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This is readline.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 from
/Users/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/rlman.texi.
This manual describes the GNU Readline Library (version 5.1-beta1,
11 November 2005), a library which aids in the consistency of user
interface across discrete programs which provide a command line
interface.
Copyright (C) 1988-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License."
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Libraries
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Readline: (readline). The GNU readline library API.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

File: readline.info, Node: Top, Next: Command Line Editing, Up: (dir)
GNU Readline Library
********************
This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids
in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs which
provide a command line interface.
* Menu:
* Command Line Editing:: GNU Readline User's Manual.
* Programming with GNU Readline:: GNU Readline Programmer's Manual.
* Copying This Manual:: Copying this manual.
* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual.
* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions
and variables.

File: readline.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Programming with GNU Readline, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Command Line Editing
**********************
This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
editing interface.
* Menu:
* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text.
* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view.
* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands
available for binding
* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline
behave like the vi editor.

File: readline.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing
1.1 Introduction to Line Editing
================================
The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
keystrokes.
The text `C-k' is read as `Control-K' and describes the character
produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
The text `M-k' is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character
produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On
keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a
Meta key. The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as
a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
Compose key for typing accented characters.
If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a
Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
_first_, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as "metafying"
the <k> key.
The text `M-C-k' is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
character produced by "metafying" `C-k'.
In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
<DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves
when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).
If your keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the
desired character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on
some keyboards.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing
1.2 Readline Interaction
========================
Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The
Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands,
you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with
the line, you simply press <RET>. You do not have to be at the end of
the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the
location of the cursor within the line.
* Menu:
* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline.
* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line.
* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back!
* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands.
* Searching:: Searching through previous lines.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
1.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
------------------------------
In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error
until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can
type `C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your
mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with `C-f'.
When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room
for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text
behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled
back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A
list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line
follows.
`C-b'
Move back one character.
`C-f'
Move forward one character.
<DEL> or <Backspace>
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
`C-d'
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
Printing characters
Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
`C-_' or `C-x C-u'
Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
empty line.
(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
the character underneath the cursor, like `C-d', rather than the
character to the left of the cursor.)

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction
1.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
--------------------------------
The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many
other commands have been added in addition to `C-b', `C-f', `C-d', and
<DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
`C-a'
Move to the start of the line.
`C-e'
Move to the end of the line.
`M-f'
Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
digits.
`M-b'
Move backward a word.
`C-l'
Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
Notice how `C-f' moves forward a character, while `M-f' moves
forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
1.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
-------------------------------
"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into
the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and
`yank'.)
If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you
can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
place later.
When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring".
Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line
specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
`C-k'
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
line.
`M-d'
Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
as those used by `M-f'.
`M-<DEL>'
Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by `M-b'.
`C-w'
Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is
different than `M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to
copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
`C-y'
Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
cursor.
`M-y'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
if the prior command is `C-y' or `M-y'.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
1.2.4 Readline Arguments
------------------------
You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'.
The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus
sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
the `C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which
will delete the next ten characters on the input line.

File: readline.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction
1.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
-------------------------------------------
Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes:
"incremental" and "non-incremental".
Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string. As each character of the search string is typed,
Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters
as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
history for a particular string, type `C-r'. Typing `C-s' searches
forward through the history. The characters present in the value of
the `isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
`C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. `C-g' will
abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the
search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type `C-r' or
`C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the
search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate
the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
last line found the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
`C-r's are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
search string, any remembered search string is used.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing
1.3 Readline Init File
======================
Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the
environment variable `INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default
is `~/.inputrc'.
When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
file is read, and the key bindings are set.
In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
* Menu:
* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File
1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
-------------------------------
There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init
file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are
comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs
(*note Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable
settings and key bindings.
Variable Settings
You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the
init file. The syntax is simple:
set VARIABLE VALUE
Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like
key binding to use `vi' line editing commands:
set editing-mode vi
Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized
without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.
Any other value results in the variable being set to off.
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
`bell-style'
Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the
terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the
bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if
one is available. If set to `audible' (the default),
Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
`bind-tty-special-chars'
If set to `on', Readline attempts to bind the control
characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver
to their Readline equivalents.
`comment-begin'
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
`insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
`"#"'.
`completion-ignore-case'
If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and
completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value
is `off'.
`completion-query-items'
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This
variable must be set to an integer value greater than or
equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask.
The default limit is `100'.
`convert-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'.
`disable-completion'
If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'.
`editing-mode'
The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'.
`enable-keypad'
When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
the arrow keys. The default is `off'.
`expand-tilde'
If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
attempts word completion. The default is `off'.
`history-preserve-point'
If set to `on', the history code attempts to place point at
the same location on each history line retrieved with
`previous-history' or `next-history'. The default is `off'.
`horizontal-scroll-mode'
This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it
to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'.
`input-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym
for this variable.
`isearch-terminators'
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
given a value, the characters <ESC> and `C-J' will terminate
an incremental search.
`keymap'
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs',
`emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move',
`vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to
`vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The
default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode'
variable also affects the default keymap.
`mark-directories'
If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is `on'.
`mark-modified-lines'
This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an
asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is `off' by default.
`mark-symlinked-directories'
If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links to
directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
`mark-directories'). The default is `off'.
`match-hidden-files'
This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match
files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when
performing filename completion, unless the leading `.' is
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. This
variable is `on' by default.
`output-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence. The default is `off'.
`page-completions'
If set to `on', Readline uses an internal `more'-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is `on' by default.
`print-completions-horizontally'
If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
the screen. The default is `off'.
`show-all-if-ambiguous'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to `on', words which have more than one possible
completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'.
`show-all-if-unmodified'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to
`on', words which have more than one possible completion
without any possible partial completion (the possible
completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The
default value is `off'.
`visible-stats'
If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is
appended to the filename when listing possible completions.
The default is `off'.
Key Bindings
The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
want to change. The following sections contain tables of the
command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short
description of what the command does.
Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
a colon, and then the name of the command. The name of the key
can be expressed in different ways, depending on what you find most
comfortable.
In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to
a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For
example:
Control-u: universal-argument
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function
`universal-argument', `M-DEL' is bound to the function
`backward-kill-word', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
`> output' into the line).
A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
"KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
can be used, as in the following example, but the special
character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In the above example, `C-u' is again bound to the function
`universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
`C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and
`<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text `Function
Key 1'.
The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
specifying key sequences:
`\C-'
control prefix
`\M-'
meta prefix
`\e'
an escape character
`\\'
backslash
`\"'
<">, a double quotation mark
`\''
<'>, a single quote or apostrophe
In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
of backslash escapes is available:
`\a'
alert (bell)
`\b'
backspace
`\d'
delete
`\f'
form feed
`\n'
newline
`\r'
carriage return
`\t'
horizontal tab
`\v'
vertical tab
`\NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
(one to three digits)
`\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to
be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes
described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other
character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example,
the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into
the line:
"\C-x\\": "\\"

File: readline.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File
1.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
---------------------------------
Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
`$if'
The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no
characters are required to isolate it.
`mode'
The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test
whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be
used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for
instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and
`emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in
`emacs' mode.
`term'
The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
`=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This
allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance.
`application'
The APPLICATION construct is used to include
application-specific settings. Each program using the
Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
for a particular value. This could be used to bind key
sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For
instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
$if Bash
# Quote the current or previous word
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
$endif
`$endif'
This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if'
command.
`$else'
Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the
test fails.
`$include'
This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following
directive reads from `/etc/inputrc':
$include /etc/inputrc

File: readline.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File
1.3.3 Sample Init File
----------------------
Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding,
variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
#
# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
# Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
#
# First, include any systemwide bindings and variable
# assignments from /etc/Inputrc
$include /etc/Inputrc
#
# Set various bindings for emacs mode.
set editing-mode emacs
$if mode=emacs
Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored
#
# Arrow keys in keypad mode
#
#"\M-OD": backward-char
#"\M-OC": forward-char
#"\M-OA": previous-history
#"\M-OB": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
#
"\M-[D": backward-char
"\M-[C": forward-char
"\M-[A": previous-history
"\M-[B": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
#
#"\M-\C-OD": backward-char
#"\M-\C-OC": forward-char
#"\M-\C-OA": previous-history
#"\M-\C-OB": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
#
#"\M-\C-[D": backward-char
#"\M-\C-[C": forward-char
#"\M-\C-[A": previous-history
#"\M-\C-[B": next-history
C-q: quoted-insert
$endif
# An old-style binding. This happens to be the default.
TAB: complete
# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
$if Bash
# edit the path
"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
# prepare to type a quoted word --
# insert open and close double quotes
# and move to just after the open quote
"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
# in sequences and macros)
"\C-x\\": "\\"
# Quote the current or previous word
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
# Edit variable on current line.
"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
$endif
# use a visible bell if one is available
set bell-style visible
# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
set input-meta on
# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
# than converted to prefix-meta sequences
set convert-meta off
# display characters with the eighth bit set directly
# rather than as meta-prefixed characters
set output-meta on
# if there are more than 150 possible completions for
# a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
set completion-query-items 150
# For FTP
$if Ftp
"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
"\M-.": yank-last-arg
$endif

File: readline.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing
1.4 Bindable Readline Commands
==============================
* Menu:
* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line.
* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines.
* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text.
* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking.
* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters
* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands.
This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
sequences. Command names without an accompanying key sequence are
unbound by default.
In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the
`set-mark' command. The text between the point and mark is referred to
as the "region".

File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.1 Commands For Moving
-------------------------
`beginning-of-line (C-a)'
Move to the start of the current line.
`end-of-line (C-e)'
Move to the end of the line.
`forward-char (C-f)'
Move forward a character.
`backward-char (C-b)'
Move back a character.
`forward-word (M-f)'
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
letters and digits.
`backward-word (M-b)'
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
composed of letters and digits.
`clear-screen (C-l)'
Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
line at the top of the screen.
`redraw-current-line ()'
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.

File: readline.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
-------------------------------------------
`accept-line (Newline or Return)'
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall
with `add_history()'. If this line is a modified history line,
the history line is restored to its original state.
`previous-history (C-p)'
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous
command.
`next-history (C-n)'
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
`beginning-of-history (M-<)'
Move to the first line in the history.
`end-of-history (M->)'
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
`reverse-search-history (C-r)'
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
`forward-search-history (C-s)'
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
`non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
`non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
`history-search-forward ()'
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
`history-search-backward ()'
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
`yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N,
insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the `!N'
history expansion had been specified.
`yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like
`yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move back
through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line
in turn. The history expansion facilities are used to extract the
last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified.

File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
--------------------------------
`delete-char (C-d)'
Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then return EOF.
`backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
`forward-backward-delete-char ()'
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
`quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
insert key sequences like `C-q', for example.
`tab-insert (M-<TAB>)'
Insert a tab character.
`self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
Insert yourself.
`transpose-chars (C-t)'
Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion
point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect.
`transpose-words (M-t)'
Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of
the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
`upcase-word (M-u)'
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
`downcase-word (M-l)'
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
`capitalize-word (M-c)'
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
`overwrite-mode ()'
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
`emacs' mode; `vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
`readline()' starts in insert mode.
In overwrite mode, characters bound to `self-insert' replace the
text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
Characters bound to `backward-delete-char' replace the character
before point with a space.
By default, this command is unbound.

File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.4 Killing And Yanking
-------------------------
`kill-line (C-k)'
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
`backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
`unix-line-discard (C-u)'
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
`kill-whole-line ()'
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
`kill-word (M-d)'
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
as `forward-word'.
`backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
`backward-word'.
`unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
`unix-filename-rubout ()'
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the
kill-ring.
`delete-horizontal-space ()'
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is
unbound.
`kill-region ()'
Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is
unbound.
`copy-region-as-kill ()'
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
`copy-backward-word ()'
Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this
command is unbound.
`copy-forward-word ()'
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this
command is unbound.
`yank (C-y)'
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
`yank-pop (M-y)'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
if the prior command is `yank' or `yank-pop'.

File: readline.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
----------------------------------
`digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
argument. `M--' starts a negative argument.
`universal-argument ()'
This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is
followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the
numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
this command is immediately followed by a character that is
neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument
count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so
on. By default, this is not bound to a key.

File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
-----------------------------------
`complete (<TAB>)'
Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The
actual completion performed is application-specific. The default
is filename completion.
`possible-completions (M-?)'
List the possible completions of the text before point.
`insert-completions (M-*)'
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by `possible-completions'.
`menu-complete ()'
Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with
a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list
of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
`bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
default.
`delete-char-or-list ()'
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is
unbound by default.

File: readline.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.7 Keyboard Macros
---------------------
`start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
`end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
`call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.

File: readline.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
---------------------------------
`re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
`abort (C-g)'
Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of `bell-style').
`do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is
bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
`prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a
meta key. Typing `<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'.
`undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
`revert-line (M-r)'
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
`undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
`tilde-expand (M-~)'
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
`set-mark (C-@)'
Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
mark is set to that position.
`exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set
to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
mark.
`character-search (C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
that character. A negative count searches for previous
occurrences.
`character-search-backward (M-C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
`insert-comment (M-#)'
Without a numeric argument, the value of the `comment-begin'
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a
numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
of `comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the
characters in `comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of
the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline
had been typed.
`dump-functions ()'
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
file. This command is unbound by default.
`dump-variables ()'
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
`dump-macros ()'
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
`emacs-editing-mode (C-e)'
When in `vi' command mode, this causes a switch to `emacs' editing
mode.
`vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)'
When in `emacs' editing mode, this causes a switch to `vi' editing
mode.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing
1.5 Readline vi Mode
====================
While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing
functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX 1003.2
standard.
In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing
modes, use the command `M-C-j' (bound to emacs-editing-mode when in
`vi' mode and to vi-editing-mode in `emacs' mode). The Readline
default is `emacs' mode.
When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in
`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with
`k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth.
This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility for
aiding in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs
that need to provide a command line interface.
Copyright (C) 1988-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Foundation.

File: readline.info, Node: Programming with GNU Readline, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
2 Programming with GNU Readline
*******************************
This chapter describes the interface between the GNU Readline Library
and other programs. If you are a programmer, and you wish to include
the features found in GNU Readline such as completion, line editing,
and interactive history manipulation in your own programs, this section
is for you.
* Menu:
* Basic Behavior:: Using the default behavior of Readline.
* Custom Functions:: Adding your own functions to Readline.
* Readline Variables:: Variables accessible to custom
functions.
* Readline Convenience Functions:: Functions which Readline supplies to
aid in writing your own custom
functions.
* Readline Signal Handling:: How Readline behaves when it receives signals.
* Custom Completers:: Supplanting or supplementing Readline's
completion functions.

File: readline.info, Node: Basic Behavior, Next: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.1 Basic Behavior
==================
Many programs provide a command line interface, such as `mail', `ftp',
and `sh'. For such programs, the default behaviour of Readline is
sufficient. This section describes how to use Readline in the simplest
way possible, perhaps to replace calls in your code to `gets()' or
`fgets()'.
The function `readline()' prints a prompt PROMPT and then reads and
returns a single line of text from the user. If PROMPT is `NULL' or
the empty string, no prompt is displayed. The line `readline' returns
is allocated with `malloc()'; the caller should `free()' the line when
it has finished with it. The declaration for `readline' in ANSI C is
`char *readline (const char *PROMPT);'
So, one might say
`char *line = readline ("Enter a line: ");'
in order to read a line of text from the user. The line returned
has the final newline removed, so only the text remains.
If `readline' encounters an `EOF' while reading the line, and the
line is empty at that point, then `(char *)NULL' is returned.
Otherwise, the line is ended just as if a newline had been typed.
If you want the user to be able to get at the line later, (with
<C-p> for example), you must call `add_history()' to save the line away
in a "history" list of such lines.
`add_history (line)';
For full details on the GNU History Library, see the associated manual.
It is preferable to avoid saving empty lines on the history list,
since users rarely have a burning need to reuse a blank line. Here is
a function which usefully replaces the standard `gets()' library
function, and has the advantage of no static buffer to overflow:
/* A static variable for holding the line. */
static char *line_read = (char *)NULL;
/* Read a string, and return a pointer to it.
Returns NULL on EOF. */
char *
rl_gets ()
{
/* If the buffer has already been allocated,
return the memory to the free pool. */
if (line_read)
{
free (line_read);
line_read = (char *)NULL;
}
/* Get a line from the user. */
line_read = readline ("");
/* If the line has any text in it,
save it on the history. */
if (line_read && *line_read)
add_history (line_read);
return (line_read);
}
This function gives the user the default behaviour of <TAB>
completion: completion on file names. If you do not want Readline to
complete on filenames, you can change the binding of the <TAB> key with
`rl_bind_key()'.
`int rl_bind_key (int KEY, rl_command_func_t *FUNCTION);'
`rl_bind_key()' takes two arguments: KEY is the character that you
want to bind, and FUNCTION is the address of the function to call when
KEY is pressed. Binding <TAB> to `rl_insert()' makes <TAB> insert
itself. `rl_bind_key()' returns non-zero if KEY is not a valid ASCII
character code (between 0 and 255).
Thus, to disable the default <TAB> behavior, the following suffices:
`rl_bind_key ('\t', rl_insert);'
This code should be executed once at the start of your program; you
might write a function called `initialize_readline()' which performs
this and other desired initializations, such as installing custom
completers (*note Custom Completers::).

File: readline.info, Node: Custom Functions, Next: Readline Variables, Prev: Basic Behavior, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.2 Custom Functions
====================
Readline provides many functions for manipulating the text of the line,
but it isn't possible to anticipate the needs of all programs. This
section describes the various functions and variables defined within
the Readline library which allow a user program to add customized
functionality to Readline.
Before declaring any functions that customize Readline's behavior, or
using any functionality Readline provides in other code, an application
writer should include the file `<readline/readline.h>' in any file that
uses Readline's features. Since some of the definitions in
`readline.h' use the `stdio' library, the file `<stdio.h>' should be
included before `readline.h'.
`readline.h' defines a C preprocessor variable that should be
treated as an integer, `RL_READLINE_VERSION', which may be used to
conditionally compile application code depending on the installed
Readline version. The value is a hexadecimal encoding of the major and
minor version numbers of the library, of the form 0xMMMM. MM is the
two-digit major version number; MM is the two-digit minor version
number. For Readline 4.2, for example, the value of
`RL_READLINE_VERSION' would be `0x0402'.
* Menu:
* Readline Typedefs:: C declarations to make code readable.
* Function Writing:: Variables and calling conventions.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Typedefs, Next: Function Writing, Up: Custom Functions
2.2.1 Readline Typedefs
-----------------------
For readabilty, we declare a number of new object types, all pointers
to functions.
The reason for declaring these new types is to make it easier to
write code describing pointers to C functions with appropriately
prototyped arguments and return values.
For instance, say we want to declare a variable FUNC as a pointer to
a function which takes two `int' arguments and returns an `int' (this
is the type of all of the Readline bindable functions). Instead of the
classic C declaration
`int (*func)();'
or the ANSI-C style declaration
`int (*func)(int, int);'
we may write
`rl_command_func_t *func;'
The full list of function pointer types available is
`typedef int rl_command_func_t (int, int);'
`typedef char *rl_compentry_func_t (const char *, int);'
`typedef char **rl_completion_func_t (const char *, int, int);'
`typedef char *rl_quote_func_t (char *, int, char *);'
`typedef char *rl_dequote_func_t (char *, int);'
`typedef int rl_compignore_func_t (char **);'
`typedef void rl_compdisp_func_t (char **, int, int);'
`typedef int rl_hook_func_t (void);'
`typedef int rl_getc_func_t (FILE *);'
`typedef int rl_linebuf_func_t (char *, int);'
`typedef int rl_intfunc_t (int);'
`#define rl_ivoidfunc_t rl_hook_func_t'
`typedef int rl_icpfunc_t (char *);'
`typedef int rl_icppfunc_t (char **);'
`typedef void rl_voidfunc_t (void);'
`typedef void rl_vintfunc_t (int);'
`typedef void rl_vcpfunc_t (char *);'
`typedef void rl_vcppfunc_t (char **);'

File: readline.info, Node: Function Writing, Prev: Readline Typedefs, Up: Custom Functions
2.2.2 Writing a New Function
----------------------------
In order to write new functions for Readline, you need to know the
calling conventions for keyboard-invoked functions, and the names of the
variables that describe the current state of the line read so far.
The calling sequence for a command `foo' looks like
`int foo (int count, int key)'
where COUNT is the numeric argument (or 1 if defaulted) and KEY is the
key that invoked this function.
It is completely up to the function as to what should be done with
the numeric argument. Some functions use it as a repeat count, some as
a flag, and others to choose alternate behavior (refreshing the current
line as opposed to refreshing the screen, for example). Some choose to
ignore it. In general, if a function uses the numeric argument as a
repeat count, it should be able to do something useful with both
negative and positive arguments. At the very least, it should be aware
that it can be passed a negative argument.
A command function should return 0 if its action completes
successfully, and a non-zero value if some error occurs. This is the
convention obeyed by all of the builtin Readline bindable command
functions.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Variables, Next: Readline Convenience Functions, Prev: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.3 Readline Variables
======================
These variables are available to function writers.
-- Variable: char * rl_line_buffer
This is the line gathered so far. You are welcome to modify the
contents of the line, but see *Note Allowing Undoing::. The
function `rl_extend_line_buffer' is available to increase the
memory allocated to `rl_line_buffer'.
-- Variable: int rl_point
The offset of the current cursor position in `rl_line_buffer' (the
_point_).
-- Variable: int rl_end
The number of characters present in `rl_line_buffer'. When
`rl_point' is at the end of the line, `rl_point' and `rl_end' are
equal.
-- Variable: int rl_mark
The MARK (saved position) in the current line. If set, the mark
and point define a _region_.
-- Variable: int rl_done
Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to return the
current line immediately.
-- Variable: int rl_num_chars_to_read
Setting this to a positive value before calling `readline()' causes
Readline to return after accepting that many characters, rather
than reading up to a character bound to `accept-line'.
-- Variable: int rl_pending_input
Setting this to a value makes it the next keystroke read. This is
a way to stuff a single character into the input stream.
-- Variable: int rl_dispatching
Set to a non-zero value if a function is being called from a key
binding; zero otherwise. Application functions can test this to
discover whether they were called directly or by Readline's
dispatching mechanism.
-- Variable: int rl_erase_empty_line
Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to completely
erase the current line, including any prompt, any time a newline
is typed as the only character on an otherwise-empty line. The
cursor is moved to the beginning of the newly-blank line.
-- Variable: char * rl_prompt
The prompt Readline uses. This is set from the argument to
`readline()', and should not be assigned to directly. The
`rl_set_prompt()' function (*note Redisplay::) may be used to
modify the prompt string after calling `readline()'.
-- Variable: int rl_already_prompted
If an application wishes to display the prompt itself, rather than
have Readline do it the first time `readline()' is called, it
should set this variable to a non-zero value after displaying the
prompt. The prompt must also be passed as the argument to
`readline()' so the redisplay functions can update the display
properly. The calling application is responsible for managing the
value; Readline never sets it.
-- Variable: const char * rl_library_version
The version number of this revision of the library.
-- Variable: int rl_readline_version
An integer encoding the current version of the library. The
encoding is of the form 0xMMMM, where MM is the two-digit major
version number, and MM is the two-digit minor version number. For
example, for Readline-4.2, `rl_readline_version' would have the
value 0x0402.
-- Variable: int rl_gnu_readline_p
Always set to 1, denoting that this is GNU readline rather than
some emulation.
-- Variable: const char * rl_terminal_name
The terminal type, used for initialization. If not set by the
application, Readline sets this to the value of the `TERM'
environment variable the first time it is called.
-- Variable: const char * rl_readline_name
This variable is set to a unique name by each application using
Readline. The value allows conditional parsing of the inputrc file
(*note Conditional Init Constructs::).
-- Variable: FILE * rl_instream
The stdio stream from which Readline reads input. If `NULL',
Readline defaults to STDIN.
-- Variable: FILE * rl_outstream
The stdio stream to which Readline performs output. If `NULL',
Readline defaults to STDOUT.
-- Variable: int rl_prefer_env_winsize
If non-zero, Readline gives values found in the `LINES' and
`COLUMNS' environment variables greater precedence than values
fetched from the kernel when computing the screen dimensions.
-- Variable: rl_command_func_t * rl_last_func
The address of the last command function Readline executed. May
be used to test whether or not a function is being executed twice
in succession, for example.
-- Variable: rl_hook_func_t * rl_startup_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call just before
`readline' prints the first prompt.
-- Variable: rl_hook_func_t * rl_pre_input_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call after the
first prompt has been printed and just before `readline' starts
reading input characters.
-- Variable: rl_hook_func_t * rl_event_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call periodically
when Readline is waiting for terminal input. By default, this
will be called at most ten times a second if there is no keyboard
input.
-- Variable: rl_getc_func_t * rl_getc_function
If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer to
get a character from the input stream. By default, it is set to
`rl_getc', the default Readline character input function (*note
Character Input::).
-- Variable: rl_voidfunc_t * rl_redisplay_function
If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer to
update the display with the current contents of the editing buffer.
By default, it is set to `rl_redisplay', the default Readline
redisplay function (*note Redisplay::).
-- Variable: rl_vintfunc_t * rl_prep_term_function
If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer to
initialize the terminal. The function takes a single argument, an
`int' flag that says whether or not to use eight-bit characters.
By default, this is set to `rl_prep_terminal' (*note Terminal
Management::).
-- Variable: rl_voidfunc_t * rl_deprep_term_function
If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer to
reset the terminal. This function should undo the effects of
`rl_prep_term_function'. By default, this is set to
`rl_deprep_terminal' (*note Terminal Management::).
-- Variable: Keymap rl_executing_keymap
This variable is set to the keymap (*note Keymaps::) in which the
currently executing readline function was found.
-- Variable: Keymap rl_binding_keymap
This variable is set to the keymap (*note Keymaps::) in which the
last key binding occurred.
-- Variable: char * rl_executing_macro
This variable is set to the text of any currently-executing macro.
-- Variable: int rl_readline_state
A variable with bit values that encapsulate the current Readline
state. A bit is set with the `RL_SETSTATE' macro, and unset with
the `RL_UNSETSTATE' macro. Use the `RL_ISSTATE' macro to test
whether a particular state bit is set. Current state bits include:
`RL_STATE_NONE'
Readline has not yet been called, nor has it begun to
intialize.
`RL_STATE_INITIALIZING'
Readline is initializing its internal data structures.
`RL_STATE_INITIALIZED'
Readline has completed its initialization.
`RL_STATE_TERMPREPPED'
Readline has modified the terminal modes to do its own input
and redisplay.
`RL_STATE_READCMD'
Readline is reading a command from the keyboard.
`RL_STATE_METANEXT'
Readline is reading more input after reading the meta-prefix
character.
`RL_STATE_DISPATCHING'
Readline is dispatching to a command.
`RL_STATE_MOREINPUT'
Readline is reading more input while executing an editing
command.
`RL_STATE_ISEARCH'
Readline is performing an incremental history search.
`RL_STATE_NSEARCH'
Readline is performing a non-incremental history search.
`RL_STATE_SEARCH'
Readline is searching backward or forward through the history
for a string.
`RL_STATE_NUMERICARG'
Readline is reading a numeric argument.
`RL_STATE_MACROINPUT'
Readline is currently getting its input from a
previously-defined keyboard macro.
`RL_STATE_MACRODEF'
Readline is currently reading characters defining a keyboard
macro.
`RL_STATE_OVERWRITE'
Readline is in overwrite mode.
`RL_STATE_COMPLETING'
Readline is performing word completion.
`RL_STATE_SIGHANDLER'
Readline is currently executing the readline signal handler.
`RL_STATE_UNDOING'
Readline is performing an undo.
`RL_STATE_DONE'
Readline has read a key sequence bound to `accept-line' and
is about to return the line to the caller.
-- Variable: int rl_explicit_arg
Set to a non-zero value if an explicit numeric argument was
specified by the user. Only valid in a bindable command function.
-- Variable: int rl_numeric_arg
Set to the value of any numeric argument explicitly specified by
the user before executing the current Readline function. Only
valid in a bindable command function.
-- Variable: int rl_editing_mode
Set to a value denoting Readline's current editing mode. A value
of 1 means Readline is currently in emacs mode; 0 means that vi
mode is active.

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Convenience Functions, Next: Readline Signal Handling, Prev: Readline Variables, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.4 Readline Convenience Functions
==================================
* Menu:
* Function Naming:: How to give a function you write a name.
* Keymaps:: Making keymaps.
* Binding Keys:: Changing Keymaps.
* Associating Function Names and Bindings:: Translate function names to
key sequences.
* Allowing Undoing:: How to make your functions undoable.
* Redisplay:: Functions to control line display.
* Modifying Text:: Functions to modify `rl_line_buffer'.
* Character Input:: Functions to read keyboard input.
* Terminal Management:: Functions to manage terminal settings.
* Utility Functions:: Generally useful functions and hooks.
* Miscellaneous Functions:: Functions that don't fall into any category.
* Alternate Interface:: Using Readline in a `callback' fashion.
* A Readline Example:: An example Readline function.

File: readline.info, Node: Function Naming, Next: Keymaps, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.1 Naming a Function
-----------------------
The user can dynamically change the bindings of keys while using
Readline. This is done by representing the function with a descriptive
name. The user is able to type the descriptive name when referring to
the function. Thus, in an init file, one might find
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
This binds the keystroke <Meta-Rubout> to the function
_descriptively_ named `backward-kill-word'. You, as the programmer,
should bind the functions you write to descriptive names as well.
Readline provides a function for doing that:
-- Function: int rl_add_defun (const char *name, rl_command_func_t
*function, int key)
Add NAME to the list of named functions. Make FUNCTION be the
function that gets called. If KEY is not -1, then bind it to
FUNCTION using `rl_bind_key()'.
Using this function alone is sufficient for most applications. It
is the recommended way to add a few functions to the default functions
that Readline has built in. If you need to do something other than
adding a function to Readline, you may need to use the underlying
functions described below.

File: readline.info, Node: Keymaps, Next: Binding Keys, Prev: Function Naming, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap
------------------------
Key bindings take place on a "keymap". The keymap is the association
between the keys that the user types and the functions that get run.
You can make your own keymaps, copy existing keymaps, and tell Readline
which keymap to use.
-- Function: Keymap rl_make_bare_keymap (void)
Returns a new, empty keymap. The space for the keymap is
allocated with `malloc()'; the caller should free it by calling
`rl_discard_keymap()' when done.
-- Function: Keymap rl_copy_keymap (Keymap map)
Return a new keymap which is a copy of MAP.
-- Function: Keymap rl_make_keymap (void)
Return a new keymap with the printing characters bound to
rl_insert, the lowercase Meta characters bound to run their
equivalents, and the Meta digits bound to produce numeric
arguments.
-- Function: void rl_discard_keymap (Keymap keymap)
Free the storage associated with KEYMAP.
Readline has several internal keymaps. These functions allow you to
change which keymap is active.
-- Function: Keymap rl_get_keymap (void)
Returns the currently active keymap.
-- Function: void rl_set_keymap (Keymap keymap)
Makes KEYMAP the currently active keymap.
-- Function: Keymap rl_get_keymap_by_name (const char *name)
Return the keymap matching NAME. NAME is one which would be
supplied in a `set keymap' inputrc line (*note Readline Init
File::).
-- Function: char * rl_get_keymap_name (Keymap keymap)
Return the name matching KEYMAP. NAME is one which would be
supplied in a `set keymap' inputrc line (*note Readline Init
File::).

File: readline.info, Node: Binding Keys, Next: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Prev: Keymaps, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.3 Binding Keys
------------------
Key sequences are associate with functions through the keymap.
Readline has several internal keymaps: `emacs_standard_keymap',
`emacs_meta_keymap', `emacs_ctlx_keymap', `vi_movement_keymap', and
`vi_insertion_keymap'. `emacs_standard_keymap' is the default, and the
examples in this manual assume that.
Since `readline()' installs a set of default key bindings the first
time it is called, there is always the danger that a custom binding
installed before the first call to `readline()' will be overridden. An
alternate mechanism is to install custom key bindings in an
initialization function assigned to the `rl_startup_hook' variable
(*note Readline Variables::).
These functions manage key bindings.
-- Function: int rl_bind_key (int key, rl_command_func_t *function)
Binds KEY to FUNCTION in the currently active keymap. Returns
non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY.
-- Function: int rl_bind_key_in_map (int key, rl_command_func_t
*function, Keymap map)
Bind KEY to FUNCTION in MAP. Returns non-zero in the case of an
invalid KEY.
-- Function: int rl_bind_key_if_unbound (int key, rl_command_func_t
*function)
Binds KEY to FUNCTION if it is not already bound in the currently
active keymap. Returns non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY or
if KEY is already bound.
-- Function: int rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map (int key,
rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)
Binds KEY to FUNCTION if it is not already bound in MAP. Returns
non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY or if KEY is already bound.
-- Function: int rl_unbind_key (int key)
Bind KEY to the null function in the currently active keymap.
Returns non-zero in case of error.
-- Function: int rl_unbind_key_in_map (int key, Keymap map)
Bind KEY to the null function in MAP. Returns non-zero in case of
error.
-- Function: int rl_unbind_function_in_map (rl_command_func_t
*function, Keymap map)
Unbind all keys that execute FUNCTION in MAP.
-- Function: int rl_unbind_command_in_map (const char *command, Keymap
map)
Unbind all keys that are bound to COMMAND in MAP.
-- Function: int rl_bind_keyseq (const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t
*function)
Bind the key sequence represented by the string KEYSEQ to the
function FUNCTION, beginning in the current keymap. This makes
new keymaps as necessary. The return value is non-zero if KEYSEQ
is invalid.
-- Function: int rl_bind_keyseq_in_map (const char *keyseq,
rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)
Bind the key sequence represented by the string KEYSEQ to the
function FUNCTION. This makes new keymaps as necessary. Initial
bindings are performed in MAP. The return value is non-zero if
KEYSEQ is invalid.
-- Function: int rl_set_key (const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t
*function, Keymap map)
Equivalent to `rl_bind_keyseq_in_map'.
-- Function: int rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound (const char *keyseq,
rl_command_func_t *function)
Binds KEYSEQ to FUNCTION if it is not already bound in the
currently active keymap. Returns non-zero in the case of an
invalid KEYSEQ or if KEYSEQ is already bound.
-- Function: int rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map (const char *keyseq,
rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)
Binds KEYSEQ to FUNCTION if it is not already bound in MAP.
Returns non-zero in the case of an invalid KEYSEQ or if KEYSEQ is
already bound.
-- Function: int rl_generic_bind (int type, const char *keyseq, char
*data, Keymap map)
Bind the key sequence represented by the string KEYSEQ to the
arbitrary pointer DATA. TYPE says what kind of data is pointed to
by DATA; this can be a function (`ISFUNC'), a macro (`ISMACR'), or
a keymap (`ISKMAP'). This makes new keymaps as necessary. The
initial keymap in which to do bindings is MAP.
-- Function: int rl_parse_and_bind (char *line)
Parse LINE as if it had been read from the `inputrc' file and
perform any key bindings and variable assignments found (*note
Readline Init File::).
-- Function: int rl_read_init_file (const char *filename)
Read keybindings and variable assignments from FILENAME (*note
Readline Init File::).

File: readline.info, Node: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Next: Allowing Undoing, Prev: Binding Keys, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings
---------------------------------------------
These functions allow you to find out what keys invoke named functions
and the functions invoked by a particular key sequence. You may also
associate a new function name with an arbitrary function.
-- Function: rl_command_func_t * rl_named_function (const char *name)
Return the function with name NAME.
-- Function: rl_command_func_t * rl_function_of_keyseq (const char
*keyseq, Keymap map, int *type)
Return the function invoked by KEYSEQ in keymap MAP. If MAP is
`NULL', the current keymap is used. If TYPE is not `NULL', the
type of the object is returned in the `int' variable it points to
(one of `ISFUNC', `ISKMAP', or `ISMACR').
-- Function: char ** rl_invoking_keyseqs (rl_command_func_t *function)
Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to
invoke FUNCTION in the current keymap.
-- Function: char ** rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map (rl_command_func_t
*function, Keymap map)
Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to
invoke FUNCTION in the keymap MAP.
-- Function: void rl_function_dumper (int readable)
Print the readline function names and the key sequences currently
bound to them to `rl_outstream'. If READABLE is non-zero, the
list is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
`inputrc' file and re-read.
-- Function: void rl_list_funmap_names (void)
Print the names of all bindable Readline functions to
`rl_outstream'.
-- Function: const char ** rl_funmap_names (void)
Return a NULL terminated array of known function names. The array
is sorted. The array itself is allocated, but not the strings
inside. You should `free()' the array when you are done, but not
the pointers.
-- Function: int rl_add_funmap_entry (const char *name,
rl_command_func_t *function)
Add NAME to the list of bindable Readline command names, and make
FUNCTION the function to be called when NAME is invoked.

File: readline.info, Node: Allowing Undoing, Next: Redisplay, Prev: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.5 Allowing Undoing
----------------------
Supporting the undo command is a painless thing, and makes your
functions much more useful. It is certainly easy to try something if
you know you can undo it.
If your function simply inserts text once, or deletes text once, and
uses `rl_insert_text()' or `rl_delete_text()' to do it, then undoing is
already done for you automatically.
If you do multiple insertions or multiple deletions, or any
combination of these operations, you should group them together into
one operation. This is done with `rl_begin_undo_group()' and
`rl_end_undo_group()'.
The types of events that can be undone are:
enum undo_code { UNDO_DELETE, UNDO_INSERT, UNDO_BEGIN, UNDO_END };
Notice that `UNDO_DELETE' means to insert some text, and
`UNDO_INSERT' means to delete some text. That is, the undo code tells
what to undo, not how to undo it. `UNDO_BEGIN' and `UNDO_END' are tags
added by `rl_begin_undo_group()' and `rl_end_undo_group()'.
-- Function: int rl_begin_undo_group (void)
Begins saving undo information in a group construct. The undo
information usually comes from calls to `rl_insert_text()' and
`rl_delete_text()', but could be the result of calls to
`rl_add_undo()'.
-- Function: int rl_end_undo_group (void)
Closes the current undo group started with `rl_begin_undo_group
()'. There should be one call to `rl_end_undo_group()' for each
call to `rl_begin_undo_group()'.
-- Function: void rl_add_undo (enum undo_code what, int start, int
end, char *text)
Remember how to undo an event (according to WHAT). The affected
text runs from START to END, and encompasses TEXT.
-- Function: void rl_free_undo_list (void)
Free the existing undo list.
-- Function: int rl_do_undo (void)
Undo the first thing on the undo list. Returns `0' if there was
nothing to undo, non-zero if something was undone.
Finally, if you neither insert nor delete text, but directly modify
the existing text (e.g., change its case), call `rl_modifying()' once,
just before you modify the text. You must supply the indices of the
text range that you are going to modify.
-- Function: int rl_modifying (int start, int end)
Tell Readline to save the text between START and END as a single
undo unit. It is assumed that you will subsequently modify that
text.

File: readline.info, Node: Redisplay, Next: Modifying Text, Prev: Allowing Undoing, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.6 Redisplay
---------------
-- Function: void rl_redisplay (void)
Change what's displayed on the screen to reflect the current
contents of `rl_line_buffer'.
-- Function: int rl_forced_update_display (void)
Force the line to be updated and redisplayed, whether or not
Readline thinks the screen display is correct.
-- Function: int rl_on_new_line (void)
Tell the update functions that we have moved onto a new (empty)
line, usually after ouputting a newline.
-- Function: int rl_on_new_line_with_prompt (void)
Tell the update functions that we have moved onto a new line, with
RL_PROMPT already displayed. This could be used by applications
that want to output the prompt string themselves, but still need
Readline to know the prompt string length for redisplay. It
should be used after setting RL_ALREADY_PROMPTED.
-- Function: int rl_reset_line_state (void)
Reset the display state to a clean state and redisplay the current
line starting on a new line.
-- Function: int rl_crlf (void)
Move the cursor to the start of the next screen line.
-- Function: int rl_show_char (int c)
Display character C on `rl_outstream'. If Readline has not been
set to display meta characters directly, this will convert meta
characters to a meta-prefixed key sequence. This is intended for
use by applications which wish to do their own redisplay.
-- Function: int rl_message (const char *, ...)
The arguments are a format string as would be supplied to `printf',
possibly containing conversion specifications such as `%d', and
any additional arguments necessary to satisfy the conversion
specifications. The resulting string is displayed in the "echo
area". The echo area is also used to display numeric arguments
and search strings. You should call `rl_save_prompt' to save the
prompt information before calling this function.
-- Function: int rl_clear_message (void)
Clear the message in the echo area. If the prompt was saved with
a call to `rl_save_prompt' before the last call to `rl_message',
call `rl_restore_prompt' before calling this function.
-- Function: void rl_save_prompt (void)
Save the local Readline prompt display state in preparation for
displaying a new message in the message area with `rl_message()'.
-- Function: void rl_restore_prompt (void)
Restore the local Readline prompt display state saved by the most
recent call to `rl_save_prompt'. if `rl_save_prompt' was called
to save the prompt before a call to `rl_message', this function
should be called before the corresponding call to
`rl_clear_message'.
-- Function: int rl_expand_prompt (char *prompt)
Expand any special character sequences in PROMPT and set up the
local Readline prompt redisplay variables. This function is
called by `readline()'. It may also be called to expand the
primary prompt if the `rl_on_new_line_with_prompt()' function or
`rl_already_prompted' variable is used. It returns the number of
visible characters on the last line of the (possibly multi-line)
prompt. Applications may indicate that the prompt contains
characters that take up no physical screen space when displayed by
bracketing a sequence of such characters with the special markers
`RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE' and `RL_PROMPT_END_IGNORE' (declared in
`readline.h'. This may be used to embed terminal-specific escape
sequences in prompts.
-- Function: int rl_set_prompt (const char *prompt)
Make Readline use PROMPT for subsequent redisplay. This calls
`rl_expand_prompt()' to expand the prompt and sets `rl_prompt' to
the result.

File: readline.info, Node: Modifying Text, Next: Character Input, Prev: Redisplay, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.7 Modifying Text
--------------------
-- Function: int rl_insert_text (const char *text)
Insert TEXT into the line at the current cursor position. Returns
the number of characters inserted.
-- Function: int rl_delete_text (int start, int end)
Delete the text between START and END in the current line.
Returns the number of characters deleted.
-- Function: char * rl_copy_text (int start, int end)
Return a copy of the text between START and END in the current
line.
-- Function: int rl_kill_text (int start, int end)
Copy the text between START and END in the current line to the
kill ring, appending or prepending to the last kill if the last
command was a kill command. The text is deleted. If START is
less than END, the text is appended, otherwise prepended. If the
last command was not a kill, a new kill ring slot is used.
-- Function: int rl_push_macro_input (char *macro)
Cause MACRO to be inserted into the line, as if it had been invoked
by a key bound to a macro. Not especially useful; use
`rl_insert_text()' instead.

File: readline.info, Node: Character Input, Next: Terminal Management, Prev: Modifying Text, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.8 Character Input
---------------------
-- Function: int rl_read_key (void)
Return the next character available from Readline's current input
stream. This handles input inserted into the input stream via
RL_PENDING_INPUT (*note Readline Variables::) and
`rl_stuff_char()', macros, and characters read from the keyboard.
While waiting for input, this function will call any function
assigned to the `rl_event_hook' variable.
-- Function: int rl_getc (FILE *stream)
Return the next character available from STREAM, which is assumed
to be the keyboard.
-- Function: int rl_stuff_char (int c)
Insert C into the Readline input stream. It will be "read" before
Readline attempts to read characters from the terminal with
`rl_read_key()'. Up to 512 characters may be pushed back.
`rl_stuff_char' returns 1 if the character was successfully
inserted; 0 otherwise.
-- Function: int rl_execute_next (int c)
Make C be the next command to be executed when `rl_read_key()' is
called. This sets RL_PENDING_INPUT.
-- Function: int rl_clear_pending_input (void)
Unset RL_PENDING_INPUT, effectively negating the effect of any
previous call to `rl_execute_next()'. This works only if the
pending input has not already been read with `rl_read_key()'.
-- Function: int rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout (int u)
While waiting for keyboard input in `rl_read_key()', Readline will
wait for U microseconds for input before calling any function
assigned to `rl_event_hook'. The default waiting period is
one-tenth of a second. Returns the old timeout value.

File: readline.info, Node: Terminal Management, Next: Utility Functions, Prev: Character Input, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.9 Terminal Management
-------------------------
-- Function: void rl_prep_terminal (int meta_flag)
Modify the terminal settings for Readline's use, so `readline()'
can read a single character at a time from the keyboard. The
META_FLAG argument should be non-zero if Readline should read
eight-bit input.
-- Function: void rl_deprep_terminal (void)
Undo the effects of `rl_prep_terminal()', leaving the terminal in
the state in which it was before the most recent call to
`rl_prep_terminal()'.
-- Function: void rl_tty_set_default_bindings (Keymap kmap)
Read the operating system's terminal editing characters (as would
be displayed by `stty') to their Readline equivalents. The
bindings are performed in KMAP.
-- Function: void rl_tty_unset_default_bindings (Keymap kmap)
Reset the bindings manipulated by `rl_tty_set_default_bindings' so
that the terminal editing characters are bound to `rl_insert'.
The bindings are performed in KMAP.
-- Function: int rl_reset_terminal (const char *terminal_name)
Reinitialize Readline's idea of the terminal settings using
TERMINAL_NAME as the terminal type (e.g., `vt100'). If
TERMINAL_NAME is `NULL', the value of the `TERM' environment
variable is used.

File: readline.info, Node: Utility Functions, Next: Miscellaneous Functions, Prev: Terminal Management, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.10 Utility Functions
------------------------
-- Function: void rl_replace_line (const char *text, int clear_undo)
Replace the contents of `rl_line_buffer' with TEXT. The point and
mark are preserved, if possible. If CLEAR_UNDO is non-zero, the
undo list associated with the current line is cleared.
-- Function: int rl_extend_line_buffer (int len)
Ensure that `rl_line_buffer' has enough space to hold LEN
characters, possibly reallocating it if necessary.
-- Function: int rl_initialize (void)
Initialize or re-initialize Readline's internal state. It's not
strictly necessary to call this; `readline()' calls it before
reading any input.
-- Function: int rl_ding (void)
Ring the terminal bell, obeying the setting of `bell-style'.
-- Function: int rl_alphabetic (int c)
Return 1 if C is an alphabetic character.
-- Function: void rl_display_match_list (char **matches, int len, int
max)
A convenience function for displaying a list of strings in
columnar format on Readline's output stream. `matches' is the list
of strings, in argv format, such as a list of completion matches.
`len' is the number of strings in `matches', and `max' is the
length of the longest string in `matches'. This function uses the
setting of `print-completions-horizontally' to select how the
matches are displayed (*note Readline Init File Syntax::).
The following are implemented as macros, defined in `chardefs.h'.
Applications should refrain from using them.
-- Function: int _rl_uppercase_p (int c)
Return 1 if C is an uppercase alphabetic character.
-- Function: int _rl_lowercase_p (int c)
Return 1 if C is a lowercase alphabetic character.
-- Function: int _rl_digit_p (int c)
Return 1 if C is a numeric character.
-- Function: int _rl_to_upper (int c)
If C is a lowercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding
uppercase character.
-- Function: int _rl_to_lower (int c)
If C is an uppercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding
lowercase character.
-- Function: int _rl_digit_value (int c)
If C is a number, return the value it represents.

File: readline.info, Node: Miscellaneous Functions, Next: Alternate Interface, Prev: Utility Functions, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions
------------------------------
-- Function: int rl_macro_bind (const char *keyseq, const char *macro,
Keymap map)
Bind the key sequence KEYSEQ to invoke the macro MACRO. The
binding is performed in MAP. When KEYSEQ is invoked, the MACRO
will be inserted into the line. This function is deprecated; use
`rl_generic_bind()' instead.
-- Function: void rl_macro_dumper (int readable)
Print the key sequences bound to macros and their values, using
the current keymap, to `rl_outstream'. If READABLE is non-zero,
the list is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
`inputrc' file and re-read.
-- Function: int rl_variable_bind (const char *variable, const char
*value)
Make the Readline variable VARIABLE have VALUE. This behaves as
if the readline command `set VARIABLE VALUE' had been executed in
an `inputrc' file (*note Readline Init File Syntax::).
-- Function: char * rl_variable_value (const char *variable)
Return a string representing the value of the Readline variable
VARIABLE. For boolean variables, this string is either `on' or
`off'.
-- Function: void rl_variable_dumper (int readable)
Print the readline variable names and their current values to
`rl_outstream'. If READABLE is non-zero, the list is formatted in
such a way that it can be made part of an `inputrc' file and
re-read.
-- Function: int rl_set_paren_blink_timeout (int u)
Set the time interval (in microseconds) that Readline waits when
showing a balancing character when `blink-matching-paren' has been
enabled.
-- Function: char * rl_get_termcap (const char *cap)
Retrieve the string value of the termcap capability CAP. Readline
fetches the termcap entry for the current terminal name and uses
those capabilities to move around the screen line and perform other
terminal-specific operations, like erasing a line. Readline does
not use all of a terminal's capabilities, and this function will
return values for only those capabilities Readline uses.

File: readline.info, Node: Alternate Interface, Next: A Readline Example, Prev: Miscellaneous Functions, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.12 Alternate Interface
--------------------------
An alternate interface is available to plain `readline()'. Some
applications need to interleave keyboard I/O with file, device, or
window system I/O, typically by using a main loop to `select()' on
various file descriptors. To accomodate this need, readline can also
be invoked as a `callback' function from an event loop. There are
functions available to make this easy.
-- Function: void rl_callback_handler_install (const char *prompt,
rl_vcpfunc_t *lhandler)
Set up the terminal for readline I/O and display the initial
expanded value of PROMPT. Save the value of LHANDLER to use as a
function to call when a complete line of input has been entered.
The function takes the text of the line as an argument.
-- Function: void rl_callback_read_char (void)
Whenever an application determines that keyboard input is
available, it should call `rl_callback_read_char()', which will
read the next character from the current input source. If that
character completes the line, `rl_callback_read_char' will invoke
the LHANDLER function saved by `rl_callback_handler_install' to
process the line. Before calling the LHANDLER function, the
terminal settings are reset to the values they had before calling
`rl_callback_handler_install'. If the LHANDLER function returns,
the terminal settings are modified for Readline's use again.
`EOF' is indicated by calling LHANDLER with a `NULL' line.
-- Function: void rl_callback_handler_remove (void)
Restore the terminal to its initial state and remove the line
handler. This may be called from within a callback as well as
independently. If the LHANDLER installed by
`rl_callback_handler_install' does not exit the program, either
this function or the function referred to by the value of
`rl_deprep_term_function' should be called before the program
exits to reset the terminal settings.

File: readline.info, Node: A Readline Example, Prev: Alternate Interface, Up: Readline Convenience Functions
2.4.13 A Readline Example
-------------------------
Here is a function which changes lowercase characters to their uppercase
equivalents, and uppercase characters to lowercase. If this function
was bound to `M-c', then typing `M-c' would change the case of the
character under point. Typing `M-1 0 M-c' would change the case of the
following 10 characters, leaving the cursor on the last character
changed.
/* Invert the case of the COUNT following characters. */
int
invert_case_line (count, key)
int count, key;
{
register int start, end, i;
start = rl_point;
if (rl_point >= rl_end)
return (0);
if (count < 0)
{
direction = -1;
count = -count;
}
else
direction = 1;
/* Find the end of the range to modify. */
end = start + (count * direction);
/* Force it to be within range. */
if (end > rl_end)
end = rl_end;
else if (end < 0)
end = 0;
if (start == end)
return (0);
if (start > end)
{
int temp = start;
start = end;
end = temp;
}
/* Tell readline that we are modifying the line,
so it will save the undo information. */
rl_modifying (start, end);
for (i = start; i != end; i++)
{
if (_rl_uppercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i]))
rl_line_buffer[i] = _rl_to_lower (rl_line_buffer[i]);
else if (_rl_lowercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i]))
rl_line_buffer[i] = _rl_to_upper (rl_line_buffer[i]);
}
/* Move point to on top of the last character changed. */
rl_point = (direction == 1) ? end - 1 : start;
return (0);
}

File: readline.info, Node: Readline Signal Handling, Next: Custom Completers, Prev: Readline Convenience Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.5 Readline Signal Handling
============================
Signals are asynchronous events sent to a process by the Unix kernel,
sometimes on behalf of another process. They are intended to indicate
exceptional events, like a user pressing the interrupt key on his
terminal, or a network connection being broken. There is a class of
signals that can be sent to the process currently reading input from
the keyboard. Since Readline changes the terminal attributes when it
is called, it needs to perform special processing when such a signal is
received in order to restore the terminal to a sane state, or provide
application writers with functions to do so manually.
Readline contains an internal signal handler that is installed for a
number of signals (`SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', `SIGTERM', `SIGALRM',
`SIGTSTP', `SIGTTIN', and `SIGTTOU'). When one of these signals is
received, the signal handler will reset the terminal attributes to
those that were in effect before `readline()' was called, reset the
signal handling to what it was before `readline()' was called, and
resend the signal to the calling application. If and when the calling
application's signal handler returns, Readline will reinitialize the
terminal and continue to accept input. When a `SIGINT' is received,
the Readline signal handler performs some additional work, which will
cause any partially-entered line to be aborted (see the description of
`rl_free_line_state()' below).
There is an additional Readline signal handler, for `SIGWINCH', which
the kernel sends to a process whenever the terminal's size changes (for
example, if a user resizes an `xterm'). The Readline `SIGWINCH'
handler updates Readline's internal screen size information, and then
calls any `SIGWINCH' signal handler the calling application has
installed. Readline calls the application's `SIGWINCH' signal handler
without resetting the terminal to its original state. If the
application's signal handler does more than update its idea of the
terminal size and return (for example, a `longjmp' back to a main
processing loop), it _must_ call `rl_cleanup_after_signal()' (described
below), to restore the terminal state.
Readline provides two variables that allow application writers to
control whether or not it will catch certain signals and act on them
when they are received. It is important that applications change the
values of these variables only when calling `readline()', not in a
signal handler, so Readline's internal signal state is not corrupted.
-- Variable: int rl_catch_signals
If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install signal
handlers for `SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', `SIGTERM', `SIGALRM', `SIGTSTP',
`SIGTTIN', and `SIGTTOU'.
The default value of `rl_catch_signals' is 1.
-- Variable: int rl_catch_sigwinch
If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install a signal
handler for `SIGWINCH'.
The default value of `rl_catch_sigwinch' is 1.
If an application does not wish to have Readline catch any signals,
or to handle signals other than those Readline catches (`SIGHUP', for
example), Readline provides convenience functions to do the necessary
terminal and internal state cleanup upon receipt of a signal.
-- Function: void rl_cleanup_after_signal (void)
This function will reset the state of the terminal to what it was
before `readline()' was called, and remove the Readline signal
handlers for all signals, depending on the values of
`rl_catch_signals' and `rl_catch_sigwinch'.
-- Function: void rl_free_line_state (void)
This will free any partial state associated with the current input
line (undo information, any partial history entry, any
partially-entered keyboard macro, and any partially-entered
numeric argument). This should be called before
`rl_cleanup_after_signal()'. The Readline signal handler for
`SIGINT' calls this to abort the current input line.
-- Function: void rl_reset_after_signal (void)
This will reinitialize the terminal and reinstall any Readline
signal handlers, depending on the values of `rl_catch_signals' and
`rl_catch_sigwinch'.
If an application does not wish Readline to catch `SIGWINCH', it may
call `rl_resize_terminal()' or `rl_set_screen_size()' to force Readline
to update its idea of the terminal size when a `SIGWINCH' is received.
-- Function: void rl_resize_terminal (void)
Update Readline's internal screen size by reading values from the
kernel.
-- Function: void rl_set_screen_size (int rows, int cols)
Set Readline's idea of the terminal size to ROWS rows and COLS
columns. If either ROWS or COLUMNS is less than or equal to 0,
Readline's idea of that terminal dimension is unchanged.
If an application does not want to install a `SIGWINCH' handler, but
is still interested in the screen dimensions, Readline's idea of the
screen size may be queried.
-- Function: void rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *cols)
Return Readline's idea of the terminal's size in the variables
pointed to by the arguments.
-- Function: void rl_reset_screen_size (void)
Cause Readline to reobtain the screen size and recalculate its
dimensions.
The following functions install and remove Readline's signal
handlers.
-- Function: int rl_set_signals (void)
Install Readline's signal handler for `SIGINT', `SIGQUIT',
`SIGTERM', `SIGALRM', `SIGTSTP', `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and
`SIGWINCH', depending on the values of `rl_catch_signals' and
`rl_catch_sigwinch'.
-- Function: int rl_clear_signals (void)
Remove all of the Readline signal handlers installed by
`rl_set_signals()'.

File: readline.info, Node: Custom Completers, Prev: Readline Signal Handling, Up: Programming with GNU Readline
2.6 Custom Completers
=====================
Typically, a program that reads commands from the user has a way of
disambiguating commands and data. If your program is one of these, then
it can provide completion for commands, data, or both. The following
sections describe how your program and Readline cooperate to provide
this service.
* Menu:
* How Completing Works:: The logic used to do completion.
* Completion Functions:: Functions provided by Readline.
* Completion Variables:: Variables which control completion.
* A Short Completion Example:: An example of writing completer subroutines.

File: readline.info, Node: How Completing Works, Next: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers
2.6.1 How Completing Works
--------------------------
In order to complete some text, the full list of possible completions
must be available. That is, it is not possible to accurately expand a
partial word without knowing all of the possible words which make sense
in that context. The Readline library provides the user interface to
completion, and two of the most common completion functions: filename
and username. For completing other types of text, you must write your
own completion function. This section describes exactly what such
functions must do, and provides an example.
There are three major functions used to perform completion:
1. The user-interface function `rl_complete()'. This function is
called with the same arguments as other bindable Readline
functions: COUNT and INVOKING_KEY. It isolates the word to be
completed and calls `rl_completion_matches()' to generate a list
of possible completions. It then either lists the possible
completions, inserts the possible completions, or actually
performs the completion, depending on which behavior is desired.
2. The internal function `rl_completion_matches()' uses an
application-supplied "generator" function to generate the list of
possible matches, and then returns the array of these matches.
The caller should place the address of its generator function in
`rl_completion_entry_function'.
3. The generator function is called repeatedly from
`rl_completion_matches()', returning a string each time. The
arguments to the generator function are TEXT and STATE. TEXT is
the partial word to be completed. STATE is zero the first time
the function is called, allowing the generator to perform any
necessary initialization, and a positive non-zero integer for each
subsequent call. The generator function returns `(char *)NULL' to
inform `rl_completion_matches()' that there are no more
possibilities left. Usually the generator function computes the
list of possible completions when STATE is zero, and returns them
one at a time on subsequent calls. Each string the generator
function returns as a match must be allocated with `malloc()';
Readline frees the strings when it has finished with them. Such a
generator function is referred to as an "application-specific
completion function".
-- Function: int rl_complete (int ignore, int invoking_key)
Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the
function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm
(see `rl_completion_matches()'). The default is to do filename
completion.
-- Variable: rl_compentry_func_t * rl_completion_entry_function
This is a pointer to the generator function for
`rl_completion_matches()'. If the value of
`rl_completion_entry_function' is `NULL' then the default filename
generator function, `rl_filename_completion_function()', is used.
An "application-specific completion function" is a function whose
address is assigned to `rl_completion_entry_function' and whose
return values are used to generate possible completions.

File: readline.info, Node: Completion Functions, Next: Completion Variables, Prev: How Completing Works, Up: Custom Completers
2.6.2 Completion Functions
--------------------------
Here is the complete list of callable completion functions present in
Readline.
-- Function: int rl_complete_internal (int what_to_do)
Complete the word at or before point. WHAT_TO_DO says what to do
with the completion. A value of `?' means list the possible
completions. `TAB' means do standard completion. `*' means
insert all of the possible completions. `!' means to display all
of the possible completions, if there is more than one, as well as
performing partial completion. `@' is similar to `!', but
possible completions are not listed if the possible completions
share a common prefix.
-- Function: int rl_complete (int ignore, int invoking_key)
Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the
function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm
(see `rl_completion_matches()' and `rl_completion_entry_function').
The default is to do filename completion. This calls
`rl_complete_internal()' with an argument depending on
INVOKING_KEY.
-- Function: int rl_possible_completions (int count, int invoking_key)
List the possible completions. See description of `rl_complete
()'. This calls `rl_complete_internal()' with an argument of `?'.
-- Function: int rl_insert_completions (int count, int invoking_key)
Insert the list of possible completions into the line, deleting the
partially-completed word. See description of `rl_complete()'.
This calls `rl_complete_internal()' with an argument of `*'.
-- Function: int rl_completion_mode (rl_command_func_t *cfunc)
Returns the apppriate value to pass to `rl_complete_internal()'
depending on whether CFUNC was called twice in succession and the
values of the `show-all-if-ambiguous' and `show-all-if-unmodified'
variables. Application-specific completion functions may use this
function to present the same interface as `rl_complete()'.
-- Function: char ** rl_completion_matches (const char *text,
rl_compentry_func_t *entry_func)
Returns an array of strings which is a list of completions for
TEXT. If there are no completions, returns `NULL'. The first
entry in the returned array is the substitution for TEXT. The
remaining entries are the possible completions. The array is
terminated with a `NULL' pointer.
ENTRY_FUNC is a function of two args, and returns a `char *'. The
first argument is TEXT. The second is a state argument; it is
zero on the first call, and non-zero on subsequent calls.
ENTRY_FUNC returns a `NULL' pointer to the caller when there are
no more matches.
-- Function: char * rl_filename_completion_function (const char *text,
int state)
A generator function for filename completion in the general case.
TEXT is a partial filename. The Bash source is a useful reference
for writing application-specific completion functions (the Bash
completion functions call this and other Readline functions).
-- Function: char * rl_username_completion_function (const char *text,
int state)
A completion generator for usernames. TEXT contains a partial
username preceded by a random character (usually `~'). As with all
completion generators, STATE is zero on the first call and non-zero
for subsequent calls.

File: readline.info, Node: Completion Variables, Next: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers
2.6.3 Completion Variables
--------------------------
-- Variable: rl_compentry_func_t * rl_completion_entry_function
A pointer to the generator function for `rl_completion_matches()'.
`NULL' means to use `rl_filename_completion_function()', the
default filename completer.
-- Variable: rl_completion_func_t * rl_attempted_completion_function
A pointer to an alternative function to create matches. The
function is called with TEXT, START, and END. START and END are
indices in `rl_line_buffer' defining the boundaries of TEXT, which
is a character string. If this function exists and returns
`NULL', or if this variable is set to `NULL', then `rl_complete()'
will call the value of `rl_completion_entry_function' to generate
matches, otherwise the array of strings returned will be used. If
this function sets the `rl_attempted_completion_over' variable to
a non-zero value, Readline will not perform its default completion
even if this function returns no matches.
-- Variable: rl_quote_func_t * rl_filename_quoting_function
A pointer to a function that will quote a filename in an
application-specific fashion. This is called if filename
completion is being attempted and one of the characters in
`rl_filename_quote_characters' appears in a completed filename.
The function is called with TEXT, MATCH_TYPE, and QUOTE_POINTER.
The TEXT is the filename to be quoted. The MATCH_TYPE is either
`SINGLE_MATCH', if there is only one completion match, or
`MULT_MATCH'. Some functions use this to decide whether or not to
insert a closing quote character. The QUOTE_POINTER is a pointer
to any opening quote character the user typed. Some functions
choose to reset this character.
-- Variable: rl_dequote_func_t * rl_filename_dequoting_function
A pointer to a function that will remove application-specific
quoting characters from a filename before completion is attempted,
so those characters do not interfere with matching the text
against names in the filesystem. It is called with TEXT, the text
of the word to be dequoted, and QUOTE_CHAR, which is the quoting
character that delimits the filename (usually `'' or `"'). If
QUOTE_CHAR is zero, the filename was not in an embedded string.
-- Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * rl_char_is_quoted_p
A pointer to a function to call that determines whether or not a
specific character in the line buffer is quoted, according to
whatever quoting mechanism the program calling Readline uses. The
function is called with two arguments: TEXT, the text of the line,
and INDEX, the index of the character in the line. It is used to
decide whether a character found in
`rl_completer_word_break_characters' should be used to break words
for the completer.
-- Variable: rl_compignore_func_t * rl_ignore_some_completions_function
This function, if defined, is called by the completer when real
filename completion is done, after all the matching names have
been generated. It is passed a `NULL' terminated array of matches.
The first element (`matches[0]') is the maximal substring common
to all matches. This function can re-arrange the list of matches
as required, but each element deleted from the array must be freed.
-- Variable: rl_icppfunc_t * rl_directory_completion_hook
This function, if defined, is allowed to modify the directory
portion of filenames Readline completes. It is called with the
address of a string (the current directory name) as an argument,
and may modify that string. If the string is replaced with a new
string, the old value should be freed. Any modified directory
name should have a trailing slash. The modified value will be
displayed as part of the completion, replacing the directory
portion of the pathname the user typed. It returns an integer
that should be non-zero if the function modifies its directory
argument. It could be used to expand symbolic links or shell
variables in pathnames.
-- Variable: rl_compdisp_func_t * rl_completion_display_matches_hook
If non-zero, then this is the address of a function to call when
completing a word would normally display the list of possible
matches. This function is called in lieu of Readline displaying
the list. It takes three arguments: (`char **'MATCHES, `int'
NUM_MATCHES, `int' MAX_LENGTH) where MATCHES is the array of
matching strings, NUM_MATCHES is the number of strings in that
array, and MAX_LENGTH is the length of the longest string in that
array. Readline provides a convenience function,
`rl_display_match_list', that takes care of doing the display to
Readline's output stream. That function may be called from this
hook.
-- Variable: const char * rl_basic_word_break_characters
The basic list of characters that signal a break between words for
the completer routine. The default value of this variable is the
characters which break words for completion in Bash: `"
\t\n\"\\'`@$><=;|&{("'.
-- Variable: const char * rl_basic_quote_characters
A list of quote characters which can cause a word break.
-- Variable: const char * rl_completer_word_break_characters
The list of characters that signal a break between words for
`rl_complete_internal()'. The default list is the value of
`rl_basic_word_break_characters'.
-- Variable: rl_cpvfunc_t * rl_completion_word_break_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call when
Readline is deciding where to separate words for word completion.
It should return a character string like
`rl_completer_word_break_characters' to be used to perform the
current completion. The function may choose to set
`rl_completer_word_break_characters' itself. If the function
returns `NULL', `rl_completer_word_break_characters' is used.
-- Variable: const char * rl_completer_quote_characters
A list of characters which can be used to quote a substring of the
line. Completion occurs on the entire substring, and within the
substring `rl_completer_word_break_characters' are treated as any
other character, unless they also appear within this list.
-- Variable: const char * rl_filename_quote_characters
A list of characters that cause a filename to be quoted by the
completer when they appear in a completed filename. The default
is the null string.
-- Variable: const char * rl_special_prefixes
The list of characters that are word break characters, but should
be left in TEXT when it is passed to the completion function.
Programs can use this to help determine what kind of completing to
do. For instance, Bash sets this variable to "$@" so that it can
complete shell variables and hostnames.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_query_items
Up to this many items will be displayed in response to a
possible-completions call. After that, readline asks the user if
she is sure she wants to see them all. The default value is 100.
A negative value indicates that Readline should never ask the user.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_append_character
When a single completion alternative matches at the end of the
command line, this character is appended to the inserted
completion text. The default is a space character (` '). Setting
this to the null character (`\0') prevents anything being appended
automatically. This can be changed in application-specific
completion functions to provide the "most sensible word separator
character" according to an application-specific command line
syntax specification.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_suppress_append
If non-zero, RL_COMPLETION_APPEND_CHARACTER is not appended to
matches at the end of the command line, as described above. It is
set to 0 before any application-specific completion function is
called, and may only be changed within such a function.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_quote_character
When Readline is completing quoted text, as delimited by one of the
characters in RL_COMPLETER_QUOTE_CHARACTERS, it sets this variable
to the quoting character found. This is set before any
application-specific completion function is called.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_suppress_quote
If non-zero, Readline does not append a matching quote character
when performing completion on a quoted string. It is set to 0
before any application-specific completion function is called, and
may only be changed within such a function.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_found_quote
When Readline is completing quoted text, it sets this variable to
a non-zero value if the word being completed contains or is
delimited by any quoting characters, including backslashes. This
is set before any application-specific completion function is
called.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs
If non-zero, a slash will be appended to completed filenames that
are symbolic links to directory names, subject to the value of the
user-settable MARK-DIRECTORIES variable. This variable exists so
that application-specific completion functions can override the
user's global preference (set via the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES
Readline variable) if appropriate. This variable is set to the
user's preference before any application-specific completion
function is called, so unless that function modifies the value,
the user's preferences are honored.
-- Variable: int rl_ignore_completion_duplicates
If non-zero, then duplicates in the matches are removed. The
default is 1.
-- Variable: int rl_filename_completion_desired
Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be treated as
filenames. This is _always_ zero when completion is attempted,
and can only be changed within an application-specific completion
function. If it is set to a non-zero value by such a function,
directory names have a slash appended and Readline attempts to
quote completed filenames if they contain any characters in
`rl_filename_quote_characters' and `rl_filename_quoting_desired'
is set to a non-zero value.
-- Variable: int rl_filename_quoting_desired
Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be quoted
using double quotes (or an application-specific quoting mechanism)
if the completed filename contains any characters in
`rl_filename_quote_chars'. This is _always_ non-zero when
completion is attempted, and can only be changed within an
application-specific completion function. The quoting is effected
via a call to the function pointed to by
`rl_filename_quoting_function'.
-- Variable: int rl_attempted_completion_over
If an application-specific completion function assigned to
`rl_attempted_completion_function' sets this variable to a non-zero
value, Readline will not perform its default filename completion
even if the application's completion function returns no matches.
It should be set only by an application's completion function.
-- Variable: int rl_completion_type
Set to a character describing the type of completion Readline is
currently attempting; see the description of
`rl_complete_internal()' (*note Completion Functions::) for the
list of characters. This is set to the appropriate value before
any application-specific completion function is called, allowing
such functions to present the same interface as `rl_complete()'.
-- Variable: int rl_inhibit_completion
If this variable is non-zero, completion is inhibited. The
completion character will be inserted as any other bound to
`self-insert'.

File: readline.info, Node: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Variables, Up: Custom Completers
2.6.4 A Short Completion Example
--------------------------------
Here is a small application demonstrating the use of the GNU Readline
library. It is called `fileman', and the source code resides in
`examples/fileman.c'. This sample application provides completion of
command names, line editing features, and access to the history list.
/* fileman.c -- A tiny application which demonstrates how to use the
GNU Readline library. This application interactively allows users
to manipulate files and their modes. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>
#include <readline/readline.h>
#include <readline/history.h>
extern char *xmalloc ();
/* The names of functions that actually do the manipulation. */
int com_list __P((char *));
int com_view __P((char *));
int com_rename __P((char *));
int com_stat __P((char *));
int com_pwd __P((char *));
int com_delete __P((char *));
int com_help __P((char *));
int com_cd __P((char *));
int com_quit __P((char *));
/* A structure which contains information on the commands this program
can understand. */
typedef struct {
char *name; /* User printable name of the function. */
rl_icpfunc_t *func; /* Function to call to do the job. */
char *doc; /* Documentation for this function. */
} COMMAND;
COMMAND commands[] = {
{ "cd", com_cd, "Change to directory DIR" },
{ "delete", com_delete, "Delete FILE" },
{ "help", com_help, "Display this text" },
{ "?", com_help, "Synonym for `help'" },
{ "list", com_list, "List files in DIR" },
{ "ls", com_list, "Synonym for `list'" },
{ "pwd", com_pwd, "Print the current working directory" },
{ "quit", com_quit, "Quit using Fileman" },
{ "rename", com_rename, "Rename FILE to NEWNAME" },
{ "stat", com_stat, "Print out statistics on FILE" },
{ "view", com_view, "View the contents of FILE" },
{ (char *)NULL, (rl_icpfunc_t *)NULL, (char *)NULL }
};
/* Forward declarations. */
char *stripwhite ();
COMMAND *find_command ();
/* The name of this program, as taken from argv[0]. */
char *progname;
/* When non-zero, this means the user is done using this program. */
int done;
char *
dupstr (s)
int s;
{
char *r;
r = xmalloc (strlen (s) + 1);
strcpy (r, s);
return (r);
}
main (argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
char *line, *s;
progname = argv[0];
initialize_readline (); /* Bind our completer. */
/* Loop reading and executing lines until the user quits. */
for ( ; done == 0; )
{
line = readline ("FileMan: ");
if (!line)
break;
/* Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the line.
Then, if there is anything left, add it to the history list
and execute it. */
s = stripwhite (line);
if (*s)
{
add_history (s);
execute_line (s);
}
free (line);
}
exit (0);
}
/* Execute a command line. */
int
execute_line (line)
char *line;
{
register int i;
COMMAND *command;
char *word;
/* Isolate the command word. */
i = 0;
while (line[i] && whitespace (line[i]))
i++;
word = line + i;
while (line[i] && !whitespace (line[i]))
i++;
if (line[i])
line[i++] = '\0';
command = find_command (word);
if (!command)
{
fprintf (stderr, "%s: No such command for FileMan.\n", word);
return (-1);
}
/* Get argument to command, if any. */
while (whitespace (line[i]))
i++;
word = line + i;
/* Call the function. */
return ((*(command->func)) (word));
}
/* Look up NAME as the name of a command, and return a pointer to that
command. Return a NULL pointer if NAME isn't a command name. */
COMMAND *
find_command (name)
char *name;
{
register int i;
for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++)
if (strcmp (name, commands[i].name) == 0)
return (&commands[i]);
return ((COMMAND *)NULL);
}
/* Strip whitespace from the start and end of STRING. Return a pointer
into STRING. */
char *
stripwhite (string)
char *string;
{
register char *s, *t;
for (s = string; whitespace (*s); s++)
;
if (*s == 0)
return (s);
t = s + strlen (s) - 1;
while (t > s && whitespace (*t))
t--;
*++t = '\0';
return s;
}
/* **************************************************************** */
/* */
/* Interface to Readline Completion */
/* */
/* **************************************************************** */
char *command_generator __P((const char *, int));
char **fileman_completion __P((const char *, int, int));
/* Tell the GNU Readline library how to complete. We want to try to
complete on command names if this is the first word in the line, or
on filenames if not. */
initialize_readline ()
{
/* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */
rl_readline_name = "FileMan";
/* Tell the completer that we want a crack first. */
rl_attempted_completion_function = fileman_completion;
}
/* Attempt to complete on the contents of TEXT. START and END
bound the region of rl_line_buffer that contains the word to
complete. TEXT is the word to complete. We can use the entire
contents of rl_line_buffer in case we want to do some simple
parsing. Returnthe array of matches, or NULL if there aren't any. */
char **
fileman_completion (text, start, end)
const char *text;
int start, end;
{
char **matches;
matches = (char **)NULL;
/* If this word is at the start of the line, then it is a command
to complete. Otherwise it is the name of a file in the current
directory. */
if (start == 0)
matches = rl_completion_matches (text, command_generator);
return (matches);
}
/* Generator function for command completion. STATE lets us
know whether to start from scratch; without any state
(i.e. STATE == 0), then we start at the top of the list. */
char *
command_generator (text, state)
const char *text;
int state;
{
static int list_index, len;
char *name;
/* If this is a new word to complete, initialize now. This
includes saving the length of TEXT for efficiency, and
initializing the index variable to 0. */
if (!state)
{
list_index = 0;
len = strlen (text);
}
/* Return the next name which partially matches from the
command list. */
while (name = commands[list_index].name)
{
list_index++;
if (strncmp (name, text, len) == 0)
return (dupstr(name));
}
/* If no names matched, then return NULL. */
return ((char *)NULL);
}
/* **************************************************************** */
/* */
/* FileMan Commands */
/* */
/* **************************************************************** */
/* String to pass to system (). This is for the LIST, VIEW and RENAME
commands. */
static char syscom[1024];
/* List the file(s) named in arg. */
com_list (arg)
char *arg;
{
if (!arg)
arg = "";
sprintf (syscom, "ls -FClg %s", arg);
return (system (syscom));
}
com_view (arg)
char *arg;
{
if (!valid_argument ("view", arg))
return 1;
sprintf (syscom, "more %s", arg);
return (system (syscom));
}
com_rename (arg)
char *arg;
{
too_dangerous ("rename");
return (1);
}
com_stat (arg)
char *arg;
{
struct stat finfo;
if (!valid_argument ("stat", arg))
return (1);
if (stat (arg, &finfo) == -1)
{
perror (arg);
return (1);
}
printf ("Statistics for `%s':\n", arg);
printf ("%s has %d link%s, and is %d byte%s in length.\n", arg,
finfo.st_nlink,
(finfo.st_nlink == 1) ? "" : "s",
finfo.st_size,
(finfo.st_size == 1) ? "" : "s");
printf ("Inode Last Change at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_ctime));
printf (" Last access at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_atime));
printf (" Last modified at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_mtime));
return (0);
}
com_delete (arg)
char *arg;
{
too_dangerous ("delete");
return (1);
}
/* Print out help for ARG, or for all of the commands if ARG is
not present. */
com_help (arg)
char *arg;
{
register int i;
int printed = 0;
for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++)
{
if (!*arg || (strcmp (arg, commands[i].name) == 0))
{
printf ("%s\t\t%s.\n", commands[i].name, commands[i].doc);
printed++;
}
}
if (!printed)
{
printf ("No commands match `%s'. Possibilties are:\n", arg);
for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++)
{
/* Print in six columns. */
if (printed == 6)
{
printed = 0;
printf ("\n");
}
printf ("%s\t", commands[i].name);
printed++;
}
if (printed)
printf ("\n");
}
return (0);
}
/* Change to the directory ARG. */
com_cd (arg)
char *arg;
{
if (chdir (arg) == -1)
{
perror (arg);
return 1;
}
com_pwd ("");
return (0);
}
/* Print out the current working directory. */
com_pwd (ignore)
char *ignore;
{
char dir[1024], *s;
s = getcwd (dir, sizeof(dir) - 1);
if (s == 0)
{
printf ("Error getting pwd: %s\n", dir);
return 1;
}
printf ("Current directory is %s\n", dir);
return 0;
}
/* The user wishes to quit using this program. Just set DONE
non-zero. */
com_quit (arg)
char *arg;
{
done = 1;
return (0);
}
/* Function which tells you that you can't do this. */
too_dangerous (caller)
char *caller;
{
fprintf (stderr,
"%s: Too dangerous for me to distribute.\n",
caller);
fprintf (stderr, "Write it yourself.\n");
}
/* Return non-zero if ARG is a valid argument for CALLER,
else print an error message and return zero. */
int
valid_argument (caller, arg)
char *caller, *arg;
{
if (!arg || !*arg)
{
fprintf (stderr, "%s: Argument required.\n", caller);
return (0);
}
return (1);
}

File: readline.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Programming with GNU Readline, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.

File: readline.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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----------------------------------------------------------
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File: readline.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Concept Index
*************
�[index�]
* Menu:
* application-specific completion functions: Custom Completers.
(line 6)
* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials.
(line 6)
* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials.
(line 6)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6)
* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. (line 6)
* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 19)
* killing text: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 6)
* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials.
(line 6)
* readline, function: Basic Behavior. (line 12)
* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 34)
* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 6)

File: readline.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
Function and Variable Index
***************************
�[index�]
* Menu:
* _rl_digit_p: Utility Functions. (line 46)
* _rl_digit_value: Utility Functions. (line 57)
* _rl_lowercase_p: Utility Functions. (line 43)
* _rl_to_lower: Utility Functions. (line 53)
* _rl_to_upper: Utility Functions. (line 49)
* _rl_uppercase_p: Utility Functions. (line 40)
* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 10)
* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
(line 6)
* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 11)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
(line 9)
* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
(line 24)
* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
(line 19)
* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 35)
* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 42)
* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 49)
* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 46)
* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 47)
* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
(line 6)
* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 57)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 67)
* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing.
(line 49)
* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing.
(line 54)
* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing.
(line 45)
* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
(line 30)
* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing.
(line 37)
* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 73)
* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 14)
* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 45)
* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 61)
* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 73)
* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 67)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 78)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 84)
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
(line 22)
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 36)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 89)
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 15)
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
(line 30)
* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 93)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
(line 50)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
(line 45)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 98)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 105)
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 51)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
(line 14)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 112)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 119)
* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
(line 6)
* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
(line 41)
* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing.
(line 15)
* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 19)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 132)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 137)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 142)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
(line 18)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 105)
* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
(line 16)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
(line 40)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
(line 35)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 149)
* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 53)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 154)
* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion.
(line 11)
* prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 18)
* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
(line 12)
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 20)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
* readline: Basic Behavior. (line 12)
* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
(line 26)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 25)
* rl_add_defun: Function Naming. (line 20)
* rl_add_funmap_entry: Associating Function Names and Bindings.
(line 47)
* rl_add_undo: Allowing Undoing. (line 41)
* rl_alphabetic: Utility Functions. (line 24)
* rl_already_prompted: Readline Variables. (line 59)
* rl_attempted_completion_function: Completion Variables.
(line 12)
* rl_attempted_completion_over: Completion Variables.
(line 207)
* rl_basic_quote_characters: Completion Variables.
(line 96)
* rl_basic_word_break_characters: Completion Variables.
(line 90)
* rl_begin_undo_group: Allowing Undoing. (line 29)
* rl_bind_key: Binding Keys. (line 22)
* rl_bind_key_if_unbound: Binding Keys. (line 32)
* rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map: Binding Keys. (line 38)
* rl_bind_key_in_map: Binding Keys. (line 27)
* rl_bind_keyseq: Binding Keys. (line 59)
* rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound: Binding Keys. (line 77)
* rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map: Binding Keys. (line 83)
* rl_bind_keyseq_in_map: Binding Keys. (line 66)
* rl_binding_keymap: Readline Variables. (line 154)
* rl_callback_handler_install: Alternate Interface. (line 15)
* rl_callback_handler_remove: Alternate Interface. (line 33)
* rl_callback_read_char: Alternate Interface. (line 21)
* rl_catch_signals: Readline Signal Handling.
(line 48)
* rl_catch_sigwinch: Readline Signal Handling.
(line 55)
* rl_char_is_quoted_p: Completion Variables.
(line 46)
* rl_cleanup_after_signal: Readline Signal Handling.
(line 66)
* rl_clear_message: Redisplay. (line 48)
* rl_clear_pending_input: Character Input. (line 30)
* rl_clear_signals: Readline Signal Handling.
(line 119)
* rl_complete <1>: Completion Functions.
(line 20)
* rl_complete: How Completing Works.
(line 49)
* rl_complete_internal: Completion Functions.
(line 10)
* rl_completer_quote_characters: Completion Variables.
(line 113)
* rl_completer_word_break_characters: Completion Variables.
(line 99)
* rl_completion_append_character: Completion Variables.
(line 137)
* rl_completion_display_matches_hook: Completion Variables.
(line 77)
* rl_completion_entry_function <1>: Completion Variables.
(line 7)
* rl_completion_entry_function: How Completing Works.
(line 55)
* rl_completion_found_quote: Completion Variables.
(line 165)
* rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs: Completion Variables.
(line 172)
* rl_completion_matches: Completion Functions.
(line 45)
* rl_completion_mode: Completion Functions.
(line 37)
* rl_completion_query_items: Completion Variables.
(line 131)
* rl_completion_quote_character: Completion Variables.
(line 153)
* rl_completion_suppress_append: Completion Variables.
(line 147)
* rl_completion_suppress_quote: Completion Variables.
(line 159)
* rl_completion_type: Completion Variables.
(line 214)
* rl_completion_word_break_hook: Completion Variables.
(line 104)
* rl_copy_keymap: Keymaps. (line 17)
* rl_copy_text: Modifying Text. (line 15)
* rl_crlf: Redisplay. (line 30)
* rl_delete_text: Modifying Text. (line 11)
* rl_deprep_term_function: Readline Variables. (line 144)
* rl_deprep_terminal: Terminal Management. (line 13)
* rl_ding: Utility Functions. (line 21)
* rl_directory_completion_hook: Completion Variables.