gcc/cp/pt.c

/* Handle parameterized types (templates) for GNU C++.
   Copyright (C) 1992, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   Written by Ken Raeburn (raeburn@cygnus.com) while at Watchmaker Computing.
   Rewritten by Jason Merrill (jason@cygnus.com).

This file is part of GNU CC.

GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.

GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  */

/* Known bugs or deficiencies include:

     all methods must be provided in header files; can't use a source
     file that contains only the method templates and "just win".  */

#include "config.h"
#include "system.h"
#include "obstack.h"

#include "tree.h"
#include "flags.h"
#include "cp-tree.h"
#include "decl.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include "lex.h"
#include "output.h"
#include "defaults.h"
#include "except.h"
#include "toplev.h"

/* The type of functions taking a tree, and some additional data, and
   returning an int.  */
typedef int (*tree_fn_t) PROTO((tree, void*));

extern struct obstack permanent_obstack;

extern int lineno;
extern char *input_filename;
struct pending_inline *pending_template_expansions;

tree current_template_parms;
HOST_WIDE_INT processing_template_decl;

tree pending_templates;
static tree *template_tail = &pending_templates;

tree maybe_templates;
static tree *maybe_template_tail = &maybe_templates;

int minimal_parse_mode;

int processing_specialization;
int processing_explicit_instantiation;
int processing_template_parmlist;
static int template_header_count;

static tree saved_trees;

#define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc
#define obstack_chunk_free free

#define UNIFY_ALLOW_NONE 0
#define UNIFY_ALLOW_MORE_CV_QUAL 1
#define UNIFY_ALLOW_LESS_CV_QUAL 2
#define UNIFY_ALLOW_DERIVED 4

static int unify PROTO((tree, tree, tree, tree, int, int*));
static void add_pending_template PROTO((tree));
static int push_tinst_level PROTO((tree));
static tree classtype_mangled_name PROTO((tree));
static char *mangle_class_name_for_template PROTO((char *, tree, tree, tree));
static tree tsubst_expr_values PROTO((tree, tree));
static int list_eq PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree get_class_bindings PROTO((tree, tree, tree, tree));
static tree coerce_template_parms PROTO((tree, tree, tree, int, int));
static tree tsubst_enum	PROTO((tree, tree, tree *));
static tree add_to_template_args PROTO((tree, tree));
static void maybe_adjust_types_for_deduction PROTO((unification_kind_t, tree*,
						    tree*)); 
static int  type_unification_real PROTO((tree, tree, tree, tree,
					 int, unification_kind_t, int, int*));
static tree complete_template_args PROTO((tree, tree, int));
static void note_template_header PROTO((int));
static tree maybe_fold_nontype_arg PROTO((tree));
static tree convert_nontype_argument PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree get_bindings_overload PROTO((tree, tree, tree));
static int for_each_template_parm PROTO((tree, tree_fn_t, void*));
static tree build_template_parm_index PROTO((int, int, int, tree, tree));
static tree original_template PROTO((tree));
static int inline_needs_template_parms PROTO((tree));
static void push_inline_template_parms_recursive PROTO((tree, int));
static tree retrieve_specialization PROTO((tree, tree));
static void register_specialization PROTO((tree, tree, tree));
static void print_candidates PROTO((tree));
static tree reduce_template_parm_level PROTO((tree, tree, int));
static tree build_template_decl PROTO((tree, tree));
static int mark_template_parm PROTO((tree, void *));
static tree tsubst_friend_function PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree tsubst_friend_class PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree get_bindings_real PROTO((tree, tree, tree, int));
static int template_decl_level PROTO((tree));
static tree maybe_get_template_decl_from_type_decl PROTO((tree));
static int check_cv_quals_for_unify PROTO((int, tree, tree));
static tree tsubst_template_arg_vector PROTO((tree, tree));
static void regenerate_decl_from_template PROTO((tree, tree));
static int is_member_template_class PROTO((tree));

/* Nonzero if ARGVEC contains multiple levels of template arguments.  */
#define TMPL_ARGS_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LEVELS(NODE) 		\
  (NODE != NULL_TREE 					\
   && TREE_CODE (NODE) == TREE_VEC 			\
   && TREE_VEC_LENGTH (NODE) > 0 			\
   && TREE_VEC_ELT (NODE, 0) != NULL_TREE               \
   && TREE_CODE (TREE_VEC_ELT (NODE, 0)) == TREE_VEC)

/* Do any processing required when DECL (a member template declaration
   using TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS as its innermost parameter list) is
   finished.  Returns the TEMPLATE_DECL corresponding to DECL, unless
   it is a specialization, in which case the DECL itself is returned.  */

tree
finish_member_template_decl (template_parameters, decl)
  tree template_parameters;
  tree decl;
{
  if (template_parameters)
    end_template_decl ();
  else
    end_specialization ();

  if (decl == NULL_TREE || decl == void_type_node)
    return NULL_TREE;
  else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
    {
      /* Assume that the class is the only declspec.  */
      decl = TREE_VALUE (decl);
      if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (decl) && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl)
	  && ! CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
	{
	  tree tmpl = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (decl);
	  check_member_template (tmpl);
	  return tmpl;
	}
      return NULL_TREE;
    }
  else if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
    {
      if (!DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
	{
	  check_member_template (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl));
	  return DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl);
	}
      else
	return decl;
    } 
  else
    cp_error ("invalid member template declaration `%D'", decl);
	

  return error_mark_node;
}

/* Returns the template nesting level of the indicated class TYPE.
   
   For example, in:
     template <class T>
     struct A
     {
       template <class U>
       struct B {};
     };

   A<T>::B<U> has depth two, while A<T> has depth one.  Also,
   both A<T>::B<int> and A<int>::B<U> have depth one.  */

int 
template_class_depth (type)
     tree type;
{
  int depth;

  for (depth = 0; 
       type && TREE_CODE (type) != FUNCTION_DECL 
	 && TREE_CODE (type) != NAMESPACE_DECL;
       type = TYPE_CONTEXT (type))
    if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (type)
	&& PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type))
	&& uses_template_parms (CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (type)))
      ++depth;

  return depth;
}

/* Return the original template for this decl, disregarding any
   specializations.  */

static tree
original_template (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  while (DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
    decl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl);
  return decl;
}

/* Returns 1 if processing DECL as part of do_pending_inlines
   needs us to push template parms.  */

static int
inline_needs_template_parms (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  if (! DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
    return 0;

  return (list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (original_template (decl)))
	  > (processing_template_decl + DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl)));
}

/* Subroutine of maybe_begin_member_template_processing.
   Push the template parms in PARMS, starting from LEVELS steps into the
   chain, and ending at the beginning, since template parms are listed
   innermost first.  */

static void
push_inline_template_parms_recursive (parmlist, levels)
     tree parmlist;
     int levels;
{
  tree parms = TREE_VALUE (parmlist);
  int i;

  if (levels > 1)
    push_inline_template_parms_recursive (TREE_CHAIN (parmlist), levels - 1);

  ++processing_template_decl;
  current_template_parms
    = tree_cons (build_int_2 (0, processing_template_decl),
		 parms, current_template_parms);
  TEMPLATE_PARMS_FOR_INLINE (current_template_parms) = 1;

  pushlevel (0);
  for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parms); ++i) 
    {
      tree parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i));
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (parm)) == 'd', 0);

      switch (TREE_CODE (parm))
	{
	case TYPE_DECL:
	case TEMPLATE_DECL:
	  pushdecl (parm);
	  break;

	case PARM_DECL:
	  {
	    /* Make a CONST_DECL as is done in process_template_parm. */
	    tree decl = build_decl (CONST_DECL, DECL_NAME (parm),
				    TREE_TYPE (parm));
	    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = DECL_INITIAL (parm);
	    pushdecl (decl);
	  }
	  break;

	default:
	  my_friendly_abort (0);
	}
    }
}

/* Restore the template parameter context for a member template or
   a friend template defined in a class definition.  */

void
maybe_begin_member_template_processing (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree parms;
  int levels;

  if (! inline_needs_template_parms (decl))
    return;

  parms = DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (original_template (decl));

  levels = list_length (parms) - processing_template_decl;

  if (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
    {
      --levels;
      parms = TREE_CHAIN (parms);
    }

  push_inline_template_parms_recursive (parms, levels);
}

/* Undo the effects of begin_member_template_processing. */

void 
maybe_end_member_template_processing (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  if (! processing_template_decl)
    return;

  while (current_template_parms
	 && TEMPLATE_PARMS_FOR_INLINE (current_template_parms))
    {
      --processing_template_decl;
      current_template_parms = TREE_CHAIN (current_template_parms);
      poplevel (0, 0, 0);
    }
}

/* Returns non-zero iff T is a member template function.  We must be
   careful as in

     template <class T> class C { void f(); }

   Here, f is a template function, and a member, but not a member
   template.  This function does not concern itself with the origin of
   T, only its present state.  So if we have 

     template <class T> class C { template <class U> void f(U); }

   then neither C<int>::f<char> nor C<T>::f<double> is considered
   to be a member template.  */

int
is_member_template (t)
     tree t;
{
  if (TREE_CODE (t) != FUNCTION_DECL
      && !DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t))
    /* Anything that isn't a function or a template function is
       certainly not a member template.  */
    return 0;

  /* A local class can't have member templates.  */
  if (hack_decl_function_context (t))
    return 0;

  if ((DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P (t) 
       && !DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (t))
      || (TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_DECL 
	  && DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (t))))
    {
      tree tmpl;

      if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (t))
	tmpl = t;
      else if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t) 
	       && DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (t)))
	tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (t);
      else
	tmpl = NULL_TREE;

      if (tmpl
	  /* If there are more levels of template parameters than
	     there are template classes surrounding the declaration,
	     then we have a member template.  */
	  && (list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl)) > 
	      template_class_depth (DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (t))))
	return 1;
    }

  return 0;
}

/* Returns non-zero iff T is a member template class.  See
   is_member_template for a description of what precisely constitutes
   a member template.  */

int
is_member_template_class (t)
     tree t;
{
  if (!DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (t))
    /* Anything that isn't a class template, is certainly not a member
       template.  */
    return 0;

  if (!DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (t))
    /* Anything whose context isn't a class type is surely not a
       member template.  */
    return 0;

  /* If there are more levels of template parameters than there are
     template classes surrounding the declaration, then we have a
     member template.  */
  return  (list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (t)) > 
	   template_class_depth (DECL_CONTEXT (t)));
}

/* Return a new template argument vector which contains all of ARGS
   for all outer templates TMPL is contained in, but has as its 
   innermost set of arguments the EXTRA_ARGS.  If UNBOUND_ONLY, we
   are only interested in unbound template arguments, not arguments from
   enclosing templates that have been instantiated already.  */

static tree
complete_template_args (tmpl, extra_args, unbound_only)
     tree tmpl, extra_args;
     int unbound_only;
{
  /* depth is the number of levels of enclosing args we're adding.  */
  int depth, i;
  tree args, new_args, spec_args = NULL_TREE;
  int extra_arg_depth;

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (tmpl) == TEMPLATE_DECL, 0);
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (extra_args) == TREE_VEC, 0);

  if (TMPL_ARGS_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LEVELS (extra_args))
    extra_arg_depth = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (extra_args);
  else
    extra_arg_depth = 1;

  if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (tmpl) && !unbound_only)
    {
      /* A specialization of a member template of a template class shows up
	 as a TEMPLATE_DECL with DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION set.
	 DECL_TI_ARGS is the specialization args, and DECL_TI_TEMPLATE
	 is the template being specialized.  */
      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (tmpl))
	{
	  spec_args = DECL_TI_ARGS (tmpl);
	  tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (tmpl);
	}

      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (tmpl))
	{
	  /* A partial instantiation of a member template shows up as a
	     TEMPLATE_DECL with DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO.  DECL_TI_ARGS is
	     all the bound template arguments.  */
	  args = DECL_TI_ARGS (tmpl);
	  if (!TMPL_ARGS_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LEVELS (args))
	    depth = 1;
	  else
	    depth = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args);
	}
      else
	/* If we are a specialization, we might have no previously bound
	   template args.  */
	depth = 0;

      new_args = make_tree_vec (depth + extra_arg_depth + (!!spec_args));

      if (depth == 1)
	TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, 0) = args;
      else
	for (i = 0; i < depth; ++i)
	  TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, i) = TREE_VEC_ELT (args, i);
    }
  else
    {
      tree type;
      int skip;

      /* For unbound args, we have to do more work.  We are getting bindings
	 for the innermost args from extra_args, so we start from our
	 context and work out until we've seen all the args.  We need to
	 do it this way to handle partial specialization.  */

      depth = list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl)) - 1;
      if (depth == 0)
	return extra_args;

      new_args = make_tree_vec (depth + extra_arg_depth);

      /* If this isn't a member template, extra_args is for the innermost
	 template class, so skip over it.  */
      skip = (! is_member_template (tmpl));

      if (depth > skip)
	{
	  type = DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (tmpl);
	  for (i = depth; i; type = TYPE_CONTEXT (type))
	    if (PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type)))
	      {
		if (skip)
		  skip = 0;
		else
		  {
		    --i;
		    TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, i) = CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (type);
		  }
	      }
	}
    }

  if (extra_arg_depth == 1)
    TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, depth++) = extra_args;
  else
    for (i = 0; i < extra_arg_depth; ++i)
      TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, depth++) = TREE_VEC_ELT (extra_args, i);

  if (spec_args)
    TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, depth) = spec_args;

  return new_args;
}

/* Return a new template argument vector which contains all of ARGS,
   but has as its innermost set of arguments the EXTRA_ARGS.  */

static tree
add_to_template_args (args, extra_args)
     tree args;
     tree extra_args;
{
  tree new_args;

  if (!TMPL_ARGS_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LEVELS (args))
    {
      new_args = make_tree_vec (2);
      TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, 0) = args;
    }
  else 
    {
      int i;

      new_args = make_tree_vec (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args) + 1);

      for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args); ++i)
	TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, i) = TREE_VEC_ELT (args, i);
    }
	  
  TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, 
		TREE_VEC_LENGTH (new_args) - 1) = extra_args;

  return new_args;
}

/* We've got a template header coming up; push to a new level for storing
   the parms.  */

void
begin_template_parm_list ()
{
  /* We use a non-tag-transparent scope here, which causes pushtag to
     put tags in this scope, rather than in the enclosing class or
     namespace scope.  This is the right thing, since we want
     TEMPLATE_DECLS, and not TYPE_DECLS for template classes.  For a
     global template class, push_template_decl handles putting the
     TEMPLATE_DECL into top-level scope.  For a nested template class,
     e.g.:

       template <class T> struct S1 {
         template <class T> struct S2 {}; 
       };

     pushtag contains special code to call pushdecl_with_scope on the
     TEMPLATE_DECL for S2.  */
  pushlevel (0);
  declare_pseudo_global_level ();
  ++processing_template_decl;
  ++processing_template_parmlist;
  note_template_header (0);
}

/* We've just seen template <>. */

void
begin_specialization ()
{
  note_template_header (1);
}

/* Called at then end of processing a declaration preceeded by
   template<>.  */

void 
end_specialization ()
{
  reset_specialization ();
}

/* Any template <>'s that we have seen thus far are not referring to a
   function specialization. */

void
reset_specialization ()
{
  processing_specialization = 0;
  template_header_count = 0;
}

/* We've just seen a template header.  If SPECIALIZATION is non-zero,
   it was of the form template <>.  */

static void 
note_template_header (specialization)
     int specialization;
{
  processing_specialization = specialization;
  template_header_count++;
}

/* We're beginning an explicit instantiation.  */

void
begin_explicit_instantiation ()
{
  ++processing_explicit_instantiation;
}


void
end_explicit_instantiation ()
{
  my_friendly_assert(processing_explicit_instantiation > 0, 0);
  --processing_explicit_instantiation;
}

/* Retrieve the specialization (in the sense of [temp.spec] - a
   specialization is either an instantiation or an explicit
   specialization) of TMPL for the given template ARGS.  If there is
   no such specialization, return NULL_TREE.  The ARGS are a vector of
   arguments, or a vector of vectors of arguments, in the case of
   templates with more than one level of parameters.  */
   
static tree
retrieve_specialization (tmpl, args)
     tree tmpl;
     tree args;
{
  tree s;

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (tmpl) == TEMPLATE_DECL, 0);

  for (s = DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (tmpl);
       s != NULL_TREE;
       s = TREE_CHAIN (s))
    if (comp_template_args (TREE_PURPOSE (s), args))
      return TREE_VALUE (s);

  return NULL_TREE;
}

/* Returns non-zero iff DECL is a specialization of TMPL.  */

int
is_specialization_of (decl, tmpl)
     tree decl;
     tree tmpl;
{
  tree t;

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      for (t = decl; 
	   t != NULL_TREE;
	   t = DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (t) ? DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (t) : NULL_TREE)
	if (t == tmpl)
	  return 1;
    }
  else 
    {
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL, 0);

      for (t = TREE_TYPE (decl);
	   t != NULL_TREE;
	   t = CLASSTYPE_USE_TEMPLATE (t)
	     ? TREE_TYPE (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t)) : NULL_TREE)
	if (comptypes (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t), 
		       TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (tmpl)), 1))
	  return 1;
    }  

  return 0;
}

/* Register the specialization SPEC as a specialization of TMPL with
   the indicated ARGS.  */

static void
register_specialization (spec, tmpl, args)
     tree spec;
     tree tmpl;
     tree args;
{
  tree s;

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (tmpl) == TEMPLATE_DECL, 0);

  if (TREE_CODE (spec) != TEMPLATE_DECL
      && list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl)) > 1)
    /* Avoid registering function declarations as
       specializations of member templates, as would otherwise
       happen with out-of-class specializations of member
       templates.  */
    return;
    
  for (s = DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (tmpl);
       s != NULL_TREE;
       s = TREE_CHAIN (s))
    if (comp_template_args (TREE_PURPOSE (s), args))
      {
	tree fn = TREE_VALUE (s);

	if (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (spec))
	  {
	    if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (fn))
	      {
		if (TREE_USED (fn) 
		    || DECL_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (fn))
		  {
		    cp_error ("specialization of %D after instantiation",
			      fn);
		    return;
		  }
		else
		  {
		    /* This situation should occur only if the first
		       specialization is an implicit instantiation,
		       the second is an explicit specialization, and
		       the implicit instantiation has not yet been
		       used.  That situation can occur if we have
		       implicitly instantiated a member function of
		       class type, and then specialized it later.  */
		    TREE_VALUE (s) = spec;
		    return;
		  }
	      }
	    else if (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (fn))
	      {
		if (DECL_INITIAL (fn))
		  cp_error ("duplicate specialization of %D", fn);

		TREE_VALUE (s) = spec;
		return;
	      }
	  }
      }

  DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (tmpl)
     = perm_tree_cons (args, spec, DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (tmpl));
}

/* Print the list of candidate FNS in an error message.  */

static void
print_candidates (fns)
     tree fns;
{
  tree fn;

  char* str = "candidates are:";

  for (fn = fns; fn != NULL_TREE; fn = TREE_CHAIN (fn))
    {
      cp_error_at ("%s %+#D", str, TREE_VALUE (fn));
      str = "               ";
    }
}

/* Returns the template (one of the functions given by TEMPLATE_ID)
   which can be specialized to match the indicated DECL with the
   explicit template args given in TEMPLATE_ID.  If
   NEED_MEMBER_TEMPLATE is true the function is a specialization of a
   member template.  The template args (those explicitly specified and
   those deduced) are output in a newly created vector *TARGS_OUT.  If
   it is impossible to determine the result, an error message is
   issued, unless COMPLAIN is 0.  The DECL may be NULL_TREE if none is
   available.  */

tree
determine_specialization (template_id, decl, targs_out, 
			  need_member_template,
			  complain)
     tree template_id;
     tree decl;
     tree* targs_out;
     int need_member_template;
     int complain;
{
  tree fns, targs_in;
  tree templates = NULL_TREE;
  tree fn;
  int i;

  *targs_out = NULL_TREE;

  if (template_id == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  fns = TREE_OPERAND (template_id, 0);
  targs_in = TREE_OPERAND (template_id, 1);

  if (fns == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  /* Check for baselinks. */
  if (TREE_CODE (fns) == TREE_LIST)
    fns = TREE_VALUE (fns);

  for (; fns; fns = OVL_NEXT (fns))
    {
      tree tmpl;

      fn = OVL_CURRENT (fns);
      if (!need_member_template 
	  && TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL 
	  && DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P (fn)
	  && DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (fn)
	  && DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (fn))
	/* We can get here when processing something like:
	     template <class T> class X { void f(); }
	     template <> void X<int>::f() {}
	   We're specializing a member function, but not a member
	   template.  */
	tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (fn);
      else if (TREE_CODE (fn) != TEMPLATE_DECL
	       || (need_member_template && !is_member_template (fn)))
	continue;
      else
	tmpl = fn;

      if (list_length (targs_in) > DECL_NTPARMS (tmpl))
	continue;

      if (decl == NULL_TREE)
	{
	  tree targs = make_scratch_vec (DECL_NTPARMS (tmpl));

	  /* We allow incomplete unification here, because we are going to
	     check all the functions. */
	  i = type_unification (DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl),
				targs,
				NULL_TREE,
				NULL_TREE,  
				targs_in,
				DEDUCE_EXACT, 1);
      
	  if (i == 0) 
	    /* Unification was successful.  */
	    templates = scratch_tree_cons (targs, tmpl, templates);
	}
      else
	templates = scratch_tree_cons (NULL_TREE, tmpl, templates);
    }
  
  if (decl != NULL_TREE)
    {
      tree tmpl = most_specialized (templates, decl, targs_in);

      if (tmpl == error_mark_node) 
	goto ambiguous;
      else if (tmpl == NULL_TREE)
	goto no_match;

      *targs_out = get_bindings (tmpl, decl, targs_in);
      return tmpl;
    }

  if (templates == NULL_TREE)
    {
    no_match:
      if (complain)
	{
	  cp_error_at ("template-id `%D' for `%+D' does not match any template declaration",
		       template_id, decl);
	  return error_mark_node;
	}
      return NULL_TREE;
    }
  else if (TREE_CHAIN (templates) != NULL_TREE) 
    {
    ambiguous:
      if (complain)
	{
	  cp_error_at ("ambiguous template specialization `%D' for `%+D'",
		       template_id, decl);
	  print_candidates (templates);
	  return error_mark_node;
	}
      return NULL_TREE;
    }

  /* We have one, and exactly one, match. */
  *targs_out = TREE_PURPOSE (templates);
  return TREE_VALUE (templates);
}
      
/* Check to see if the function just declared, as indicated in
   DECLARATOR, and in DECL, is a specialization of a function
   template.  We may also discover that the declaration is an explicit
   instantiation at this point.

   Returns DECL, or an equivalent declaration that should be used
   instead. 
   
   FLAGS is a bitmask consisting of the following flags: 

   1: We are being called by finish_struct.  (We are unable to
      determine what template is specialized by an in-class
      declaration until the class definition is complete, so
      finish_struct_methods calls this function again later to finish
      the job.)
   2: The function has a definition.
   4: The function is a friend.
   8: The function is known to be a specialization of a member
      template. 

   The TEMPLATE_COUNT is the number of references to qualifying
   template classes that appeared in the name of the function.  For
   example, in

     template <class T> struct S { void f(); };
     void S<int>::f();
     
   the TEMPLATE_COUNT would be 1.  However, explicitly specialized
   classes are not counted in the TEMPLATE_COUNT, so that in

     template <class T> struct S {};
     template <> struct S<int> { void f(); }
     template <>
     void S<int>::f();

   the TEMPLATE_COUNT would be 0.  (Note that this declaration is
   illegal; there should be no template <>.)

   If the function is a specialization, it is marked as such via
   DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION.  Furthermore, its DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO
   is set up correctly, and it is added to the list of specializations 
   for that template.  */

tree
check_explicit_specialization (declarator, decl, template_count, flags)
     tree declarator;
     tree decl;
     int template_count;
     int flags;
{
  int finish_member = flags & 1;
  int have_def = flags & 2;
  int is_friend = flags & 4;
  int specialization = 0;
  int explicit_instantiation = 0;
  int member_specialization = flags & 8;

  tree ctype = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl);
  tree dname = DECL_NAME (decl);

  if (!finish_member)
    {
      if (processing_specialization) 
	{
	  /* The last template header was of the form template <>.  */
	  
	  if (template_header_count > template_count) 
	    {
	      /* There were more template headers than qualifying template
		 classes.  */
	      if (template_header_count - template_count > 1)
		/* There shouldn't be that many template parameter
		   lists.  There can be at most one parameter list for
		   every qualifying class, plus one for the function
		   itself.  */
		cp_error ("too many template parameter lists in declaration of `%D'", decl);

	      SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl);
	      if (ctype)
		member_specialization = 1;
	      else
		specialization = 1;
	    }
	  else if (template_header_count == template_count)
	    {
	      /* The counts are equal.  So, this might be a
		 specialization, but it is not a specialization of a
		 member template.  It might be something like
		 
		 template <class T> struct S { 
	         void f(int i); 
		 };
		 template <>
		 void S<int>::f(int i) {}  */
	      specialization = 1;
	      SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl);
	    }
	  else 
	    {
	      /* This cannot be an explicit specialization.  There are not
		 enough headers for all of the qualifying classes.  For
		 example, we might have:
	     
		 template <>
		 void S<int>::T<char>::f();

		 But, we're missing another template <>.  */
	      cp_error("too few template parameter lists in declaration of `%D'", decl);
	      return decl;
	    } 
	}
      else if (processing_explicit_instantiation)
	{
	  if (template_header_count)
	    cp_error ("template parameter list used in explicit instantiation");
	  
	  if (have_def)
	    cp_error ("definition provided for explicit instantiation");

	  explicit_instantiation = 1;
	}
      else if (ctype != NULL_TREE
	       && !TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (ctype)
	       && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (ctype))
	{
	  /* This case catches outdated code that looks like this:

	     template <class T> struct S { void f(); };
	     void S<int>::f() {} // Missing template <>

	     We disable this check when the type is being defined to
	     avoid complaining about default compiler-generated
	     constructors, destructors, and assignment operators.
	     Since the type is an instantiation, not a specialization,
	     these are the only functions that can be defined before
	     the class is complete.  */

	  /* If they said
	       template <class T> void S<int>::f() {}
	     that's bogus.  */
	  if (template_header_count)
	    {
	      cp_error ("template parameters specified in specialization");
	      return decl;
	    }

	  if (pedantic)
	    cp_pedwarn
	      ("explicit specialization not preceded by `template <>'");
	  specialization = 1;
	  SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl);
	}
      else if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
	{
	  /* This case handles bogus declarations like
	     template <> template <class T>
	     void f<int>();  */

	  cp_error ("template-id `%D' in declaration of primary template",
		    declarator);
	  return decl;
	}
    }

  if (specialization || member_specialization)
    {
      tree t = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl));
      for (; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
	if (TREE_PURPOSE (t))
	  {
	    cp_pedwarn
	      ("default argument specified in explicit specialization");
	    break;
	  }
    }

  if (specialization || member_specialization || explicit_instantiation)
    {
      tree tmpl = NULL_TREE;
      tree targs = NULL_TREE;

      /* Make sure that the declarator is a TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (declarator) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
	{
	  tree fns;

	  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (declarator) == IDENTIFIER_NODE, 
			      0);
	  if (!ctype)
	    fns = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (dname);
	  else
	    fns = dname;

	  declarator = 
	    lookup_template_function (fns, NULL_TREE);
	}

      if (declarator == error_mark_node)
	return error_mark_node;

      if (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0)) == LOOKUP_EXPR)
	{
	  /* A friend declaration.  We can't do much, because we don't
	   know what this resolves to, yet.  */
	  my_friendly_assert (is_friend != 0, 0);
	  my_friendly_assert (!explicit_instantiation, 0);
	  SET_DECL_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (decl);
	  return decl;
	} 

      if (ctype != NULL_TREE && TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (ctype))
	{
	  if (!explicit_instantiation)
	    {
	      /* Since finish_struct_1 has not been called yet, we
		 can't call lookup_fnfields.  We note that this
		 template is a specialization, and proceed, letting
		 finish_struct fix this up later.  */
	      tree ti = perm_tree_cons (NULL_TREE, 
					TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 1),
					NULL_TREE);
	      TI_PENDING_SPECIALIZATION_FLAG (ti) = 1;
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) = ti;
	    }
	  else
	    /* It's not legal to write an explicit instantiation in
	       class scope, e.g.:

	         class C { template void f(); }

	       This case is caught by the parser.  However, on
	       something like:
	       
	         template class C { void f(); };

	       (which is illegal) we can get here.  The error will be
	       issued later.  */
	    ;

	  return decl;
	}
      else if (ctype != NULL_TREE 
	       && (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0)) ==
		   IDENTIFIER_NODE))
	{
	  /* Find the list of functions in ctype that have the same
	     name as the declared function.  */
	  tree name = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
	  tree fns;
	  
	  if (name == constructor_name (ctype) 
	      || name == constructor_name_full (ctype))
	    {
	      int is_constructor = DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (decl);
	      
	      if (is_constructor ? !TYPE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (ctype)
		  : !TYPE_HAS_DESTRUCTOR (ctype))
		{
		  /* From [temp.expl.spec]:
		       
		     If such an explicit specialization for the member
		     of a class template names an implicitly-declared
		     special member function (clause _special_), the
		     program is ill-formed.  

		     Similar language is found in [temp.explicit].  */
		  cp_error ("specialization of implicitly-declared special member function");

		  return decl;
		}

	      name = is_constructor ? ctor_identifier : dtor_identifier;
	    }

	  fns = lookup_fnfields (TYPE_BINFO (ctype), name, 1);
	  
	  if (fns == NULL_TREE) 
	    {
	      cp_error ("no member function `%s' declared in `%T'",
			IDENTIFIER_POINTER (name),
			ctype);
	      return decl;
	    }
	  else
	    TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0) = fns;
	}
      
      /* Figure out what exactly is being specialized at this point.
	 Note that for an explicit instantiation, even one for a
	 member function, we cannot tell apriori whether the
	 instantiation is for a member template, or just a member
	 function of a template class.  In particular, even in if the
	 instantiation is for a member template, the template
	 arguments could be deduced from the declaration.  */
      tmpl = determine_specialization (declarator, decl,
				       &targs, 
				       member_specialization,
				       1);
	    
      if (tmpl && tmpl != error_mark_node)
	{
	  if (explicit_instantiation)
	    {
	      decl = instantiate_template (tmpl, targs);
	      if (!DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
		/* There doesn't seem to be anything in the draft to
		   prevent a specialization from being explicitly
		   instantiated.  We're careful not to destroy the
		   information indicating that this is a
		   specialization here.  */
		SET_DECL_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (decl);
	      return decl;
	    }
	  else if (DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (tmpl)
		   && DECL_NONSTATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION_P (decl))
	    {
	      revert_static_member_fn (&decl, 0, 0);
	      last_function_parms = TREE_CHAIN (last_function_parms);
	    }

	  /* Mangle the function name appropriately.  Note that we do
	     not mangle specializations of non-template member
	     functions of template classes, e.g. with
	       template <class T> struct S { void f(); }
	     and given the specialization 
	       template <> void S<int>::f() {}
	     we do not mangle S<int>::f() here.  That's because it's
	     just an ordinary member function and doesn't need special
	     treatment.  */
	  if ((is_member_template (tmpl) || ctype == NULL_TREE)
	      && name_mangling_version >= 1)
	    {
	      tree arg_types = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (tmpl));

	      if (ctype 
		  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (tmpl)) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
		arg_types = 
		  hash_tree_chain (build_pointer_type (ctype),
				   arg_types);

	      DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) 
		= build_template_decl_overload 
		(decl, arg_types, TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (tmpl)),
		 DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl),
		 targs, ctype != NULL_TREE);
	    }

	  if (is_friend && !have_def)
	    {
	      /* This is not really a declaration of a specialization.
		 It's just the name of an instantiation.  But, it's not
		 a request for an instantiation, either.  */
	      SET_DECL_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (decl);
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) 
		= perm_tree_cons (tmpl, targs, NULL_TREE);
	      return decl;
	    }

	  /* If DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl), the decl is an
	     instantiation of a specialization of a member template.
	     (In other words, there was a member template, in a
	     class template.  That member template was specialized.
	     We then instantiated the class, so there is now an
	     instance of that specialization.)  

	     According to the CD2,

	     14.7.3.13 [tmpl.expl.spec]
	       
	     A specialization  of  a member function template or
	     member class template of a non-specialized class
	     template is itself a template.	        

	     So, we just leave the template info alone in this case.  */
	  if (!(DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) && DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl)))
	    DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl)
	      = perm_tree_cons (tmpl, targs, NULL_TREE);

	  register_specialization (decl, tmpl, targs);

	  return decl;
	}
    }
  
  return decl;
}

/* Returns 1 iff PARMS1 and PARMS2 are identical sets of template
   parameters.  These are represented in the same format used for
   DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS.  */

int comp_template_parms (parms1, parms2)
     tree parms1;
     tree parms2;
{
  tree p1;
  tree p2;

  if (parms1 == parms2)
    return 1;

  for (p1 = parms1, p2 = parms2; 
       p1 != NULL_TREE && p2 != NULL_TREE;
       p1 = TREE_CHAIN (p1), p2 = TREE_CHAIN (p2))
    {
      tree t1 = TREE_VALUE (p1);
      tree t2 = TREE_VALUE (p2);
      int i;

      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (t1) == TREE_VEC, 0);
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (t2) == TREE_VEC, 0);

      if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t1) != TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t2))
	return 0;

      for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t2); ++i) 
	{
	  tree parm1 = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (t1, i));
	  tree parm2 = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (t2, i));

	  if (TREE_CODE (parm1) != TREE_CODE (parm2))
	    return 0;

	  if (TREE_CODE (parm1) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM)
	    continue;
	  else if (!comptypes (TREE_TYPE (parm1), 
			       TREE_TYPE (parm2), 1))
	    return 0;
	}
    }

  if ((p1 != NULL_TREE) != (p2 != NULL_TREE))
    /* One set of parameters has more parameters lists than the
       other.  */
    return 0;

  return 1;
}

/* Return a new TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX with the indicated INDEX, LEVEL,
   ORIG_LEVEL, DECL, and TYPE.  */

static tree
build_template_parm_index (index, level, orig_level, decl, type)
     int index;
     int level;
     int orig_level;
     tree decl;
     tree type;
{
  tree t = make_node (TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX);
  TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (t) = index;
  TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (t) = level;
  TEMPLATE_PARM_ORIG_LEVEL (t) = orig_level;
  TEMPLATE_PARM_DECL (t) = decl;
  TREE_TYPE (t) = type;

  return t;
}

/* Return a TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX, similar to INDEX, but whose
   TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL has been decreased by LEVELS.  If such a
   TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX already exists, it is returned; otherwise, a
   new one is created.  */

static tree 
reduce_template_parm_level (index, type, levels)
     tree index;
     tree type;
     int levels;
{
  if (TEMPLATE_PARM_DESCENDANTS (index) == NULL_TREE
      || (TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (TEMPLATE_PARM_DESCENDANTS (index))
	  != TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (index) - levels))
    {
      tree decl 
	= build_decl (TREE_CODE (TEMPLATE_PARM_DECL (index)),
		      DECL_NAME (TEMPLATE_PARM_DECL (index)),
		      type);
      tree t
	= build_template_parm_index (TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (index),
				     TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (index) - levels,
				     TEMPLATE_PARM_ORIG_LEVEL (index),
				     decl, type);
      TEMPLATE_PARM_DESCENDANTS (index) = t;

      /* Template template parameters need this.  */
      DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (decl)
	= DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (TEMPLATE_PARM_DECL (index));
    }

  return TEMPLATE_PARM_DESCENDANTS (index);
}

/* Process information from new template parameter NEXT and append it to the
   LIST being built.  */

tree
process_template_parm (list, next)
     tree list, next;
{
  tree parm;
  tree decl = 0;
  tree defval;
  int is_type, idx;

  parm = next;
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (parm) == TREE_LIST, 259);
  defval = TREE_PURPOSE (parm);
  parm = TREE_VALUE (parm);
  is_type = TREE_PURPOSE (parm) == class_type_node;

  if (list)
    {
      tree p = TREE_VALUE (tree_last (list));

      if (TREE_CODE (p) == TYPE_DECL)
	idx = TEMPLATE_TYPE_IDX (TREE_TYPE (p));
      else if (TREE_CODE (p) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
	idx = TEMPLATE_TYPE_IDX (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (p)));
      else
	idx = TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (DECL_INITIAL (p));
      ++idx;
    }
  else
    idx = 0;

  if (!is_type)
    {
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (parm)) == TREE_LIST, 260);
      /* is a const-param */
      parm = grokdeclarator (TREE_VALUE (parm), TREE_PURPOSE (parm),
			     PARM, 0, NULL_TREE);
      /* A template parameter is not modifiable.  */
      TREE_READONLY (parm) = 1;
      if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (parm))
	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (parm)) != TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (parm)) != TYPENAME_TYPE)
	{
	  cp_error ("`%#T' is not a valid type for a template constant parameter",
		    TREE_TYPE (parm));
	  if (DECL_NAME (parm) == NULL_TREE)
	    error ("  a template type parameter must begin with `class' or `typename'");
	  TREE_TYPE (parm) = void_type_node;
	}
      else if (pedantic
	       && (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (parm)) == REAL_TYPE
		   || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (parm)) == COMPLEX_TYPE))
	cp_pedwarn ("`%T' is not a valid type for a template constant parameter",
		    TREE_TYPE (parm));
      if (TREE_PERMANENT (parm) == 0)
        {
	  parm = copy_node (parm);
	  TREE_PERMANENT (parm) = 1;
        }
      decl = build_decl (CONST_DECL, DECL_NAME (parm), TREE_TYPE (parm));
      DECL_INITIAL (parm) = DECL_INITIAL (decl) 
	= build_template_parm_index (idx, processing_template_decl,
				     processing_template_decl,
				     decl, TREE_TYPE (parm));
    }
  else
    {
      tree t;
      parm = TREE_VALUE (parm);
      
      if (parm && TREE_CODE (parm) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
	{
	  t = make_lang_type (TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM);
	  /* This is for distinguishing between real templates and template 
	     template parameters */
	  TREE_TYPE (parm) = t;
	  TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (parm)) = t;
	  decl = parm;
	}
      else
	{
	  t = make_lang_type (TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM);
	  /* parm is either IDENTIFIER_NODE or NULL_TREE */
	  decl = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, parm, t);
	}
        
      CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (t) = 1;
      TYPE_NAME (t) = decl;
      TYPE_STUB_DECL (t) = decl;
      parm = decl;
      TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM_INDEX (t)
	= build_template_parm_index (idx, processing_template_decl, 
				     processing_template_decl,
				     decl, TREE_TYPE (parm));
    }
  SET_DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl);
  pushdecl (decl);
  parm = build_tree_list (defval, parm);
  return chainon (list, parm);
}

/* The end of a template parameter list has been reached.  Process the
   tree list into a parameter vector, converting each parameter into a more
   useful form.	 Type parameters are saved as IDENTIFIER_NODEs, and others
   as PARM_DECLs.  */

tree
end_template_parm_list (parms)
     tree parms;
{
  int nparms;
  tree parm;
  tree saved_parmlist = make_tree_vec (list_length (parms));

  current_template_parms
    = tree_cons (build_int_2 (0, processing_template_decl),
		 saved_parmlist, current_template_parms);

  for (parm = parms, nparms = 0; parm; parm = TREE_CHAIN (parm), nparms++)
    TREE_VEC_ELT (saved_parmlist, nparms) = parm;

  --processing_template_parmlist;

  return saved_parmlist;
}

/* end_template_decl is called after a template declaration is seen.  */

void
end_template_decl ()
{
  reset_specialization ();

  if (! processing_template_decl)
    return;

  /* This matches the pushlevel in begin_template_parm_list.  */
  poplevel (0, 0, 0);

  --processing_template_decl;
  current_template_parms = TREE_CHAIN (current_template_parms);
  (void) get_pending_sizes ();	/* Why? */
}

/* Generate a valid set of template args from current_template_parms.  */

tree
current_template_args ()
{
  tree header = current_template_parms;
  int length = list_length (header);
  tree args = make_tree_vec (length);
  int l = length;

  while (header)
    {
      tree a = copy_node (TREE_VALUE (header));
      int i = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (a);
      TREE_TYPE (a) = NULL_TREE;
      while (i--)
	{
	  tree t = TREE_VEC_ELT (a, i);

	  /* t will be a list if we are called from within a
	     begin/end_template_parm_list pair, but a vector directly
	     if within a begin/end_member_template_processing pair.  */
	  if (TREE_CODE (t) == TREE_LIST) 
	    {
	      t = TREE_VALUE (t);
	      
	      if (TREE_CODE (t) == TYPE_DECL 
		  || TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
		t = TREE_TYPE (t);
	      else
		t = DECL_INITIAL (t);
	    }

	  TREE_VEC_ELT (a, i) = t;
	}
      TREE_VEC_ELT (args, --l) = a;
      header = TREE_CHAIN (header);
    }

  return args;
}


/* Return a TEMPLATE_DECL corresponding to DECL, using the indicated
   template PARMS.  Used by push_template_decl below.  */

static tree
build_template_decl (decl, parms)
     tree decl;
     tree parms;
{
  tree tmpl = build_lang_decl (TEMPLATE_DECL, DECL_NAME (decl), NULL_TREE);
  DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl) = parms;
  DECL_CONTEXT (tmpl) = DECL_CONTEXT (decl);
  if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl))
    {
      DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (tmpl) = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl);
      DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (tmpl) = 
	DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl);
    }

  return tmpl;
}

struct template_parm_data
{
  int level;
  int* parms;
};

/* Subroutine of push_template_decl used to see if each template
   parameter in a partial specialization is used in the explicit
   argument list.  If T is of the LEVEL given in DATA (which is
   treated as a template_parm_data*), then DATA->PARMS is marked
   appropriately.  */

static int
mark_template_parm (t, data)
     tree t;
     void* data;
{
  int level;
  int idx;
  struct template_parm_data* tpd = (struct template_parm_data*) data;

  if (TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX)
    {
      level = TEMPLATE_PARM_LEVEL (t);
      idx = TEMPLATE_PARM_IDX (t);
    }
  else
    {
      level = TEMPLATE_TYPE_LEVEL (t);
      idx = TEMPLATE_TYPE_IDX (t);
    }

  if (level == tpd->level)
    tpd->parms[idx] = 1;

  /* Return zero so that for_each_template_parm will continue the
     traversal of the tree; we want to mark *every* template parm.  */
  return 0;
}

/* Creates a TEMPLATE_DECL for the indicated DECL using the template
   parameters given by current_template_args, or reuses a
   previously existing one, if appropriate.  Returns the DECL, or an
   equivalent one, if it is replaced via a call to duplicate_decls.  

   If IS_FRIEND is non-zero, DECL is a friend declaration.  */

tree
push_template_decl_real (decl, is_friend)
     tree decl;
     int is_friend;
{
  tree tmpl;
  tree args;
  tree info;
  tree ctx;
  int primary;

  is_friend |= (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL && DECL_FRIEND_P (decl));

  if (is_friend)
    /* For a friend, we want the context of the friend function, not
       the type of which it is a friend.  */
    ctx = DECL_CONTEXT (decl);
  else if (DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl)
	   && TREE_CODE (DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl)) != NAMESPACE_DECL)
    /* In the case of a virtual function, we want the class in which
       it is defined.  */
    ctx = DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl);
  else
    /* Otherwise, if we're currently definining some class, the DECL
       is assumed to be a member of the class.  */
    ctx = current_class_type;

  if (ctx && TREE_CODE (ctx) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    ctx = NULL_TREE;

  if (!DECL_CONTEXT (decl))
    DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (current_namespace);

  /* For determining whether this is a primary template or not, we're really
     interested in the lexical context, not the true context.  */
  if (is_friend)
    /* For a TYPE_DECL, there is no DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT.  */
    info = TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL 
      ? DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl) : current_class_type;
  else
    info = ctx;

  if (info && TREE_CODE (info) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    primary = 0;
  /* Note that template_class_depth returns 0 if given NULL_TREE, so
     this next line works even when we are at global scope.  */
  else if (processing_template_decl > template_class_depth (info))
    primary = 1;
  else
    primary = 0;

  if (primary)
    {
      if (current_lang_name == lang_name_c)
	cp_error ("template with C linkage");
      if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL && ANON_AGGRNAME_P (DECL_NAME (decl)))
	cp_error ("template class without a name");
    }

  /* Partial specialization.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl)
      && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
    {
      tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
      tree maintmpl = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type);
      tree mainargs = CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (type);
      tree spec = DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (maintmpl);

      /* We check that each of the template parameters given in the
	 partial specialization is used in the argument list to the
	 specialization.  For example:
	 
	   template <class T> struct S;
	   template <class T> struct S<T*>;

	 The second declaration is OK because `T*' uses the template
	 parameter T, whereas
       
           template <class T> struct S<int>;

	 is no good.  Even trickier is:

	   template <class T>
	   struct S1
	   {
	      template <class U>
	      struct S2;
	      template <class U>
	      struct S2<T>;
	   };
	   
	 The S2<T> declaration is actually illegal; it is a
	 full-specialization.  Of course, 

              template <class U>
              struct S2<T (*)(U)>;

         or some such would have been OK.  */
      int  i;
      struct template_parm_data tpd;
      int ntparms = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (TREE_VALUE (current_template_parms));
      int did_error_intro = 0;

      tpd.level = TREE_INT_CST_HIGH (TREE_PURPOSE (current_template_parms));
      tpd.parms = alloca (sizeof (int) * ntparms);
      for (i = 0; i < ntparms; ++i)
	tpd.parms[i] = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (mainargs); ++i)
	for_each_template_parm (TREE_VEC_ELT (mainargs, i),
				&mark_template_parm,
				&tpd);
      for (i = 0; i < ntparms; ++i)
	if (tpd.parms[i] == 0)
	  {
	    /* One of the template parms was not used in the
	       specialization.  */
	    if (!did_error_intro)
	      {
		cp_error ("template parameters not used in partial specialization:");
		did_error_intro = 1;
	      }

	    cp_error ("        `%D'", 
		      TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT 
				  (TREE_VALUE (current_template_parms),
				   i)));
	  }

      for (; spec; spec = TREE_CHAIN (spec))
	{
	  /* purpose: args to main template
	     value: spec template */
	  if (comp_template_args (TREE_PURPOSE (spec), mainargs))
	    return decl;
	}

      DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (maintmpl) = CLASSTYPE_TI_SPEC_INFO (type)
	= perm_tree_cons (mainargs, TREE_VALUE (current_template_parms),
			  DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (maintmpl));
      TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (maintmpl)) = type;
      return decl;
    }

  args = current_template_args ();

  if (!ctx 
      || TREE_CODE (ctx) == FUNCTION_DECL
      || TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (ctx)
      || (is_friend && !DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl)))
    {
      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl)
	  && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl)
	  && DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl))
	tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl);
      else
	{
	  tmpl = build_template_decl (decl, current_template_parms);
	  
	  if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl)
	      && DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
	    {
	      /* A specialization of a member template of a template
		 class. */
	      SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (tmpl);
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (tmpl) = DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl);
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) = NULL_TREE;
	    }
	}
    }
  else
    {
      tree t;
      tree a;

      if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (ctx))
	cp_error ("must specialize `%#T' before defining member `%#D'",
		  ctx, decl);
      if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL)
	{
	  if (IS_AGGR_TYPE_CODE (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
	      && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (TREE_TYPE (decl))
	      && CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
	    tmpl = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (TREE_TYPE (decl));
	  else
	    {
	      cp_error ("`%D' does not declare a template type", decl);
	      return decl;
	    }
	}
      else if (! DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
	{
	  cp_error ("template definition of non-template `%#D'", decl);
	  return decl;
	}
      else
	tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl);
      
      if (is_member_template (tmpl) || is_member_template_class (tmpl))
	{
	  if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (tmpl)
	      && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) && DECL_TI_ARGS (decl) 
	      && DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
	    {
	      tree new_tmpl;

	      /* The declaration is a specialization of a member
		 template, declared outside the class.  Therefore, the
		 innermost template arguments will be NULL, so we
		 replace them with the arguments determined by the
		 earlier call to check_explicit_specialization.  */
	      args = DECL_TI_ARGS (decl);

	      new_tmpl 
		= build_template_decl (decl, current_template_parms);
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (new_tmpl) = decl;
	      TREE_TYPE (new_tmpl) = TREE_TYPE (decl);
	      DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl) = new_tmpl;
	      SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (new_tmpl);
	      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (new_tmpl) = 
		perm_tree_cons (tmpl, args, NULL_TREE);

	      register_specialization (new_tmpl, tmpl, args);
	      return decl;
	    }
	  
	  a = TREE_VEC_ELT (args, TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args) - 1);
	  t = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl);
	  if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t) != TREE_VEC_LENGTH (a))
	    {
	      cp_error ("got %d template parameters for `%#D'",
			TREE_VEC_LENGTH (a), decl);
	      cp_error ("  but %d required", TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t));
	    }
	  if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args) > 1)
	    /* Get the template parameters for the enclosing template
	       class.  */ 
	    a = TREE_VEC_ELT (args, TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args) - 2);
	  else
	    a = NULL_TREE;
	}
      else 
	a = TREE_VEC_ELT (args, TREE_VEC_LENGTH (args) - 1);

      t = NULL_TREE;

      if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (ctx))
	{
	  /* When processing an inline member template of a
	     specialized class, there is no CLASSTYPE_TI_SPEC_INFO.  */
	  if (CLASSTYPE_TI_SPEC_INFO (ctx))
	    t = TREE_VALUE (CLASSTYPE_TI_SPEC_INFO (ctx));
	}
      else if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (ctx))
	t = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (ctx));

      /* There should be template arguments if and only if there is a
	 template class.  */
      my_friendly_assert((a != NULL_TREE) == (t != NULL_TREE), 0);

      if (t != NULL_TREE 
	  && TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t) != TREE_VEC_LENGTH (a))
	{
	  cp_error ("got %d template parameters for `%#D'",
		    TREE_VEC_LENGTH (a), decl);
	  cp_error ("  but `%#T' has %d", ctx, TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t));
	}
    }
  /* Get the innermost set of template arguments.  We don't do this
     for a non-template member function of a nested template class
     because there we will never get a `partial instantiation' of the
     function containing the outer arguments, and so we must save all
     of the arguments here.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) != FUNCTION_DECL 
      || template_class_depth (ctx) <= 1
      || primary)
    args = innermost_args (args, 0);

  DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (tmpl) = decl;
  TREE_TYPE (tmpl) = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  if (! ctx && !(is_friend && template_class_depth (info) > 0))
    /* Note that we do not try to push a global template friend
       declared in a template class; such a thing may well depend on
       the template parameters of the class.  */
    tmpl = pushdecl_namespace_level (tmpl);

  if (primary)
    DECL_PRIMARY_TEMPLATE (tmpl) = tmpl;

  info = perm_tree_cons (tmpl, args, NULL_TREE);

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl))
    {
      CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (TREE_TYPE (tmpl)) = info;
      if (!ctx || TREE_CODE (ctx) != FUNCTION_DECL)
	DECL_NAME (decl) = classtype_mangled_name (TREE_TYPE (decl));
    }
  else if (! DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl))
    cp_error ("template declaration of `%#D'", decl);
  else
    DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl) = info;

  return DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (tmpl);
}

tree
push_template_decl (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  return push_template_decl_real (decl, 0);
}

/* Called when a class template TYPE is redeclared with the indicated
   template PARMS, e.g.:

     template <class T> struct S;
     template <class T> struct S {};  */

void 
redeclare_class_template (type, parms)
     tree type;
     tree parms;
{
  tree tmpl = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type);
  tree tmpl_parms;
  int i;

  if (!PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (tmpl))
    /* The type is nested in some template class.  Nothing to worry
       about here; there are no new template parameters for the nested
       type.  */
    return;

  parms = INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (parms);
  tmpl_parms = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (tmpl);

  if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parms) != TREE_VEC_LENGTH (tmpl_parms))
    {
      cp_error_at ("previous declaration `%D'", tmpl);
      cp_error ("used %d template parameter%s instead of %d",
		TREE_VEC_LENGTH (tmpl_parms), 
		TREE_VEC_LENGTH (tmpl_parms) == 1 ? "" : "s",
		TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parms));
      return;
    }

  for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (tmpl_parms); ++i)
    {
      tree tmpl_parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (tmpl_parms, i));
      tree parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i));
      tree tmpl_default = TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_VEC_ELT (tmpl_parms, i));
      tree parm_default = TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i));

      if (TREE_CODE (tmpl_parm) != TREE_CODE (parm))
	{
	  cp_error_at ("template parameter `%#D'", tmpl_parm);
	  cp_error ("redeclared here as `%#D'", parm);
	  return;
	}

      if (tmpl_default != NULL_TREE && parm_default != NULL_TREE)
	{
	  /* We have in [temp.param]:

	     A template-parameter may not be given default arguments
	     by two different declarations in the same scope.  */
	  cp_error ("redefinition of default argument for `%#D'", parm);
	  cp_error_at ("  original definition appeared here", tmpl_parm);
	  return;
	}

      if (parm_default != NULL_TREE)
	/* Update the previous template parameters (which are the ones
	   that will really count) with the new default value.  */
	TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_VEC_ELT (tmpl_parms, i)) = parm_default;
    }
}

/* Attempt to convert the non-type template parameter EXPR to the
   indicated TYPE.  If the conversion is successful, return the
   converted value.  If the conversion is unsuccesful, return
   NULL_TREE if we issued an error message, or error_mark_node if we
   did not.  We issue error messages for out-and-out bad template
   parameters, but not simply because the conversion failed, since we
   might be just trying to do argument deduction.  By the time this
   function is called, neither TYPE nor EXPR may make use of template
   parameters.  */

static tree
convert_nontype_argument (type, expr)
     tree type;
     tree expr;
{
  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE (expr);

  /* A template-argument for a non-type, non-template
     template-parameter shall be one of:

     --an integral constant-expression of integral or enumeration
     type; or
     
     --the name of a non-type template-parameter; or
     
     --the name of an object or function with external linkage,
     including function templates and function template-ids but
     excluding non-static class members, expressed as id-expression;
     or
     
     --the address of an object or function with external linkage,
     including function templates and function template-ids but
     excluding non-static class members, expressed as & id-expression
     where the & is optional if the name refers to a function or
     array; or
     
     --a pointer to member expressed as described in _expr.unary.op_.  */

  /* An integral constant-expression can include const variables
     or enumerators.  */
  if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (expr_type) && TREE_READONLY_DECL_P (expr))
    expr = decl_constant_value (expr);

  if (is_overloaded_fn (expr))
    /* OK for now.  We'll check that it has external linkage later.
       Check this first since if expr_type is the unknown_type_node
       we would otherwise complain below.  */
    ;
  else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (expr_type) 
	   || TYPE_PTRMEM_P (expr_type) 
	   || TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (expr_type)
	   /* The next two are g++ extensions.  */
	   || TREE_CODE (expr_type) == REAL_TYPE
	   || TREE_CODE (expr_type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
    {
      if (! TREE_CONSTANT (expr))
	{
	non_constant:
	  cp_error ("non-constant `%E' cannot be used as template argument",
		    expr);
	  return NULL_TREE;
	}
    }
  else if (TYPE_PTR_P (expr_type) 
	   /* If expr is the address of an overloaded function, we
	      will get the unknown_type_node at this point.  */
	   || expr_type == unknown_type_node)
    {
      tree referent;
      tree e = expr;
      STRIP_NOPS (e);

      if (TREE_CODE (e) != ADDR_EXPR)
	{
	bad_argument:
	  cp_error ("`%E' is not a valid template argument", expr);
	  error ("it must be %s%s with external linkage",
		 TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (expr)) == POINTER_TYPE
		 ? "a pointer to " : "",
		 TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (expr))) == FUNCTION_TYPE
		 ? "a function" : "an object");
	  return NULL_TREE;
	}

      referent = TREE_OPERAND (e, 0);
      STRIP_NOPS (referent);
      
      if (TREE_CODE (referent) == STRING_CST)
	{
	  cp_error ("string literal %E is not a valid template argument", 
		    referent);
	  error ("because it is the address of an object with static linkage");
	  return NULL_TREE;
	}

      if (is_overloaded_fn (referent))
	/* We'll check that it has external linkage later.  */
	;
      else if (TREE_CODE (referent) != VAR_DECL)
	goto bad_argument;
      else if (!TREE_PUBLIC (referent))
	{
	  cp_error ("address of non-extern `%E' cannot be used as template argument", referent); 
	  return error_mark_node;
	}
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (expr) == VAR_DECL)
    {
      if (!TREE_PUBLIC (expr))
	goto bad_argument;
    }
  else 
    {
      cp_error ("object `%E' cannot be used as template argument", expr);
      return NULL_TREE;
    }

  switch (TREE_CODE (type))
    {
    case INTEGER_TYPE:
    case BOOLEAN_TYPE:
    case ENUMERAL_TYPE:
      /* For a non-type template-parameter of integral or enumeration
         type, integral promotions (_conv.prom_) and integral
         conversions (_conv.integral_) are applied. */
      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (expr_type))
	return error_mark_node;
      
      /* It's safe to call digest_init in this case; we know we're
	 just converting one integral constant expression to another.  */
      expr = digest_init (type, expr, (tree*) 0);

      if (TREE_CODE (expr) != INTEGER_CST)
	/* Curiously, some TREE_CONSTNAT integral expressions do not
	   simplify to integer constants.  For example, `3 % 0',
	   remains a TRUNC_MOD_EXPR.  */
	goto non_constant;
      
      return expr;
	
    case REAL_TYPE:
    case COMPLEX_TYPE:
      /* These are g++ extensions.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (expr_type) != TREE_CODE (type))
	return error_mark_node;

      expr = digest_init (type, expr, (tree*) 0);
      
      if (TREE_CODE (expr) != REAL_CST)
	goto non_constant;

      return expr;

    case POINTER_TYPE:
      {
	tree type_pointed_to = TREE_TYPE (type);
 
	if (TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type))
	  /* For a non-type template-parameter of type pointer to data
	     member, qualification conversions (_conv.qual_) are
	     applied.  */
	  return perform_qualification_conversions (type, expr);
	else if (TREE_CODE (type_pointed_to) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
	  { 
	    /* For a non-type template-parameter of type pointer to
	       function, only the function-to-pointer conversion
	       (_conv.func_) is applied.  If the template-argument
	       represents a set of overloaded functions (or a pointer to
	       such), the matching function is selected from the set
	       (_over.over_).  */
	    tree fns;
	    tree fn;

	    if (TREE_CODE (expr) == ADDR_EXPR)
	      fns = TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0);
	    else
	      fns = expr;

	    fn = instantiate_type (type_pointed_to, fns, 0);

	    if (fn == error_mark_node)
	      return error_mark_node;

	    if (!TREE_PUBLIC (fn))
	      {
		if (really_overloaded_fn (fns))
		  return error_mark_node;
		else
		  goto bad_argument;
	      }

	    expr = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, fn, 0);

	    my_friendly_assert (comptypes (type, TREE_TYPE (expr), 1), 
				0);
	    return expr;
	  }
	else 
	  {
	    /* For a non-type template-parameter of type pointer to
	       object, qualification conversions (_conv.qual_) and the
	       array-to-pointer conversion (_conv.array_) are applied.
	       [Note: In particular, neither the null pointer conversion
	       (_conv.ptr_) nor the derived-to-base conversion
	       (_conv.ptr_) are applied.  Although 0 is a valid
	       template-argument for a non-type template-parameter of
	       integral type, it is not a valid template-argument for a
	       non-type template-parameter of pointer type.]  
	    
	       The call to decay_conversion performs the
	       array-to-pointer conversion, if appropriate.  */
	    expr = decay_conversion (expr);

	    if (expr == error_mark_node)
	      return error_mark_node;
	    else
	      return perform_qualification_conversions (type, expr);
	  }
      }
      break;

    case REFERENCE_TYPE:
      {
	tree type_referred_to = TREE_TYPE (type);

	if (TREE_CODE (type_referred_to) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
	  {
	    /* For a non-type template-parameter of type reference to
	      function, no conversions apply.  If the
	      template-argument represents a set of overloaded
	      functions, the matching function is selected from the
	      set (_over.over_).  */
	    tree fns = expr;
	    tree fn;

	    fn = instantiate_type (type_referred_to, fns, 0);

	    if (!TREE_PUBLIC (fn))
	      {
		if (really_overloaded_fn (fns))
		  /* Don't issue an error here; we might get a different
		     function if the overloading had worked out
		     differently.  */
		  return error_mark_node;
		else
		  goto bad_argument;
	      }

	    if (fn == error_mark_node)
	      return error_mark_node;

	    my_friendly_assert (comptypes (type, TREE_TYPE (fn), 1),
				0);

	    return fn;
	  }
	else
	  {
	    /* For a non-type template-parameter of type reference to
	       object, no conversions apply.  The type referred to by the
	       reference may be more cv-qualified than the (otherwise
	       identical) type of the template-argument.  The
	       template-parameter is bound directly to the
	       template-argument, which must be an lvalue.  */
	    if (!comptypes (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (expr_type),
			    TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type), 1)
		|| (TYPE_READONLY (expr_type) >
		    TYPE_READONLY (type_referred_to))
		|| (TYPE_VOLATILE (expr_type) >
		    TYPE_VOLATILE (type_referred_to))
		|| !real_lvalue_p (expr))
	      return error_mark_node;
	    else
	      return expr;
	  }
      }
      break;

    case RECORD_TYPE:
      {
	tree fns;
	tree fn;

	if (!TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (type))
	  /* This handles templates like
	       template<class T, T t> void f();
	     when T is substituted with any class.  The second template
	     parameter becomes invalid and the template candidate is
	     rejected.  */
	  return error_mark_node;

	/* For a non-type template-parameter of type pointer to member
	   function, no conversions apply.  If the template-argument
	   represents a set of overloaded member functions, the
	   matching member function is selected from the set
	   (_over.over_).  */

	if (!TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_P (expr_type) && 
	    expr_type != unknown_type_node)
	  return error_mark_node;

	if (TREE_CODE (expr) == CONSTRUCTOR)
	  {
	    /* A ptr-to-member constant.  */
	    if (!comptypes (type, expr_type, 1))
	      return error_mark_node;
	    else 
	      return expr;
	  }

	if (TREE_CODE (expr) != ADDR_EXPR)
	  return error_mark_node;

	fns = TREE_OPERAND (expr, 0);
	
	fn = instantiate_type (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (type)), 
			       fns, 0);
	
	if (fn == error_mark_node)
	  return error_mark_node;

	expr = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, fn, 0);
	
	my_friendly_assert (comptypes (type, TREE_TYPE (expr), 1), 
			    0);
	return expr;
      }
      break;

    default:
      /* All non-type parameters must have one of these types.  */
      my_friendly_abort (0);
      break;
    }

  return error_mark_node;
}

/* Return 1 if PARM_PARMS and ARG_PARMS matches using rule for 
   template template parameters.  Both PARM_PARMS and ARG_PARMS are 
   vectors of TREE_LIST nodes containing TYPE_DECL, TEMPLATE_DECL 
   or PARM_DECL.
   
   ARG_PARMS may contain more parameters than PARM_PARMS.  If this is 
   the case, then extra parameters must have default arguments.

   Consider the example:
     template <class T, class Allocator = allocator> class vector;
     template<template <class U> class TT> class C;

   C<vector> is a valid instantiation.  PARM_PARMS for the above code 
   contains a TYPE_DECL (for U),  ARG_PARMS contains two TYPE_DECLs (for 
   T and Allocator) and OUTER_ARGS contains the argument that is used to 
   substitute the TT parameter.  */

static int
coerce_template_template_parms (parm_parms, arg_parms, in_decl, outer_args)
     tree parm_parms, arg_parms, in_decl, outer_args;
{
  int nparms, nargs, i;
  tree parm, arg;

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (parm_parms) == TREE_VEC, 0);
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (arg_parms) == TREE_VEC, 0);

  nparms = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parm_parms);
  nargs = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (arg_parms);

  /* The rule here is opposite of coerce_template_parms.  */
  if (nargs < nparms
      || (nargs > nparms
	  && TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_VEC_ELT (arg_parms, nparms)) == NULL_TREE))
    return 0;

  for (i = 0; i < nparms; ++i)
    {
      parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parm_parms, i));
      arg = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (arg_parms, i));

      if (arg == NULL_TREE || arg == error_mark_node
          || parm == NULL_TREE || parm == error_mark_node)
	return 0;

      if (TREE_CODE (arg) != TREE_CODE (parm))
        return 0;

      switch (TREE_CODE (parm))
	{
	case TYPE_DECL:
	  break;

	case TEMPLATE_DECL:
	  /* We encounter instantiations of templates like
	       template <template <template <class> class> class TT>
	       class C;  */
	  sorry ("nested template template parameter");
	  return 0;

	case PARM_DECL:
	  /* The tsubst call is used to handle cases such as
	       template <class T, template <T> class TT> class D;  
	     i.e. the parameter list of TT depends on earlier parameters.  */
	  if (!comptypes (tsubst (TREE_TYPE (parm), outer_args, in_decl), 
			  TREE_TYPE (arg), 1))
	    return 0;
	  break;
	  
	default:
	  my_friendly_abort (0);
	}
    }
  return 1;
}

/* Convert all template arguments to their appropriate types, and return
   a vector containing the resulting values.  If any error occurs, return
   error_mark_node, and, if COMPLAIN is non-zero, issue an error message.
   Some error messages are issued even if COMPLAIN is zero; for
   instance, if a template argument is composed from a local class. 

   If REQUIRE_ALL_ARGUMENTS is non-zero, all arguments must be
   provided in ARGLIST, or else trailing parameters must have default
   values.  If REQUIRE_ALL_ARGUMENTS is zero, we will attempt argument
   deduction for any unspecified trailing arguments.  */
   
static tree
coerce_template_parms (parms, arglist, in_decl,
		       complain,
		       require_all_arguments)
     tree parms, arglist;
     tree in_decl;
     int complain;
     int require_all_arguments;
{
  int nparms, nargs, i, lost = 0;
  tree vec = NULL_TREE;

  if (arglist == NULL_TREE)
    nargs = 0;
  else if (TREE_CODE (arglist) == TREE_VEC)
    nargs = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (arglist);
  else
    nargs = list_length (arglist);

  nparms = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parms);

  if (nargs > nparms
      || (nargs < nparms
	  && require_all_arguments
	  && TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, nargs)) == NULL_TREE))
    {
      if (complain) 
	{
	  error ("incorrect number of parameters (%d, should be %d)",
		 nargs, nparms);
	  
	  if (in_decl)
	    cp_error_at ("in template expansion for decl `%D'",
			 in_decl);
	}

      return error_mark_node;
    }

  if (arglist && TREE_CODE (arglist) == TREE_VEC && nargs == nparms)
    vec = copy_node (arglist);
  else
    {
      vec = make_tree_vec (nparms);

      for (i = 0; i < nparms; i++)
	{
	  tree arg;
	  tree parm = TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i);

	  if (arglist && TREE_CODE (arglist) == TREE_LIST)
	    {
	      arg = arglist;
	      arglist = TREE_CHAIN (arglist);

	      if (arg == error_mark_node)
		lost++;
	      else
		arg = TREE_VALUE (arg);
	    }
	  else if (i < nargs)
	    {
	      arg = TREE_VEC_ELT (arglist, i);
	      if (arg == error_mark_node)
		lost++;
	    }
	  else if (TREE_PURPOSE (parm) == NULL_TREE)
	    {
	      my_friendly_assert (!require_all_arguments, 0);
	      break;
	    }
	  else if (TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (parm)) == TYPE_DECL)
	    arg = tsubst (TREE_PURPOSE (parm), vec, in_decl);
	  else
	    arg = tsubst_expr (TREE_PURPOSE (parm), vec, in_decl);

	  TREE_VEC_ELT (vec, i) = arg;
	}
    }
  for (i = 0; i < nparms; i++)
    {
      tree arg = TREE_VEC_ELT (vec, i);
      tree parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i));
      tree val = 0;
      int is_type, requires_type, is_tmpl_type, requires_tmpl_type;

      if (arg == NULL_TREE)
	/* We're out of arguments.  */
	{
	  my_friendly_assert (!require_all_arguments, 0);
	  break;
	}

      if (arg == error_mark_node)
	{
	  cp_error ("template argument %d is invalid", i + 1);
	  lost++;
	  continue;
	}

      if (TREE_CODE (arg) == TREE_LIST 
	  && TREE_TYPE (arg) != NULL_TREE
	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == OFFSET_TYPE)
	{  
	  /* The template argument was the name of some
	     member function.  That's usually
	     illegal, but static members are OK.  In any
	     case, grab the underlying fields/functions
	     and issue an error later if required.  */
	  arg = TREE_VALUE (arg);
	  TREE_TYPE (arg) = unknown_type_node;
	}

      requires_tmpl_type = TREE_CODE (parm) == TEMPLATE_DECL;
      requires_type = TREE_CODE (parm) == TYPE_DECL
		      || requires_tmpl_type;

      /* Check if it is a class template.  If REQUIRES_TMPL_TYPE is true,
	 we also accept implicitly created TYPE_DECL as a valid argument.
         This is necessary to handle the case where we pass a template name
         to a template template parameter in a scope where we've derived from
         in instantiation of that template, so the template name refers to that
         instantiation.  We really ought to handle this better.  */
      is_tmpl_type = (TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_DECL
		      && TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (arg)) == TYPE_DECL)
		     || (TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM
			 && !CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (arg))
		     || (TREE_CODE (arg) == RECORD_TYPE
		         && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (arg)
		         && TREE_CODE (TYPE_NAME (arg)) == TYPE_DECL
			 && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (TYPE_NAME (arg))
			 && requires_tmpl_type
			 && current_class_type
			 /* FIXME what about nested types?  */
			 && get_binfo (arg, current_class_type, 0));
      if (is_tmpl_type && TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
	arg = TYPE_STUB_DECL (arg);
      else if (is_tmpl_type && TREE_CODE (arg) == RECORD_TYPE)
	arg = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (arg);

      is_type = TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (arg)) == 't' || is_tmpl_type;

      if (requires_type && ! is_type && TREE_CODE (arg) == SCOPE_REF
	  && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM)
	{
	  cp_pedwarn ("to refer to a type member of a template parameter,");
	  cp_pedwarn ("  use `typename %E'", arg);

	  arg = make_typename_type (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0),
				    TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
	  is_type = 1;
	}
      if (is_type != requires_type)
	{
	  if (in_decl)
	    {
	      if (complain)
		{
		  cp_error ("type/value mismatch at argument %d in template parameter list for `%D'",
			    i + 1, in_decl);
		  if (is_type)
		    cp_error ("  expected a constant of type `%T', got `%T'",
			      TREE_TYPE (parm),
			      (is_tmpl_type ? DECL_NAME (arg) : arg));
		  else
		    cp_error ("  expected a type, got `%E'", arg);
		}
	    }
	  lost++;
	  TREE_VEC_ELT (vec, i) = error_mark_node;
	  continue;
	}
      if (is_tmpl_type ^ requires_tmpl_type)
	{
	  if (in_decl && complain)
	    {
	      cp_error ("type/value mismatch at argument %d in template parameter list for `%D'",
			i + 1, in_decl);
	      if (is_tmpl_type)
		cp_error ("  expected a type, got `%T'", DECL_NAME (arg));
	      else
		cp_error ("  expected a class template, got `%T'", arg);
	    }
	  lost++;
	  TREE_VEC_ELT (vec, i) = error_mark_node;
	  continue;
	}
        
      if (is_type)
	{
	  if (requires_tmpl_type)
	    {
	      tree parmparm = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (parm);
	      tree argparm = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (arg);

	      if (coerce_template_template_parms (parmparm, argparm, 
						  in_decl, vec))
		{
		  val = arg;

		  /* TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM node is preferred over 
		     TEMPLATE_DECL.  */
		  if (val != error_mark_node 
		      && DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (val))
		    val = TREE_TYPE (val);
		}
	      else
		{
		  if (in_decl && complain)
		    {
		      cp_error ("type/value mismatch at argument %d in template parameter list for `%D'",
				i + 1, in_decl);
		      cp_error ("  expected a template of type `%D', got `%D'", parm, arg);
		    }

		  val = error_mark_node;
		}
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      val = groktypename (arg);
	      if (! processing_template_decl)
		{
		  tree t = target_type (val);
		  if (((IS_AGGR_TYPE (t) && TREE_CODE (t) != TYPENAME_TYPE)
		       || TREE_CODE (t) == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
		      && decl_function_context (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (t)))
		    {
		      cp_error ("type `%T' composed from a local type is not a valid template-argument",
				val);
		      return error_mark_node;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  tree t = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (parm), vec, in_decl);

	  if (processing_template_decl)
	    arg = maybe_fold_nontype_arg (arg);

	  if (!uses_template_parms (arg) && !uses_template_parms (t))
	    /* We used to call digest_init here.  However, digest_init
	       will report errors, which we don't want when complain
	       is zero.  More importantly, digest_init will try too
	       hard to convert things: for example, `0' should not be
	       converted to pointer type at this point according to
	       the standard.  Accepting this is not merely an
	       extension, since deciding whether or not these
	       conversions can occur is part of determining which
	       function template to call, or whether a given epxlicit
	       argument specification is legal.  */
	    val = convert_nontype_argument (t, arg);
	  else
	    val = arg;

	  if (val == NULL_TREE)
	    val = error_mark_node;
	  else if (val == error_mark_node && complain)
	    cp_error ("could not convert template argument `%E' to `%T'", 
		      arg, t);
	}

      if (val == error_mark_node)
	lost++;

      TREE_VEC_ELT (vec, i) = val;
    }
  if (lost)
    return error_mark_node;
  return vec;
}

/* Renturns 1 iff the OLDARGS and NEWARGS are in fact identical sets
   of template arguments.  Returns 0 otherwise.  */

int
comp_template_args (oldargs, newargs)
     tree oldargs, newargs;
{
  int i;

  if (TREE_VEC_LENGTH (oldargs) != TREE_VEC_LENGTH (newargs))
    return 0;

  for (i = 0; i < TREE_VEC_LENGTH (oldargs); ++i)
    {
      tree nt = TREE_VEC_ELT (newargs, i);
      tree ot = TREE_VEC_ELT (oldargs, i);

      if (nt == ot)
	continue;
      if (TREE_CODE (nt) != TREE_CODE (ot))
	return 0;
      if (TREE_CODE (nt) == TREE_VEC)
        {
          /* For member templates */
	  if (comp_template_args (nt, ot))
	    continue;
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (ot)) == 't')
	{
	  if (comptypes (ot, nt, 1))
	    continue;
	}
      else if (cp_tree_equal (ot, nt) > 0)
	continue;
      return 0;
    }
  return 1;
}

/* Given class template name and parameter list, produce a user-friendly name
   for the instantiation.  */

static char *
mangle_class_name_for_template (name, parms, arglist, ctx)
     char *name;
     tree parms, arglist;
     tree ctx;
{
  static struct obstack scratch_obstack;
  static char *scratch_firstobj;
  int i, nparms;

  if (!scratch_firstobj)
    gcc_obstack_init (&scratch_obstack);
  else
    obstack_free (&scratch_obstack, scratch_firstobj);
  scratch_firstobj = obstack_alloc (&scratch_obstack, 1);

#if 0
#define buflen	sizeof(buf)
#define check	if (bufp >= buf+buflen-1) goto too_long
#define ccat(c) *bufp++=(c); check
#define advance	bufp+=strlen(bufp); check
#define cat(s)	strncpy(bufp, s, buf+buflen-bufp-1); advance
#else
#define check
#define ccat(c)	obstack_1grow (&scratch_obstack, (c));
#define advance
#define cat(s)	obstack_grow (&scratch_obstack, (s), strlen (s))
#endif

  if (ctx && ctx != global_namespace)
    {
      char* s;

      if (TREE_CODE (ctx) == FUNCTION_DECL)
	s = fndecl_as_string (ctx, 0);
      else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (ctx)) == 't')
	s = type_as_string_real (ctx, 0, 1);
      else if (TREE_CODE (ctx) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
	s = decl_as_string (ctx, 0);
      else
	my_friendly_abort (0);
      cat (s);
      cat ("::");
    }
  cat (name);
  ccat ('<');
  nparms = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (parms);
  my_friendly_assert (nparms == TREE_VEC_LENGTH (arglist), 268);
  for (i = 0; i < nparms; i++)
    {
      tree parm = TREE_VALUE (TREE_VEC_ELT (parms, i));
      tree arg = TREE_VEC_ELT (arglist, i);

      if (i)
	ccat (',');

      if (TREE_CODE (parm) == TYPE_DECL)
	{
	  cat (type_as_string_real (arg, 0, 1));
	  continue;
	}
      else if (TREE_CODE (parm) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
	{
	  if (TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
	    {
	      /* Already substituted with real template.  Just output 
		 the template name here */
              tree context = DECL_CONTEXT (arg);
	      if (context)
		{
                  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (context) == NAMESPACE_DECL, 980422);
		  cat(decl_as_string (DECL_CONTEXT (arg), 0));
		  cat("::");
		}
	      cat (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (arg)));
	    }
	  else
	    /* Output the parameter declaration */
	    cat (type_as_string_real (arg, 0, 1));
	  continue;
	}
      else
	my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (parm) == PARM_DECL, 269);

      if (TREE_CODE (arg) == TREE_LIST)
	{
	  /* New list cell was built because old chain link was in
	     use.  */
	  my_friendly_assert (TREE_PURPOSE (arg) == NULL_TREE, 270);
	  arg = TREE_VALUE (arg);
	}
      /* No need to check arglist against parmlist here; we did that
	 in coerce_template_parms, called from lookup_template_class.  */
      cat (expr_as_string (arg, 0));
    }
  {
    char *bufp = obstack_next_free (&scratch_obstack);
    int offset = 0;
    while (bufp[offset - 1] == ' ')
      offset--;
    obstack_blank_fast (&scratch_obstack, offset);

    /* B<C<char> >, not B<C<char>> */
    if (bufp[offset - 1] == '>')
      ccat (' ');
  }
  ccat ('>');
  ccat ('\0');
  return (char *) obstack_base (&scratch_obstack);

#if 0
 too_long:
#endif
  fatal ("out of (preallocated) string space creating template instantiation name");
  /* NOTREACHED */
  return NULL;
}

static tree
classtype_mangled_name (t)
     tree t;
{
  if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t)
      && PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t)))
    {
      tree name = DECL_NAME (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t));
      /* We do not pass in the context here since that is only needed
	 when mangling the name of instantiations, not the primary
	 template declaration.  In reality, it should not be needed
	 then either, but the way lookup_template_class operates
	 requires the context for the moment.  In the long run,
	 lookup_template_class should not be looking for existing
	 instantiations by matching mangled names, but rather by
	 matching the templates, and then scanning the instantiation
	 list.  */
      char *mangled_name = mangle_class_name_for_template
	(IDENTIFIER_POINTER (name),
	 DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (t)),
	 CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (t), NULL_TREE);
      tree id = get_identifier (mangled_name);
      IDENTIFIER_TEMPLATE (id) = name;
      return id;
    }
  else
    return TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t);
}

static void
add_pending_template (d)
     tree d;
{
  tree ti;

  if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (d)) == 't')
    ti = CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (d);
  else
    ti = DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (d);

  if (TI_PENDING_TEMPLATE_FLAG (ti))
    return;

  *template_tail = perm_tree_cons
    (build_srcloc_here (), d, NULL_TREE);
  template_tail = &TREE_CHAIN (*template_tail);
  TI_PENDING_TEMPLATE_FLAG (ti) = 1;
}


/* Return a TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR corresponding to the indicated FNS (which
   may be either a _DECL or an overloaded function or an
   IDENTIFIER_NODE), and ARGLIST.  */

tree
lookup_template_function (fns, arglist)
     tree fns, arglist;
{
  tree type;

  if (fns == NULL_TREE)
    {
      cp_error ("non-template used as template");
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  if (arglist != NULL_TREE && !TREE_PERMANENT (arglist))
    copy_to_permanent (arglist);

  type = TREE_TYPE (fns);
  if (TREE_CODE (fns) == OVERLOAD || !type)
    type = unknown_type_node;

  return build_min (TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR, type, fns, arglist);  
}

/* Within the scope of a template class S<T>, the name S gets bound
   (in build_self_reference) to a TYPE_DECL for the class, not a
   TEMPLATE_DECL.  If DECL is a TYPE_DECL for current_class_type,
   or one of its enclosing classes, and that type is a template,
   return the associated TEMPLATE_DECL.  Otherwise, the original
   DECL is returned.  */

tree
maybe_get_template_decl_from_type_decl (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  return (decl != NULL_TREE
	  && TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL 
	  && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl)
	  && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (TREE_TYPE (decl))) 
    ? CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) : decl;
}

/* Given an IDENTIFIER_NODE (type TEMPLATE_DECL) and a chain of
   parameters, find the desired type.

   D1 is the PTYPENAME terminal, and ARGLIST is the list of arguments.
   Since ARGLIST is build on the decl_obstack, we must copy it here
   to keep it from being reclaimed when the decl storage is reclaimed.

   IN_DECL, if non-NULL, is the template declaration we are trying to
   instantiate.  

   If the template class is really a local class in a template
   function, then the FUNCTION_CONTEXT is the function in which it is
   being instantiated.  */

tree
lookup_template_class (d1, arglist, in_decl, context)
     tree d1, arglist;
     tree in_decl;
     tree context;
{
  tree template = NULL_TREE, parmlist;
  char *mangled_name;
  tree id, t;

  if (TREE_CODE (d1) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
    {
      if (IDENTIFIER_LOCAL_VALUE (d1) 
	  && DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (IDENTIFIER_LOCAL_VALUE (d1)))
	template = IDENTIFIER_LOCAL_VALUE (d1);
      else
	{
	  if (context)
	    push_decl_namespace (context);
	  if (current_class_type != NULL_TREE)
	    template = 
	      maybe_get_template_decl_from_type_decl
	      (IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (d1));
	  if (template == NULL_TREE)
	    template = lookup_name_nonclass (d1);
	  if (context)
	    pop_decl_namespace ();
	}
      if (template)
	context = DECL_CONTEXT (template);
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (d1) == TYPE_DECL && IS_AGGR_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (d1)))
    {
      if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (TREE_TYPE (d1)) == NULL_TREE)
	return error_mark_node;
      template = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (TREE_TYPE (d1));
      d1 = DECL_NAME (template);
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (d1)) == 't' && IS_AGGR_TYPE (d1))
    {
      template = CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (d1);
      d1 = DECL_NAME (template);
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (d1) == TEMPLATE_DECL
	   && TREE_CODE (DECL_RESULT (d1)) == TYPE_DECL)
    {
      template = d1;
      d1 = DECL_NAME (template);
      context = DECL_CONTEXT (template);
    }
  else
    my_friendly_abort (272);

  /* With something like `template <class T> class X class X { ... };'
     we could end up with D1 having nothing but an IDENTIFIER_LOCAL_VALUE.
     We don't want to do that, but we have to deal with the situation, so
     let's give them some syntax errors to chew on instead of a crash.  */
  if (! template)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (context == NULL_TREE)
    context = global_namespace;

  if (TREE_CODE (template) != TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      cp_error ("non-template type `%T' used as a template", d1);
      if (in_decl)
	cp_error_at ("for template declaration `%D'", in_decl);
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  if (DECL_TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (template))
    {
      /* Create a new TEMPLATE_DECL and TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM node to store
         template arguments */

      tree parm = copy_template_template_parm (TREE_TYPE (template));
      tree template2 = TYPE_STUB_DECL (parm);
      tree arglist2;

      CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (parm) = 1;
      parmlist = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (template);

      arglist2 = coerce_template_parms (parmlist, arglist, template, 1, 1);
      if (arglist2 == error_mark_node)
	return error_mark_node;

      arglist2 = copy_to_permanent (arglist2);
      CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (parm)
	= perm_tree_cons (template2, arglist2, NULL_TREE);
      TYPE_SIZE (parm) = 0;
      return parm;
    }
  else if (PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (template)
	   || (TREE_CODE (TYPE_CONTEXT (TREE_TYPE (template))) 
	       == FUNCTION_DECL))
    {
      tree arglist_for_mangling;

      parmlist = DECL_INNERMOST_TEMPLATE_PARMS (template);

      if (/* ARGLIST can be NULL_TREE if there are default arguments.  */
	  arglist != NULL_TREE
	  && TREE_CODE (arglist) == TREE_VEC 
	  && TREE_VEC_LENGTH (arglist) > 1
	  && list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (template)) > 1)
	{
	  /* We have multiple levels of arguments to coerce, at once.  */
	  tree new_args = 
	    make_tree_vec (list_length (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (template)));
	  int i;
	  
	  for (i = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (arglist) - 1, 
		 t = DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (template); 
	       i >= 0 && t != NULL_TREE;
	       --i, t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
	    TREE_VEC_ELT (new_args, i) =
	      coerce_template_parms (TREE_VALUE (t),
				     TREE_VEC_ELT (arglist, i),
				     template, 1, 1);
	  arglist = new_args;
	}
      else
	arglist = coerce_template_parms (parmlist, 
					 innermost_args (arglist, 0),
					 template, 1, 1);
     if (arglist == error_mark_node)
	return error_mark_node;
      if (uses_template_parms (arglist))
	{
	  tree found;
	  if (comp_template_args
	      (CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (TREE_TYPE (template)), arglist))
	    found = TREE_TYPE (template);
	  else
	    {
	      for (found = DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS (template);
		   found; found = TREE_CHAIN (found))
		{
		  if (TI_USES_TEMPLATE_PARMS (found)
		      && comp_template_args (TREE_PURPOSE (found), arglist))
		    break;
		}
	      if (found)
		found = TREE_VALUE (found);
	    }

	  if (found)
	    {
	      if (can_free (&permanent_obstack, arglist))
		obstack_free (&permanent_obstack, arglist);
	      return found;
	    }
	}

      if (TREE_CODE (arglist) == TREE_VEC)
	arglist_for_mangling = innermost_args (arglist, 0);
      else
	arglist_for_mangling = arglist;

      /* FIXME avoid duplication.  */
      mangled_name = mangle_class_name_for_template (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (d1),
						     parmlist,
						     arglist_for_mangling,
						     context);
      id = get_identifier (mangled_name);
      IDENTIFIER_TEMPLATE (id) = d1;

      maybe_push_to_top_level (uses_template_parms (arglist));
      t = xref_tag_from_type (TREE_TYPE (template), id, 1);

      if (context != NULL_TREE)
	{
	  /* Set up the context for the type_decl correctly.  Note
	     that we must clear DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME to fool
	     build_overload_name into creating a new name.  */
	  tree type_decl = TYPE_STUB_DECL (t);

	  TYPE_CONTEXT (t) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
	  DECL_CONTEXT (type_decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
	  DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (type_decl) = DECL_NAME (type_decl);
	  DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (type_decl) = 
	    get_identifier (build_overload_name (t, 1, 1));
	}

      pop_from_top_level ();
    }
  else
    {
      tree type_ctx = TYPE_CONTEXT (TREE_TYPE (template));
      tree args = tsubst (CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (type_ctx), arglist, in_decl);
      tree ctx = lookup_template_class (type_ctx, args,
					in_decl, NULL_TREE);
      id = d1;
      arglist = CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (ctx);

      if (TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (ctx) && ctx == current_class_type)
	{
	  int save_temp = processing_template_decl;
	  processing_template_decl = 0;
	  t = xref_tag_from_type (TREE_TYPE (template), id, 0);
	  processing_template_decl = save_temp;
	}
      else
	{
	  t = lookup_nested_type_by_name (ctx, id);
	  my_friendly_assert (t != NULL_TREE, 42);
	}
    }

  /* Seems to be wanted.  */
  CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (t) = 1;

  if (! CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t))
    {
      arglist = copy_to_permanent (arglist);
      CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t)
	= perm_tree_cons (template, arglist, NULL_TREE);
      DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS (template) = perm_tree_cons
	(arglist, t, DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS (template));
      TI_USES_TEMPLATE_PARMS (DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS (template))
	= uses_template_parms (arglist);

      SET_CLASSTYPE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (t);

      /* We need to set this again after CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO is set up.  */
      DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (t)) = id;
      if (! uses_template_parms (arglist))
	DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (t)) 
	  = get_identifier (build_overload_name (t, 1, 1));

      if (flag_external_templates && ! uses_template_parms (arglist)
	  && CLASSTYPE_INTERFACE_KNOWN (TREE_TYPE (template))
	  && ! CLASSTYPE_INTERFACE_ONLY (TREE_TYPE (template)))
	add_pending_template (t);

      if (uses_template_parms (arglist))
	/* If the type makes use of template parameters, the
	   code that generates debugging information will crash.  */
	DECL_IGNORED_P (TYPE_STUB_DECL (t)) = 1;
    }

  return t;
}

/* Should be defined in parse.h.  */
extern int yychar;

/* For each TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM, TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM, or
   TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX in T, call FN with the parameter and the DATA.
   If FN returns non-zero, the iteration is terminated, and
   for_each_template_parm returns 1.  Otherwise, the iteration
   continues.  If FN never returns a non-zero value, the value
   returned by for_each_template_parm is 0.  If FN is NULL, it is
   considered to be the function which always returns 1.  */

int
for_each_template_parm (t, fn, data)
     tree t;
     tree_fn_t fn;
     void* data;
{
  if (!t)
    return 0;

  if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (t)) == 't'
      && for_each_template_parm (TYPE_CONTEXT (t), fn, data))
    return 1;

  switch (TREE_CODE (t))
    {
    case INDIRECT_REF:
    case COMPONENT_REF:
      /* We assume that the object must be instantiated in order to build
	 the COMPONENT_REF, so we test only whether the type of the
	 COMPONENT_REF uses template parms.  */
      return for_each_template_parm (TREE_TYPE (t), fn, data);

    case IDENTIFIER_NODE:
      if (!IDENTIFIER_TEMPLATE (t))
	return 0;
      my_friendly_abort (42);

      /* aggregates of tree nodes */
    case TREE_VEC:
      {
	int i = TREE_VEC_LENGTH (t);
	while (i--)
	  if (for_each_template_parm (TREE_VEC_ELT (t, i), fn, data))
	    return 1;
	return 0;
      }
    case TREE_LIST:
      if (for_each_template_parm (TREE_PURPOSE (t), fn, data)
	  || for_each_template_parm (TREE_VALUE (t), fn, data))
	return 1;
      return for_each_template_parm (TREE_CHAIN (t), fn, data);

    case OVERLOAD:
      if (for_each_template_parm (OVL_FUNCTION (t), fn, data))
	return 1;
      return for_each_template_parm (OVL_CHAIN (t