
// and the thread which spawned it.
namespace __sanitizer {
class SuspendedThreadsListLinux final : public SuspendedThreadsList {
public:
SuspendedThreadsListLinux() { thread_ids_.reserve(1024); }
tid_t GetThreadID(uptr index) const override;
uptr ThreadCount() const override;
bool ContainsTid(tid_t thread_id) const;
void Append(tid_t tid);
PtraceRegistersStatus GetRegistersAndSP(uptr index,
InternalMmapVector<uptr> *buffer,
uptr *sp) const override;
private:
InternalMmapVector<tid_t> thread_ids_;
};
// Structure for passing arguments into the tracer thread.
struct TracerThreadArgument {
StopTheWorldCallback callback;
void *callback_argument;
// The tracer thread waits on this mutex while the parent finishes its
// preparations.
BlockingMutex mutex;
// Tracer thread signals its completion by setting done.
atomic_uintptr_t done;
uptr parent_pid;
};
// This class handles thread suspending/unsuspending in the tracer thread.
class ThreadSuspender {
public:
explicit ThreadSuspender(pid_t pid, TracerThreadArgument *arg)
: arg(arg)
, pid_(pid) {
CHECK_GE(pid, 0);
}
bool SuspendAllThreads();
void ResumeAllThreads();
void KillAllThreads();
SuspendedThreadsListLinux &suspended_threads_list() {
return suspended_threads_list_;
}
TracerThreadArgument *arg;
private:
SuspendedThreadsListLinux suspended_threads_list_;
pid_t pid_;
bool SuspendThread(tid_t thread_id);
};
bool ThreadSuspender::SuspendThread(tid_t tid) {
// Are we already attached to this thread?
// Currently this check takes linear time, however the number of threads is
// usually small.
if (suspended_threads_list_.ContainsTid(tid)) return false;
int pterrno;
if (internal_iserror(internal_ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, tid, nullptr, nullptr),
&pterrno)) {
// Either the thread is dead, or something prevented us from attaching.
// Log this event and move on.
VReport(1, "Could not attach to thread %zu (errno %d).\n", (uptr)tid,
pterrno);
return false;
} else {
VReport(2, "Attached to thread %zu.\n", (uptr)tid);
// The thread is not guaranteed to stop before ptrace returns, so we must
// wait on it. Note: if the thread receives a signal concurrently,
// we can get notification about the signal before notification about stop.
// In such case we need to forward the signal to the thread, otherwise
// the signal will be missed (as we do PTRACE_DETACH with arg=0) and
// any logic relying on signals will break. After forwarding we need to
// continue to wait for stopping, because the thread is not stopped yet.
// We do ignore delivery of SIGSTOP, because we want to make stop-the-world
// as invisible as possible.
for (;;) {
int status;
uptr waitpid_status;
HANDLE_EINTR(waitpid_status, internal_waitpid(tid, &status, __WALL));
int wperrno;
if (internal_iserror(waitpid_status, &wperrno)) {
// Got a ECHILD error. I don't think this situation is possible, but it
// doesn't hurt to report it.
VReport(1, "Waiting on thread %zu failed, detaching (errno %d).\n",
(uptr)tid, wperrno);
internal_ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, tid, nullptr, nullptr);
return false;
}
if (WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) != SIGSTOP) {
internal_ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, tid, nullptr,
(void*)(uptr)WSTOPSIG(status));
continue;
}
break;
}
suspended_threads_list_.Append(tid);
return true;
}
}
void ThreadSuspender::ResumeAllThreads() {
for (uptr i = 0; i < suspended_threads_list_.ThreadCount(); i++) {
pid_t tid = suspended_threads_list_.GetThreadID(i);
int pterrno;
if (!internal_iserror(internal_ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, tid, nullptr, nullptr),
&pterrno)) {
VReport(2, "Detached from thread %d.\n", tid);
} else {
// Either the thread is dead, or we are already detached.
// The latter case is possible, for instance, if this function was called
// from a signal handler.
VReport(1, "Could not detach from thread %d (errno %d).\n", tid, pterrno);
}
}
}
void ThreadSuspender::KillAllThreads() {
for (uptr i = 0; i < suspended_threads_list_.ThreadCount(); i++)
internal_ptrace(PTRACE_KILL, suspended_threads_list_.GetThreadID(i),
nullptr, nullptr);
}
bool ThreadSuspender::SuspendAllThreads() {
ThreadLister thread_lister(pid_);
bool retry = true;
InternalMmapVector<tid_t> threads;
threads.reserve(128);
for (int i = 0; i < 30 && retry; ++i) {
retry = false;
switch (thread_lister.ListThreads(&threads)) {
case ThreadLister::Error:
ResumeAllThreads();
return false;
case ThreadLister::Incomplete:
retry = true;
break;
case ThreadLister::Ok:
break;
}
for (tid_t tid : threads) {
if (SuspendThread(tid))
retry = true;
}
}
return suspended_threads_list_.ThreadCount();
}
// Pointer to the ThreadSuspender instance for use in signal handler.
static ThreadSuspender *thread_suspender_instance = nullptr;
// Synchronous signals that should not be blocked.
static const int kSyncSignals[] = { SIGABRT, SIGILL, SIGFPE, SIGSEGV, SIGBUS,
SIGXCPU, SIGXFSZ };
static void TracerThreadDieCallback() {
// Generally a call to Die() in the tracer thread should be fatal to the
// parent process as well, because they share the address space.
// This really only works correctly if all the threads are suspended at this
// point. So we correctly handle calls to Die() from within the callback, but
// not those that happen before or after the callback. Hopefully there aren't
// a lot of opportunities for that to happen...
ThreadSuspender *inst = thread_suspender_instance;
if (inst && stoptheworld_tracer_pid == internal_getpid()) {
inst->KillAllThreads();
thread_suspender_instance = nullptr;
}
}
// Signal handler to wake up suspended threads when the tracer thread dies.
static void TracerThreadSignalHandler(int signum, __sanitizer_siginfo *siginfo,
void *uctx) {
SignalContext ctx(siginfo, uctx);
Printf("Tracer caught signal %d: addr=0x%zx pc=0x%zx sp=0x%zx\n", signum,
ctx.addr, ctx.pc, ctx.sp);
ThreadSuspender *inst = thread_suspender_instance;
if (inst) {
if (signum == SIGABRT)
inst->KillAllThreads();
else
inst->ResumeAllThreads();
RAW_CHECK(RemoveDieCallback(TracerThreadDieCallback));
thread_suspender_instance = nullptr;
atomic_store(&inst->arg->done, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
}
internal__exit((signum == SIGABRT) ? 1 : 2);
}
// Size of alternative stack for signal handlers in the tracer thread.
static const int kHandlerStackSize = 8192;
// This function will be run as a cloned task.
static int TracerThread(void* argument) {
TracerThreadArgument *tracer_thread_argument =
(TracerThreadArgument *)argument;
internal_prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL, 0, 0, 0);
// Check if parent is already dead.
if (internal_getppid() != tracer_thread_argument->parent_pid)
internal__exit(4);
// Wait for the parent thread to finish preparations.
tracer_thread_argument->mutex.Lock();
tracer_thread_argument->mutex.Unlock();
RAW_CHECK(AddDieCallback(TracerThreadDieCallback));
ThreadSuspender thread_suspender(internal_getppid(), tracer_thread_argument);
// Global pointer for the signal handler.
thread_suspender_instance = &thread_suspender;
// Alternate stack for signal handling.
InternalMmapVector<char> handler_stack_memory(kHandlerStackSize);
stack_t handler_stack;
internal_memset(&handler_stack, 0, sizeof(handler_stack));
handler_stack.ss_sp = handler_stack_memory.data();
handler_stack.ss_size = kHandlerStackSize;
internal_sigaltstack(&handler_stack, nullptr);
// Install our handler for synchronous signals. Other signals should be
// blocked by the mask we inherited from the parent thread.
for (uptr i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(kSyncSignals); i++) {
__sanitizer_sigaction act;
internal_memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sigaction = TracerThreadSignalHandler;
act.sa_flags = SA_ONSTACK | SA_SIGINFO;
internal_sigaction_norestorer(kSyncSignals[i], &act, 0);
}
int exit_code = 0;
if (!thread_suspender.SuspendAllThreads()) {
VReport(1, "Failed suspending threads.\n");
exit_code = 3;
} else {
tracer_thread_argument->callback(thread_suspender.suspended_threads_list(),
tracer_thread_argument->callback_argument);
thread_suspender.ResumeAllThreads();
exit_code = 0;
}
RAW_CHECK(RemoveDieCallback(TracerThreadDieCallback));
thread_suspender_instance = nullptr;
atomic_store(&tracer_thread_argument->done, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
return exit_code;
}
class ScopedStackSpaceWithGuard {
public:
explicit ScopedStackSpaceWithGuard(uptr stack_size) {
stack_size_ = stack_size;
guard_size_ = GetPageSizeCached();
// FIXME: Omitting MAP_STACK here works in current kernels but might break
// in the future.
guard_start_ = (uptr)MmapOrDie(stack_size_ + guard_size_,
"ScopedStackWithGuard");
CHECK(MprotectNoAccess((uptr)guard_start_, guard_size_));
}
~ScopedStackSpaceWithGuard() {
UnmapOrDie((void *)guard_start_, stack_size_ + guard_size_);
}
void *Bottom() const {
return (void *)(guard_start_ + stack_size_ + guard_size_);
}
private:
uptr stack_size_;
uptr guard_size_;
uptr guard_start_;
};
// We have a limitation on the stack frame size, so some stuff had to be moved
// into globals.
static __sanitizer_sigset_t blocked_sigset;
static __sanitizer_sigset_t old_sigset;
class StopTheWorldScope {
public:
StopTheWorldScope() {
// Make this process dumpable. Processes that are not dumpable cannot be
// attached to.
process_was_dumpable_ = internal_prctl(PR_GET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0, 0, 0);
if (!process_was_dumpable_)
internal_prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 1, 0, 0, 0);
}
~StopTheWorldScope() {
// Restore the dumpable flag.
if (!process_was_dumpable_)
internal_prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0, 0, 0);
}
private:
int process_was_dumpable_;
};
// When sanitizer output is being redirected to file (i.e. by using log_path),
// the tracer should write to the parent's log instead of trying to open a new
// file. Alert the logging code to the fact that we have a tracer.
struct ScopedSetTracerPID {
explicit ScopedSetTracerPID(uptr tracer_pid) {
stoptheworld_tracer_pid = tracer_pid;
stoptheworld_tracer_ppid = internal_getpid();
}
~ScopedSetTracerPID() {
stoptheworld_tracer_pid = 0;
stoptheworld_tracer_ppid = 0;
}
};
void StopTheWorld(StopTheWorldCallback callback, void *argument) {
StopTheWorldScope in_stoptheworld;
// Prepare the arguments for TracerThread.
struct TracerThreadArgument tracer_thread_argument;
tracer_thread_argument.callback = callback;
tracer_thread_argument.callback_argument = argument;
tracer_thread_argument.parent_pid = internal_getpid();
atomic_store(&tracer_thread_argument.done, 0, memory_order_relaxed);
const uptr kTracerStackSize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
ScopedStackSpaceWithGuard tracer_stack(kTracerStackSize);
// Block the execution of TracerThread until after we have set ptrace
// permissions.
tracer_thread_argument.mutex.Lock();
// Signal handling story.
// We don't want async signals to be delivered to the tracer thread,
// so we block all async signals before creating the thread. An async signal
// handler can temporary modify errno, which is shared with this thread.
// We ought to use pthread_sigmask here, because sigprocmask has undefined
// behavior in multithreaded programs. However, on linux sigprocmask is
// equivalent to pthread_sigmask with the exception that pthread_sigmask
// does not allow to block some signals used internally in pthread
// implementation. We are fine with blocking them here, we are really not
// going to pthread_cancel the thread.
// The tracer thread should not raise any synchronous signals. But in case it
// does, we setup a special handler for sync signals that properly kills the
// parent as well. Note: we don't pass CLONE_SIGHAND to clone, so handlers
// in the tracer thread won't interfere with user program. Double note: if a
// user does something along the lines of 'kill -11 pid', that can kill the
// process even if user setup own handler for SEGV.
// Thing to watch out for: this code should not change behavior of user code
// in any observable way. In particular it should not override user signal
// handlers.
internal_sigfillset(&blocked_sigset);
for (uptr i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(kSyncSignals); i++)
internal_sigdelset(&blocked_sigset, kSyncSignals[i]);
int rv = internal_sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &blocked_sigset, &old_sigset);
CHECK_EQ(rv, 0);
uptr tracer_pid = internal_clone(
TracerThread, tracer_stack.Bottom(),
CLONE_VM | CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_UNTRACED,
&tracer_thread_argument, nullptr /* parent_tidptr */,
nullptr /* newtls */, nullptr /* child_tidptr */);
internal_sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_sigset, 0);
int local_errno = 0;
if (internal_iserror(tracer_pid, &local_errno)) {
VReport(1, "Failed spawning a tracer thread (errno %d).\n", local_errno);
tracer_thread_argument.mutex.Unlock();
} else {
ScopedSetTracerPID scoped_set_tracer_pid(tracer_pid);
// On some systems we have to explicitly declare that we want to be traced
// by the tracer thread.
internal_prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, tracer_pid, 0, 0, 0);
// Allow the tracer thread to start.
tracer_thread_argument.mutex.Unlock();
// NOTE: errno is shared between this thread and the tracer thread.
// internal_waitpid() may call syscall() which can access/spoil errno,
// so we can't call it now. Instead we for the tracer thread to finish using
// the spin loop below. Man page for sched_yield() says "In the Linux
// implementation, sched_yield() always succeeds", so let's hope it does not
// spoil errno. Note that this spin loop runs only for brief periods before
// the tracer thread has suspended us and when it starts unblocking threads.
while (atomic_load(&tracer_thread_argument.done, memory_order_relaxed) == 0)
sched_yield();
// Now the tracer thread is about to exit and does not touch errno,
// wait for it.
for (;;) {
uptr waitpid_status = internal_waitpid(tracer_pid, nullptr, __WALL);
if (!internal_iserror(waitpid_status, &local_errno))
break;
if (local_errno == EINTR)
continue;
VReport(1, "Waiting on the tracer thread failed (errno %d).\n",
local_errno);
break;
}
}
}
// Platform-specific methods from SuspendedThreadsList.
#if SANITIZER_ANDROID && defined(__arm__)
typedef pt_regs regs_struct;
#define REG_SP ARM_sp
#elif SANITIZER_LINUX && defined(__arm__)
typedef user_regs regs_struct;
#define REG_SP uregs[13]
#elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
typedef user_regs_struct regs_struct;
#if defined(__i386__)
#define REG_SP esp
#else
#define REG_SP rsp
#endif
#define ARCH_IOVEC_FOR_GETREGSET
// Support ptrace extensions even when compiled without required kernel support
#ifndef NT_X86_XSTATE
#define NT_X86_XSTATE 0x202
#endif
// Compiler may use FP registers to store pointers.
static constexpr uptr kExtraRegs[] = {NT_X86_XSTATE, NT_FPREGSET};
#elif defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
typedef pt_regs regs_struct;
#define REG_SP gpr[PT_R1]
#elif defined(__mips__)
typedef struct user regs_struct;
# if SANITIZER_ANDROID
# define REG_SP regs[EF_R29]
# else
# define REG_SP regs[EF_REG29]
# endif
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
typedef struct user_pt_regs regs_struct;
#define REG_SP sp
static constexpr uptr kExtraRegs[] = {0};
#define ARCH_IOVEC_FOR_GETREGSET
#elif SANITIZER_RISCV64
typedef struct user_regs_struct regs_struct;
#define REG_SP sp
static constexpr uptr kExtraRegs[] = {0};
#define ARCH_IOVEC_FOR_GETREGSET
#elif defined(__s390__)
typedef _user_regs_struct regs_struct;
#define REG_SP gprs[15]
static constexpr uptr kExtraRegs[] = {0};
#define ARCH_IOVEC_FOR_GETREGSET
#else
#error "Unsupported architecture"
#endif // SANITIZER_ANDROID && defined(__arm__)
tid_t SuspendedThreadsListLinux::GetThreadID(uptr index) const {
CHECK_LT(index, thread_ids_.size());
return thread_ids_[index];
}
uptr SuspendedThreadsListLinux::ThreadCount() const {
return thread_ids_.size();
}
bool SuspendedThreadsListLinux::ContainsTid(tid_t thread_id) const {
for (uptr i = 0; i < thread_ids_.size(); i++) {
if (thread_ids_[i] == thread_id) return true;
}
return false;
}
void SuspendedThreadsListLinux::Append(tid_t tid) {
thread_ids_.push_back(tid);
}
PtraceRegistersStatus SuspendedThreadsListLinux::GetRegistersAndSP(
uptr index, InternalMmapVector<uptr> *buffer, uptr *sp) const {
pid_t tid = GetThreadID(index);
constexpr uptr uptr_sz = sizeof(uptr);
int pterrno;
#ifdef ARCH_IOVEC_FOR_GETREGSET
auto append = [&](uptr regset) {
uptr size = buffer->size();
// NT_X86_XSTATE requires 64bit alignment.
uptr size_up = RoundUpTo(size, 8 / uptr_sz);
buffer->reserve(Max<uptr>(1024, size_up));
struct iovec regset_io;
for (;; buffer->resize(buffer->capacity() * 2)) {
buffer->resize(buffer->capacity());
uptr available_bytes = (buffer->size() - size_up) * uptr_sz;
regset_io.iov_base = buffer->data() + size_up;
regset_io.iov_len = available_bytes;
bool fail =
internal_iserror(internal_ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, tid,
(void *)regset, (void *)&regset_io),
&pterrno);
if (fail) {
VReport(1, "Could not get regset %p from thread %d (errno %d).\n",
(void *)regset, tid, pterrno);
buffer->resize(size);
return false;
}
// Far enough from the buffer size, no need to resize and repeat.
if (regset_io.iov_len + 64 < available_bytes)
break;
}
buffer->resize(size_up + RoundUpTo(regset_io.iov_len, uptr_sz) / uptr_sz);
return true;
};
buffer->clear();
bool fail = !append(NT_PRSTATUS);
if (!fail) {
// Accept the first available and do not report errors.
for (uptr regs : kExtraRegs)
if (regs && append(regs))
break;
}
#else
buffer->resize(RoundUpTo(sizeof(regs_struct), uptr_sz) / uptr_sz);
bool fail = internal_iserror(
internal_ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, tid, nullptr, buffer->data()), &pterrno);
if (fail)
VReport(1, "Could not get registers from thread %d (errno %d).\n", tid,
pterrno);
#endif
if (fail) {
// ESRCH means that the given thread is not suspended or already dead.
// Therefore it's unsafe to inspect its data (e.g. walk through stack) and
// we should notify caller about this.
return pterrno == ESRCH ? REGISTERS_UNAVAILABLE_FATAL
: REGISTERS_UNAVAILABLE;
}
*sp = reinterpret_cast<regs_struct *>(buffer->data())[0].REG_SP;
return REGISTERS_AVAILABLE;
}
} // namespace __sanitizer
#endif // SANITIZER_LINUX && (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__mips__)
// || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
// || defined(__s390__) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)