libgo/runtime/malloc.goc

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// See malloc.h for overview.
//
// TODO(rsc): double-check stats.

package runtime
#include <stddef.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "go-alloc.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "arch.h"
#include "malloc.h"
#include "interface.h"
#include "go-type.h"
#include "race.h"

MHeap *runtime_mheap;

int32	runtime_checking;

extern MStats mstats;	// defined in zruntime_def_$GOOS_$GOARCH.go

extern volatile intgo runtime_MemProfileRate
  __asm__ (GOSYM_PREFIX "runtime.MemProfileRate");

// Allocate an object of at least size bytes.
// Small objects are allocated from the per-thread cache's free lists.
// Large objects (> 32 kB) are allocated straight from the heap.
void*
runtime_mallocgc(uintptr size, uint32 flag, int32 dogc, int32 zeroed)
{
	M *m;
	G *g;
	int32 sizeclass;
	intgo rate;
	MCache *c;
	uintptr npages;
	MSpan *s;
	void *v;
	bool incallback;

	m = runtime_m();
	g = runtime_g();

	incallback = false;
	if(m->mcache == nil && g->ncgo > 0) {
		// For gccgo this case can occur when a cgo or SWIG function
		// has an interface return type and the function
		// returns a non-pointer, so memory allocation occurs
		// after syscall.Cgocall but before syscall.CgocallDone.
		// We treat it as a callback.
		runtime_exitsyscall();
		m = runtime_m();
		incallback = true;
		dogc = false;
	}

	if(runtime_gcwaiting && g != m->g0 && m->locks == 0 && dogc) {
		runtime_gosched();
		m = runtime_m();
	}
	if(m->mallocing)
		runtime_throw("malloc/free - deadlock");
	m->mallocing = 1;
	if(size == 0)
		size = 1;

	if(DebugTypeAtBlockEnd)
		size += sizeof(uintptr);

	c = m->mcache;
	c->local_nmalloc++;
	if(size <= MaxSmallSize) {
		// Allocate from mcache free lists.
		sizeclass = runtime_SizeToClass(size);
		size = runtime_class_to_size[sizeclass];
		v = runtime_MCache_Alloc(c, sizeclass, size, zeroed);
		if(v == nil)
			runtime_throw("out of memory");
		c->local_alloc += size;
		c->local_total_alloc += size;
		c->local_by_size[sizeclass].nmalloc++;
	} else {
		// TODO(rsc): Report tracebacks for very large allocations.

		// Allocate directly from heap.
		npages = size >> PageShift;
		if((size & PageMask) != 0)
			npages++;
		s = runtime_MHeap_Alloc(runtime_mheap, npages, 0, 1, zeroed);
		if(s == nil)
			runtime_throw("out of memory");
		size = npages<<PageShift;
		c->local_alloc += size;
		c->local_total_alloc += size;
		v = (void*)(s->start << PageShift);

		// setup for mark sweep
		runtime_markspan(v, 0, 0, true);
	}

	if (sizeof(void*) == 4 && c->local_total_alloc >= (1<<30)) {
		// purge cache stats to prevent overflow
		runtime_lock(runtime_mheap);
		runtime_purgecachedstats(c);
		runtime_unlock(runtime_mheap);
	}

	if(!(flag & FlagNoGC))
		runtime_markallocated(v, size, (flag&FlagNoPointers) != 0);

	if(DebugTypeAtBlockEnd)
		*(uintptr*)((uintptr)v+size-sizeof(uintptr)) = 0;

	m->mallocing = 0;

	if(!(flag & FlagNoProfiling) && (rate = runtime_MemProfileRate) > 0) {
		if(size >= (uint32) rate)
			goto profile;
		if((uint32) m->mcache->next_sample > size)
			m->mcache->next_sample -= size;
		else {
			// pick next profile time
			// If you change this, also change allocmcache.
			if(rate > 0x3fffffff)	// make 2*rate not overflow
				rate = 0x3fffffff;
			m->mcache->next_sample = runtime_fastrand1() % (2*rate);
		profile:
			runtime_setblockspecial(v, true);
			runtime_MProf_Malloc(v, size);
		}
	}

	if(dogc && mstats.heap_alloc >= mstats.next_gc)
		runtime_gc(0);

	if(raceenabled) {
		runtime_racemalloc(v, size, m->racepc);
		m->racepc = nil;
	}

	if(incallback)
		runtime_entersyscall();

	return v;
}

void*
__go_alloc(uintptr size)
{
	return runtime_mallocgc(size, 0, 0, 1);
}

// Free the object whose base pointer is v.
void
__go_free(void *v)
{
	M *m;
	int32 sizeclass;
	MSpan *s;
	MCache *c;
	uint32 prof;
	uintptr size;

	if(v == nil)
		return;
	
	// If you change this also change mgc0.c:/^sweep,
	// which has a copy of the guts of free.

	m = runtime_m();
	if(m->mallocing)
		runtime_throw("malloc/free - deadlock");
	m->mallocing = 1;

	if(!runtime_mlookup(v, nil, nil, &s)) {
		runtime_printf("free %p: not an allocated block\n", v);
		runtime_throw("free runtime_mlookup");
	}
	prof = runtime_blockspecial(v);

	if(raceenabled)
		runtime_racefree(v);

	// Find size class for v.
	sizeclass = s->sizeclass;
	c = m->mcache;
	if(sizeclass == 0) {
		// Large object.
		size = s->npages<<PageShift;
		*(uintptr*)(s->start<<PageShift) = (uintptr)0xfeedfeedfeedfeedll;	// mark as "needs to be zeroed"
		// Must mark v freed before calling unmarkspan and MHeap_Free:
		// they might coalesce v into other spans and change the bitmap further.
		runtime_markfreed(v, size);
		runtime_unmarkspan(v, 1<<PageShift);
		runtime_MHeap_Free(runtime_mheap, s, 1);
	} else {
		// Small object.
		size = runtime_class_to_size[sizeclass];
		if(size > sizeof(uintptr))
			((uintptr*)v)[1] = (uintptr)0xfeedfeedfeedfeedll;	// mark as "needs to be zeroed"
		// Must mark v freed before calling MCache_Free:
		// it might coalesce v and other blocks into a bigger span
		// and change the bitmap further.
		runtime_markfreed(v, size);
		c->local_by_size[sizeclass].nfree++;
		runtime_MCache_Free(c, v, sizeclass, size);
	}
	c->local_nfree++;
	c->local_alloc -= size;
	if(prof)
		runtime_MProf_Free(v, size);
	m->mallocing = 0;
}

int32
runtime_mlookup(void *v, byte **base, uintptr *size, MSpan **sp)
{
	M *m;
	uintptr n, i;
	byte *p;
	MSpan *s;

	m = runtime_m();

	m->mcache->local_nlookup++;
	if (sizeof(void*) == 4 && m->mcache->local_nlookup >= (1<<30)) {
		// purge cache stats to prevent overflow
		runtime_lock(runtime_mheap);
		runtime_purgecachedstats(m->mcache);
		runtime_unlock(runtime_mheap);
	}

	s = runtime_MHeap_LookupMaybe(runtime_mheap, v);
	if(sp)
		*sp = s;
	if(s == nil) {
		runtime_checkfreed(v, 1);
		if(base)
			*base = nil;
		if(size)
			*size = 0;
		return 0;
	}

	p = (byte*)((uintptr)s->start<<PageShift);
	if(s->sizeclass == 0) {
		// Large object.
		if(base)
			*base = p;
		if(size)
			*size = s->npages<<PageShift;
		return 1;
	}

	if((byte*)v >= (byte*)s->limit) {
		// pointers past the last block do not count as pointers.
		return 0;
	}

	n = s->elemsize;
	if(base) {
		i = ((byte*)v - p)/n;
		*base = p + i*n;
	}
	if(size)
		*size = n;

	return 1;
}

MCache*
runtime_allocmcache(void)
{
	intgo rate;
	MCache *c;

	runtime_lock(runtime_mheap);
	c = runtime_FixAlloc_Alloc(&runtime_mheap->cachealloc);
	mstats.mcache_inuse = runtime_mheap->cachealloc.inuse;
	mstats.mcache_sys = runtime_mheap->cachealloc.sys;
	runtime_unlock(runtime_mheap);
	runtime_memclr((byte*)c, sizeof(*c));

	// Set first allocation sample size.
	rate = runtime_MemProfileRate;
	if(rate > 0x3fffffff)	// make 2*rate not overflow
		rate = 0x3fffffff;
	if(rate != 0)
		c->next_sample = runtime_fastrand1() % (2*rate);

	return c;
}

void
runtime_freemcache(MCache *c)
{
	runtime_MCache_ReleaseAll(c);
	runtime_lock(runtime_mheap);
	runtime_purgecachedstats(c);
	runtime_FixAlloc_Free(&runtime_mheap->cachealloc, c);
	runtime_unlock(runtime_mheap);
}

void
runtime_purgecachedstats(MCache *c)
{
	// Protected by either heap or GC lock.
	mstats.heap_alloc += c->local_cachealloc;
	c->local_cachealloc = 0;
	mstats.heap_objects += c->local_objects;
	c->local_objects = 0;
	mstats.nmalloc += c->local_nmalloc;
	c->local_nmalloc = 0;
	mstats.nfree += c->local_nfree;
	c->local_nfree = 0;
	mstats.nlookup += c->local_nlookup;
	c->local_nlookup = 0;
	mstats.alloc += c->local_alloc;
	c->local_alloc= 0;
	mstats.total_alloc += c->local_total_alloc;
	c->local_total_alloc= 0;
}

extern uintptr runtime_sizeof_C_MStats
  __asm__ (GOSYM_PREFIX "runtime.Sizeof_C_MStats");

#define MaxArena32 (2U<<30)

void
runtime_mallocinit(void)
{
	byte *p;
	uintptr arena_size, bitmap_size;
	extern byte _end[];
	byte *want;
	uintptr limit;

	runtime_sizeof_C_MStats = sizeof(MStats);

	p = nil;
	arena_size = 0;
	bitmap_size = 0;
	
	// for 64-bit build
	USED(p);
	USED(arena_size);
	USED(bitmap_size);

	if((runtime_mheap = runtime_SysAlloc(sizeof(*runtime_mheap))) == nil)
		runtime_throw("runtime: cannot allocate heap metadata");

	runtime_InitSizes();

	// limit = runtime_memlimit();
	// See https://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=5049
	// TODO(rsc): Fix after 1.1.
	limit = 0;

	// Set up the allocation arena, a contiguous area of memory where
	// allocated data will be found.  The arena begins with a bitmap large
	// enough to hold 4 bits per allocated word.
	if(sizeof(void*) == 8 && (limit == 0 || limit > (1<<30))) {
		// On a 64-bit machine, allocate from a single contiguous reservation.
		// 128 GB (MaxMem) should be big enough for now.
		//
		// The code will work with the reservation at any address, but ask
		// SysReserve to use 0x000000c000000000 if possible.
		// Allocating a 128 GB region takes away 37 bits, and the amd64
		// doesn't let us choose the top 17 bits, so that leaves the 11 bits
		// in the middle of 0x00c0 for us to choose.  Choosing 0x00c0 means
		// that the valid memory addresses will begin 0x00c0, 0x00c1, ..., 0x0x00df.
		// In little-endian, that's c0 00, c1 00, ..., df 00. None of those are valid
		// UTF-8 sequences, and they are otherwise as far away from 
		// ff (likely a common byte) as possible. An earlier attempt to use 0x11f8 
		// caused out of memory errors on OS X during thread allocations.
		// These choices are both for debuggability and to reduce the
		// odds of the conservative garbage collector not collecting memory
		// because some non-pointer block of memory had a bit pattern
		// that matched a memory address.
		//
		// Actually we reserve 136 GB (because the bitmap ends up being 8 GB)
		// but it hardly matters: e0 00 is not valid UTF-8 either.
		//
		// If this fails we fall back to the 32 bit memory mechanism
		arena_size = MaxMem;
		bitmap_size = arena_size / (sizeof(void*)*8/4);
		p = runtime_SysReserve((void*)(0x00c0ULL<<32), bitmap_size + arena_size);
	}
	if (p == nil) {
		// On a 32-bit machine, we can't typically get away
		// with a giant virtual address space reservation.
		// Instead we map the memory information bitmap
		// immediately after the data segment, large enough
		// to handle another 2GB of mappings (256 MB),
		// along with a reservation for another 512 MB of memory.
		// When that gets used up, we'll start asking the kernel
		// for any memory anywhere and hope it's in the 2GB
		// following the bitmap (presumably the executable begins
		// near the bottom of memory, so we'll have to use up
		// most of memory before the kernel resorts to giving out
		// memory before the beginning of the text segment).
		//
		// Alternatively we could reserve 512 MB bitmap, enough
		// for 4GB of mappings, and then accept any memory the
		// kernel threw at us, but normally that's a waste of 512 MB
		// of address space, which is probably too much in a 32-bit world.
		bitmap_size = MaxArena32 / (sizeof(void*)*8/4);
		arena_size = 512<<20;
		if(limit > 0 && arena_size+bitmap_size > limit) {
			bitmap_size = (limit / 9) & ~((1<<PageShift) - 1);
			arena_size = bitmap_size * 8;
		}
		
		// SysReserve treats the address we ask for, end, as a hint,
		// not as an absolute requirement.  If we ask for the end
		// of the data segment but the operating system requires
		// a little more space before we can start allocating, it will
		// give out a slightly higher pointer.  Except QEMU, which
		// is buggy, as usual: it won't adjust the pointer upward.
		// So adjust it upward a little bit ourselves: 1/4 MB to get
		// away from the running binary image and then round up
		// to a MB boundary.
		want = (byte*)(((uintptr)_end + (1<<18) + (1<<20) - 1)&~((1<<20)-1));
		if(0xffffffff - (uintptr)want <= bitmap_size + arena_size)
		  want = 0;
		p = runtime_SysReserve(want, bitmap_size + arena_size);
		if(p == nil)
			runtime_throw("runtime: cannot reserve arena virtual address space");
		if((uintptr)p & (((uintptr)1<<PageShift)-1))
			runtime_printf("runtime: SysReserve returned unaligned address %p; asked for %p", p, bitmap_size+arena_size);
	}
	if((uintptr)p & (((uintptr)1<<PageShift)-1))
		runtime_throw("runtime: SysReserve returned unaligned address");

	runtime_mheap->bitmap = p;
	runtime_mheap->arena_start = p + bitmap_size;
	runtime_mheap->arena_used = runtime_mheap->arena_start;
	runtime_mheap->arena_end = runtime_mheap->arena_start + arena_size;

	// Initialize the rest of the allocator.	
	runtime_MHeap_Init(runtime_mheap, runtime_SysAlloc);
	runtime_m()->mcache = runtime_allocmcache();

	// See if it works.
	runtime_free(runtime_malloc(1));
}

void*
runtime_MHeap_SysAlloc(MHeap *h, uintptr n)
{
	byte *p;


	if(n > (uintptr)(h->arena_end - h->arena_used)) {
		// We are in 32-bit mode, maybe we didn't use all possible address space yet.
		// Reserve some more space.
		byte *new_end;
		uintptr needed;

		needed = (uintptr)h->arena_used + n - (uintptr)h->arena_end;
		// Round wanted arena size to a multiple of 256MB.
		needed = (needed + (256<<20) - 1) & ~((256<<20)-1);
		new_end = h->arena_end + needed;
		if(new_end <= h->arena_start + MaxArena32) {
			p = runtime_SysReserve(h->arena_end, new_end - h->arena_end);
			if(p == h->arena_end)
				h->arena_end = new_end;
		}
	}
	if(n <= (uintptr)(h->arena_end - h->arena_used)) {
		// Keep taking from our reservation.
		p = h->arena_used;
		runtime_SysMap(p, n);
		h->arena_used += n;
		runtime_MHeap_MapBits(h);
		if(raceenabled)
			runtime_racemapshadow(p, n);
		return p;
	}
	
	// If using 64-bit, our reservation is all we have.
	if(sizeof(void*) == 8 && (uintptr)h->bitmap >= 0xffffffffU)
		return nil;

	// On 32-bit, once the reservation is gone we can
	// try to get memory at a location chosen by the OS
	// and hope that it is in the range we allocated bitmap for.
	p = runtime_SysAlloc(n);
	if(p == nil)
		return nil;

	if(p < h->arena_start || (uintptr)(p+n - h->arena_start) >= MaxArena32) {
		runtime_printf("runtime: memory allocated by OS (%p) not in usable range [%p,%p)\n",
			p, h->arena_start, h->arena_start+MaxArena32);
		runtime_SysFree(p, n);
		return nil;
	}

	if(p+n > h->arena_used) {
		h->arena_used = p+n;
		if(h->arena_used > h->arena_end)
			h->arena_end = h->arena_used;
		runtime_MHeap_MapBits(h);
		if(raceenabled)
			runtime_racemapshadow(p, n);
	}
	
	return p;
}

static Lock settype_lock;

void
runtime_settype_flush(M *mp, bool sysalloc)
{
	uintptr *buf, *endbuf;
	uintptr size, ofs, j, t;
	uintptr ntypes, nbytes2, nbytes3;
	uintptr *data2;
	byte *data3;
	bool sysalloc3;
	void *v;
	uintptr typ, p;
	MSpan *s;

	buf = mp->settype_buf;
	endbuf = buf + mp->settype_bufsize;

	runtime_lock(&settype_lock);
	while(buf < endbuf) {
		v = (void*)*buf;
		*buf = 0;
		buf++;
		typ = *buf;
		buf++;

		// (Manually inlined copy of runtime_MHeap_Lookup)
		p = (uintptr)v>>PageShift;
		p -= (uintptr)runtime_mheap->arena_start >> PageShift;
		s = runtime_mheap->map[p];

		if(s->sizeclass == 0) {
			s->types.compression = MTypes_Single;
			s->types.data = typ;
			continue;
		}

		size = s->elemsize;
		ofs = ((uintptr)v - (s->start<<PageShift)) / size;

		switch(s->types.compression) {
		case MTypes_Empty:
			ntypes = (s->npages << PageShift) / size;
			nbytes3 = 8*sizeof(uintptr) + 1*ntypes;

			if(!sysalloc) {
				data3 = runtime_mallocgc(nbytes3, FlagNoProfiling|FlagNoPointers, 0, 1);
			} else {
				data3 = runtime_SysAlloc(nbytes3);
				if(data3 == nil)
					runtime_throw("runtime: cannot allocate memory");
				if(0) runtime_printf("settype(0->3): SysAlloc(%x) --> %p\n", (uint32)nbytes3, data3);
			}

			s->types.compression = MTypes_Bytes;
			s->types.sysalloc = sysalloc;
			s->types.data = (uintptr)data3;

			((uintptr*)data3)[1] = typ;
			data3[8*sizeof(uintptr) + ofs] = 1;
			break;

		case MTypes_Words:
			((uintptr*)s->types.data)[ofs] = typ;
			break;

		case MTypes_Bytes:
			data3 = (byte*)s->types.data;
			for(j=1; j<8; j++) {
				if(((uintptr*)data3)[j] == typ) {
					break;
				}
				if(((uintptr*)data3)[j] == 0) {
					((uintptr*)data3)[j] = typ;
					break;
				}
			}
			if(j < 8) {
				data3[8*sizeof(uintptr) + ofs] = j;
			} else {
				ntypes = (s->npages << PageShift) / size;
				nbytes2 = ntypes * sizeof(uintptr);

				if(!sysalloc) {
					data2 = runtime_mallocgc(nbytes2, FlagNoProfiling|FlagNoPointers, 0, 1);
				} else {
					data2 = runtime_SysAlloc(nbytes2);
					if(data2 == nil)
						runtime_throw("runtime: cannot allocate memory");
					if(0) runtime_printf("settype.(3->2): SysAlloc(%x) --> %p\n", (uint32)nbytes2, data2);
				}

				sysalloc3 = s->types.sysalloc;

				s->types.compression = MTypes_Words;
				s->types.sysalloc = sysalloc;
				s->types.data = (uintptr)data2;

				// Move the contents of data3 to data2. Then deallocate data3.
				for(j=0; j<ntypes; j++) {
					t = data3[8*sizeof(uintptr) + j];
					t = ((uintptr*)data3)[t];
					data2[j] = t;
				}
				if(sysalloc3) {
					nbytes3 = 8*sizeof(uintptr) + 1*ntypes;
					if(0) runtime_printf("settype.(3->2): SysFree(%p,%x)\n", data3, (uint32)nbytes3);
					runtime_SysFree(data3, nbytes3);
				}

				data2[ofs] = typ;
			}
			break;
		}
	}
	runtime_unlock(&settype_lock);

	mp->settype_bufsize = 0;
}

// It is forbidden to use this function if it is possible that
// explicit deallocation via calling runtime_free(v) may happen.
void
runtime_settype(void *v, uintptr t)
{
	M *mp;
	uintptr *buf;
	uintptr i;
	MSpan *s;

	if(t == 0)
		runtime_throw("settype: zero type");

	mp = runtime_m();
	buf = mp->settype_buf;
	i = mp->settype_bufsize;
	buf[i+0] = (uintptr)v;
	buf[i+1] = t;
	i += 2;
	mp->settype_bufsize = i;

	if(i == nelem(mp->settype_buf)) {
		runtime_settype_flush(mp, false);
	}

	if(DebugTypeAtBlockEnd) {
		s = runtime_MHeap_Lookup(runtime_mheap, v);
		*(uintptr*)((uintptr)v+s->elemsize-sizeof(uintptr)) = t;
	}
}

void
runtime_settype_sysfree(MSpan *s)
{
	uintptr ntypes, nbytes;

	if(!s->types.sysalloc)
		return;

	nbytes = (uintptr)-1;

	switch (s->types.compression) {
	case MTypes_Words:
		ntypes = (s->npages << PageShift) / s->elemsize;
		nbytes = ntypes * sizeof(uintptr);
		break;
	case MTypes_Bytes:
		ntypes = (s->npages << PageShift) / s->elemsize;
		nbytes = 8*sizeof(uintptr) + 1*ntypes;
		break;
	}

	if(nbytes != (uintptr)-1) {
		if(0) runtime_printf("settype: SysFree(%p,%x)\n", (void*)s->types.data, (uint32)nbytes);
		runtime_SysFree((void*)s->types.data, nbytes);
	}
}

uintptr
runtime_gettype(void *v)
{
	MSpan *s;
	uintptr t, ofs;
	byte *data;

	s = runtime_MHeap_LookupMaybe(runtime_mheap, v);
	if(s != nil) {
		t = 0;
		switch(s->types.compression) {
		case MTypes_Empty:
			break;
		case MTypes_Single:
			t = s->types.data;
			break;
		case MTypes_Words:
			ofs = (uintptr)v - (s->start<<PageShift);
			t = ((uintptr*)s->types.data)[ofs/s->elemsize];
			break;
		case MTypes_Bytes:
			ofs = (uintptr)v - (s->start<<PageShift);
			data = (byte*)s->types.data;
			t = data[8*sizeof(uintptr) + ofs/s->elemsize];
			t = ((uintptr*)data)[t];
			break;
		default:
			runtime_throw("runtime_gettype: invalid compression kind");
		}
		if(0) {
			runtime_lock(&settype_lock);
			runtime_printf("%p -> %d,%X\n", v, (int32)s->types.compression, (int64)t);
			runtime_unlock(&settype_lock);
		}
		return t;
	}
	return 0;
}

// Runtime stubs.

void*
runtime_mal(uintptr n)
{
	return runtime_mallocgc(n, 0, 1, 1);
}

void *
runtime_new(const Type *typ)
{
	void *ret;
	uint32 flag;

	if(raceenabled)
		runtime_m()->racepc = runtime_getcallerpc(&typ);

	if(typ->__size == 0) {
		// All 0-length allocations use this pointer.
		// The language does not require the allocations to
		// have distinct values.
		ret = (uint8*)&runtime_zerobase;
	} else {
		flag = typ->__code&GO_NO_POINTERS ? FlagNoPointers : 0;
		ret = runtime_mallocgc(typ->__size, flag, 1, 1);

		if(UseSpanType && !flag) {
			if(false)
				runtime_printf("new %S: %p\n", *typ->__reflection, ret);
			runtime_settype(ret, (uintptr)typ | TypeInfo_SingleObject);
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

static void*
cnew(const Type *typ, intgo n, int32 objtyp)
{
	uint32 flag;
	void *ret;

	if((objtyp&(PtrSize-1)) != objtyp)
		runtime_throw("runtime: invalid objtyp");
	if(n < 0 || (typ->__size > 0 && (uintptr)n > (MaxMem/typ->__size)))
		runtime_panicstring("runtime: allocation size out of range");
	if(typ->__size == 0 || n == 0) {
		// All 0-length allocations use this pointer.
		// The language does not require the allocations to
		// have distinct values.
		return &runtime_zerobase;
	}
	flag = typ->__code&GO_NO_POINTERS ? FlagNoPointers : 0;
	ret = runtime_mallocgc(typ->__size*n, flag, 1, 1);
	if(UseSpanType && !flag) {
		if(false)
			runtime_printf("cnew [%D]%S: %p\n", (int64)n, *typ->__reflection, ret);
		runtime_settype(ret, (uintptr)typ | TypeInfo_SingleObject);
	}
	return ret;
}

// same as runtime_new, but callable from C
void*
runtime_cnew(const Type *typ)
{
	return cnew(typ, 1, TypeInfo_SingleObject);
}

void*
runtime_cnewarray(const Type *typ, intgo n)
{
	return cnew(typ, n, TypeInfo_Array);
}

func GC() {
	runtime_gc(1);
}

func SetFinalizer(obj Eface, finalizer Eface) {
	byte *base;
	uintptr size;
	const FuncType *ft;

	if(obj.__type_descriptor == nil) {
		runtime_printf("runtime.SetFinalizer: first argument is nil interface\n");
		goto throw;
	}
	if(obj.__type_descriptor->__code != GO_PTR) {
		runtime_printf("runtime.SetFinalizer: first argument is %S, not pointer\n", *obj.__type_descriptor->__reflection);
		goto throw;
	}
	if(!runtime_mlookup(obj.__object, &base, &size, nil) || obj.__object != base) {
		runtime_printf("runtime.SetFinalizer: pointer not at beginning of allocated block\n");
		goto throw;
	}
	ft = nil;
	if(finalizer.__type_descriptor != nil) {
		if(finalizer.__type_descriptor->__code != GO_FUNC)
			goto badfunc;
		ft = (const FuncType*)finalizer.__type_descriptor;
		if(ft->__dotdotdot || ft->__in.__count != 1 || !__go_type_descriptors_equal(*(Type**)ft->__in.__values, obj.__type_descriptor))
			goto badfunc;
	}

	if(!runtime_addfinalizer(obj.__object, finalizer.__type_descriptor != nil ? *(void**)finalizer.__object : nil, ft)) {
		runtime_printf("runtime.SetFinalizer: finalizer already set\n");
		goto throw;
	}
	return;

badfunc:
	runtime_printf("runtime.SetFinalizer: second argument is %S, not func(%S)\n", *finalizer.__type_descriptor->__reflection, *obj.__type_descriptor->__reflection);
throw:
	runtime_throw("runtime.SetFinalizer");
}