libstdc++-v3/include/std/format

// <format> Formatting -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright The GNU Toolchain Authors.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/** @file include/format
 *  This is a Standard C++ Library header.
 */

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FORMAT
#define _GLIBCXX_FORMAT 1

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_SYSHDR
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif

#include <bits/requires_hosted.h> // for std::string

#define __glibcxx_want_format
#define __glibcxx_want_format_ranges
#define __glibcxx_want_format_uchar
#define __glibcxx_want_constexpr_exceptions
#define __glibcxx_want_constexpr_format
#include <bits/version.h>

#ifdef __cpp_lib_format // C++ >= 20 && HOSTED

#include <array>
#include <charconv>
#include <concepts>
#include <limits>
#include <locale>
#include <optional>
#include <span>
#include <string_view>
#include <string>
#include <bits/monostate.h>
#include <bits/formatfwd.h>
#include <bits/ranges_base.h>  // input_range, range_reference_t
#include <bits/ranges_util.h>  // subrange
#include <bits/ranges_algobase.h> // ranges::copy
#include <bits/stl_iterator.h> // counted_iterator
#include <bits/stl_pair.h>     // __is_pair
#include <bits/unicode.h>      // __is_scalar_value, _Utf_view, etc.
#include <bits/utility.h>      // tuple_size_v
#include <ext/numeric_traits.h> // __int_traits

#ifdef __glibcxx_constexpr_format // C++ >= 26 && HOSTED && CXX11 strings
# define _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT constexpr
#else
# define _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
#endif

#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic" // __int128
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++23-extensions" // bf16

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

  // [format.fmt.string], class template basic_format_string
  template<typename _CharT, typename... _Args> struct basic_format_string;

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  // STATICALLY-WIDEN, see C++20 [time.general]
  // It doesn't matter for format strings (which can only be char or wchar_t)
  // but this returns the narrow string for anything that isn't wchar_t. This
  // is done because const char* can be inserted into any ostream type, and
  // will be widened at runtime if necessary.
  template<typename _CharT>
    consteval auto
    _Widen(const char* __narrow, const wchar_t* __wide)
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, wchar_t>)
	return __wide;
      else
	return __narrow;
    }
#define _GLIBCXX_WIDEN_(C, S) ::std::__format::_Widen<C>(S, L##S)
#define _GLIBCXX_WIDEN(S) _GLIBCXX_WIDEN_(_CharT, S)

  // Size for stack located buffer
  template<typename _CharT>
    constexpr size_t __stackbuf_size = 32 * sizeof(void*) / sizeof(_CharT);

  // Type-erased character sinks.
  template<typename _CharT> class _Sink;
  template<typename _CharT> class _Fixedbuf_sink;
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT> class _Padding_sink;
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT> class _Escaping_sink;

  // Output iterator that writes to a type-erase character sink.
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Sink_iter;

  // Output iterator that ignores the characters
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Drop_iter;

  // An unspecified output iterator type used in the `formattable` concept.
  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Iter_for
    { using type = _Drop_iter<_CharT>; };

  template<typename _CharT>
    using __format_context = basic_format_context<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT>;

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Dynamic_format_string
    {
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Dynamic_format_string(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s) noexcept
      : _M_str(__s) { }

      _Dynamic_format_string(const _Dynamic_format_string&) = delete;
      void operator=(const _Dynamic_format_string&) = delete;

    private:
      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_str;

      template<typename, typename...> friend struct std::basic_format_string;
    };

} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  using format_context  = __format::__format_context<char>;
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  using wformat_context = __format::__format_context<wchar_t>;
#endif

  // [format.args], class template basic_format_args
  template<typename _Context> class basic_format_args;
  using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
#endif

  // [format.arguments], arguments
  // [format.arg], class template basic_format_arg
  template<typename _Context>
    class basic_format_arg;

  /** A compile-time checked format string for the specified argument types.
   *
   * @since C++23 but available as an extension in C++20.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename... _Args>
    struct basic_format_string
    {
      template<typename _Tp>
	requires convertible_to<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT>>
	consteval
	basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s) noexcept;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      basic_format_string(__format::_Dynamic_format_string<_CharT> __s) noexcept
      : _M_str(__s._M_str)
      { }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr basic_string_view<_CharT>
      get() const noexcept
      { return _M_str; }

    private:
      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_str;
    };

  template<typename... _Args>
    using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<_Args>...>;

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename... _Args>
    using wformat_string
      = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<_Args>...>;
#endif

#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202603L // >= C++26
  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT __format::_Dynamic_format_string<char>
  dynamic_format(string_view __fmt) noexcept
  { return __fmt; }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT __format::_Dynamic_format_string<wchar_t>
  dynamic_format(wstring_view __fmt) noexcept
  { return __fmt; }
#endif
#endif // C++26

  // [format.formatter], formatter

  /// The primary template of std::formatter is disabled.
  template<typename _Tp, typename _CharT>
    struct formatter
    {
      formatter() = delete; // No std::formatter specialization for this type.
      formatter(const formatter&) = delete;
      formatter& operator=(const formatter&) = delete;
    };

  // [format.error], class format_error
  class format_error : public runtime_error
  {
  public:
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    explicit format_error(const string& __what)
    : runtime_error(__what) { }

    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
    format_error(const char* __what)
    : runtime_error(__what) { }
  };

  /// @cond undocumented
  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __throw_format_error(const char* __what)
  { _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(format_error(__what)); }

namespace __format
{
  // XXX use named functions for each constexpr error?

  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __unmatched_left_brace_in_format_string()
  { __throw_format_error("format error: unmatched '{' in format string"); }

  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __unmatched_right_brace_in_format_string()
  { __throw_format_error("format error: unmatched '}' in format string"); }

  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __conflicting_indexing_in_format_string()
  { __throw_format_error("format error: conflicting indexing style in format string"); }

  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __invalid_arg_id_in_format_string()
  { __throw_format_error("format error: invalid arg-id in format string"); }

  [[noreturn]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
  __failed_to_parse_format_spec()
  { __throw_format_error("format error: failed to parse format-spec"); }

  template<typename _CharT> class _Scanner;

  enum class _Arg_t : unsigned char {
    _Arg_none, _Arg_bool, _Arg_c, _Arg_i, _Arg_u, _Arg_ll, _Arg_ull,
    _Arg_flt, _Arg_dbl, _Arg_ldbl, _Arg_str, _Arg_sv, _Arg_ptr, _Arg_handle,
    _Arg_i128, _Arg_u128, _Arg_float128,
    _Arg_bf16, _Arg_f16, _Arg_f32, _Arg_f64,
    _Arg_max_,

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
    _Arg_ibm128 = _Arg_ldbl,
    _Arg_ieee128 = _Arg_float128,
#endif
  };
  using enum _Arg_t;

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Tp>
    consteval _Arg_t
    __to_arg_t_enum() noexcept;

} // namespace __format
  /// @endcond

  // [format.parse.ctx], class template basic_format_parse_context
  template<typename _CharT> class basic_format_parse_context;
  using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
#endif

  template<typename _CharT>
    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    // 3975. Specializations of basic_format_context should not be permitted
    class _GLIBCXX_NO_SPECIALIZATIONS basic_format_parse_context
    {
    public:
      using char_type = _CharT;
      using const_iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator;
      using iterator = const_iterator;

      constexpr explicit
      basic_format_parse_context(basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt) noexcept
      : _M_begin(__fmt.begin()), _M_end(__fmt.end())
      { }

      basic_format_parse_context(const basic_format_parse_context&) = delete;
      void operator=(const basic_format_parse_context&) = delete;

      constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return _M_begin; }
      constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept { return _M_end; }

      constexpr void
      advance_to(const_iterator __it) noexcept
      { _M_begin = __it; }

      constexpr size_t
      next_arg_id()
      {
	if (_M_indexing == _Manual)
	  __format::__conflicting_indexing_in_format_string();
	_M_indexing = _Auto;

	// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	// 3825. Missing compile-time argument id check in next_arg_id
	if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
	  if (_M_next_arg_id == _M_num_args)
	    __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
	return _M_next_arg_id++;
      }

      constexpr void
      check_arg_id(size_t __id)
      {
	if (_M_indexing == _Auto)
	  __format::__conflicting_indexing_in_format_string();
	_M_indexing = _Manual;

	if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
	  if (__id >= _M_num_args)
	    __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
      }

#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202305L // >= C++26
      template<typename... _Ts>
	constexpr void
	check_dynamic_spec(size_t __id) noexcept
	{
	  static_assert(__valid_types_for_check_dynamic_spec<_Ts...>(),
			"template arguments for check_dynamic_spec<Ts...>(id) "
			"must be unique and must be one of the allowed types");
	  if constexpr (sizeof...(_Ts))
	    if consteval {
	      const __format::_Arg_t __t[] = {
		__format::__to_arg_t_enum<_CharT, _Ts>()...
	      };
	      __check_dynamic_spec(__id, __t);
	    }
	}

      constexpr void
      check_dynamic_spec_integral(size_t __id) noexcept
      {
	if consteval {
	  using enum __format::_Arg_t;
	  const __format::_Arg_t __t[] = { _Arg_i, _Arg_u, _Arg_ll, _Arg_ull };
	  __check_dynamic_spec(__id, __t);
	}
      }

      constexpr void
      check_dynamic_spec_string(size_t __id) noexcept
      {
	if consteval {
	  using enum __format::_Arg_t;
	  const __format::_Arg_t __t[] = { _Arg_str, _Arg_sv };
	  __check_dynamic_spec(__id, __t);
	}
      }

    private:
      // True if _Tp occurs exactly once in _Ts.
      template<typename _Tp, typename... _Ts>
	static constexpr bool __once = (is_same_v<_Tp, _Ts> + ...) == 1;

      template<typename... _Ts>
	static consteval bool
	__valid_types_for_check_dynamic_spec()
	{
	  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	  // 4142. check_dynamic_spec should require at least one type
	  if constexpr (sizeof...(_Ts) == 0)
	    return false;
	  else
	    {
	      // The types in Ts... are unique. Each type in Ts... is one of
	      // bool, char_type, int, unsigned int, long long int,
	      // unsigned long long int, float, double, long double,
	      // const char_type*, basic_string_view<char_type>, or const void*.
	      unsigned __sum
		= __once<bool, _Ts...>
		+ __once<char_type, _Ts...>
		+ __once<int, _Ts...>
		+ __once<unsigned int, _Ts...>
		+ __once<long long int, _Ts...>
		+ __once<unsigned long long int, _Ts...>
		+ __once<float, _Ts...>
		+ __once<double, _Ts...>
		+ __once<long double, _Ts...>
		+ __once<const char_type*, _Ts...>
		+ __once<basic_string_view<char_type>, _Ts...>
		+ __once<const void*, _Ts...>;
	      return __sum == sizeof...(_Ts);
	    }
	}

      // Common implementation of check_dynamic_spec{,_string,_integral}
      consteval void
      __check_dynamic_spec(size_t __id,
			   span<const __format::_Arg_t> __types) noexcept
      {
	if (__id >= _M_num_args)
	  __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();

	// This static_cast is safe because all parse contexts created by the
	// library are _Scan_parse_context (or a type derived from that).
	// User code can only create basic_format_parse_context objects with
	// _M_num_args == 0 and those will be rejected by the condition above.
	if (auto* __args = static_cast<_Scan_parse_context*>(this)->_M_types)
	  {
	    for (auto __t : __types)
	      if (__args[__id] == __t)
		return;

	    __invalid_dynamic_spec("arg(id) type does not match");
	  }
	// else this is a formatting scanner, do not do any type checks.
      }

      // This must not be constexpr.
      static void __invalid_dynamic_spec(const char*);
#endif

      // This constructor should only be used by the implementation.
      constexpr explicit
      basic_format_parse_context(basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
				 size_t __num_args) noexcept
      : _M_begin(__fmt.begin()), _M_end(__fmt.end()), _M_num_args(__num_args)
      { }

    private:
      iterator _M_begin;
      iterator _M_end;
      enum _Indexing { _Unknown, _Manual, _Auto };
      _Indexing _M_indexing = _Unknown;
      size_t _M_next_arg_id = 0;
      size_t _M_num_args = 0;

      // Derived parse context used by Scanner when checking format strings.
      struct _Scan_parse_context;
      friend __format::_Scanner<_CharT>;
    };

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::_Scan_parse_context
    : basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>
    {
      using basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::basic_format_parse_context;
      const __format::_Arg_t* _M_types = nullptr;
    };

/// @cond undocumented
  template<typename _Tp, template<typename...> class _Class>
    constexpr bool __is_specialization_of = false;
  template<template<typename...> class _Class, typename... _Args>
    constexpr bool __is_specialization_of<_Class<_Args...>, _Class> = true;

namespace __format
{
  // pre: first != last
  template<typename _CharT>
    constexpr pair<unsigned short, const _CharT*>
    __parse_integer(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last)
    {
      if (__first == __last)
	__builtin_unreachable();

      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
	{
	  const auto __start = __first;
	  unsigned short __val = 0;
	  // N.B. std::from_chars is not constexpr in C++20.
	  if (__detail::__from_chars_alnum<true>(__first, __last, __val, 10)
		&& __first != __start) [[likely]]
	    return {__val, __first};
	}
      else
	{
	  constexpr int __n = 32;
	  char __buf[__n]{};
	  for (int __i = 0; __i < __n && (__first + __i) != __last; ++__i)
	    __buf[__i] = __first[__i];
	  auto [__v, __ptr] = __format::__parse_integer(__buf, __buf + __n);
	  if (__ptr) [[likely]]
	    return {__v, __first + (__ptr - __buf)};
	}
      return {0, nullptr};
    }

  template<typename _CharT>
    constexpr pair<unsigned short, const _CharT*>
    __parse_arg_id(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last)
    {
      if (__first == __last)
	__builtin_unreachable();

      if (*__first == '0')
	return {0, __first + 1}; // No leading zeros allowed, so '0...' == 0

      if ('1' <= *__first && *__first <= '9')
	{
	  const unsigned short __id = *__first - '0';
	  const auto __next = __first + 1;
	  // Optimize for most likely case of single digit arg-id.
	  if (__next == __last || !('0' <= *__next && *__next <= '9'))
	    return {__id, __next};
	  else
	    return __format::__parse_integer(__first, __last);
	}
      return {0, nullptr};
    }

  enum class _Pres_type : unsigned char {
    _Pres_none = 0, // Default type (not valid for integer presentation types).
    _Pres_s = 1,    // For strings, bool, ranges
    // Presentation types for integral types (including bool and charT).
    _Pres_c = 2, _Pres_x, _Pres_X, _Pres_d, _Pres_o, _Pres_b, _Pres_B,
    // Presentation types for floating-point types
    _Pres_g = 1, _Pres_G, _Pres_a, _Pres_A, _Pres_e, _Pres_E, _Pres_f, _Pres_F,
      _Pres_p, _Pres_P,
    _Pres_max = 0xf,
  };
  using enum _Pres_type;

  enum class _Sign : unsigned char {
    _Sign_default,
    _Sign_plus,
    _Sign_minus,  // XXX does this need to be distinct from _Sign_default?
    _Sign_space,
  };
  using enum _Sign;

  enum _WidthPrec : unsigned char {
    _WP_none,    // No width/prec specified.
    _WP_value,   // Fixed width/prec specified.
    _WP_from_arg // Use a formatting argument for width/prec.
  };
  using enum _WidthPrec;

  template<typename _Context>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
    __int_from_arg(const basic_format_arg<_Context>& __arg);

  constexpr bool __is_digit(char __c)
  { return std::__detail::__from_chars_alnum_to_val(__c) < 10; }

  constexpr bool __is_xdigit(char __c)
  { return std::__detail::__from_chars_alnum_to_val(__c) < 16; }

  // Used to make _Spec a non-C++98 POD, so the tail-padding is used.
  // https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#pod
  struct _SpecBase
  { };

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Spec : _SpecBase
    {
      unsigned short _M_width;
      unsigned short _M_prec;
      char32_t _M_fill = ' ';
      _Align     _M_align : 2;
      _Sign      _M_sign : 2;
      unsigned   _M_alt : 1;
      unsigned   _M_localized : 1;
      unsigned   _M_zero_fill : 1;
      _WidthPrec _M_width_kind : 2;
      _WidthPrec _M_prec_kind : 2;
      unsigned   _M_debug : 1;
      _Pres_type _M_type : 4;
      unsigned   _M_reserved : 8;
      // This class has 8 bits of tail padding, that can be used by
      // derived classes.

      using iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::iterator;

      static constexpr _Align
      _S_align(_CharT __c) noexcept
      {
	switch (__c)
	{
	  case '<': return _Align_left;
	  case '>': return _Align_right;
	  case '^': return _Align_centre;
	  default: return _Align_default;
	}
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_fill_and_align(iterator __first, iterator __last) noexcept
      { return _M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last, "{"); }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_fill_and_align(iterator __first, iterator __last, string_view __not_fill) noexcept
      {
	for (char __c : __not_fill)
	  if (*__first == static_cast<_CharT>(__c))
	    return __first;

	using namespace __unicode;
	if constexpr (__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	  {
	    // Accept any UCS scalar value as fill character.
	    _Utf32_view<ranges::subrange<iterator>> __uv({__first, __last});
	    if (!__uv.empty())
	    {
	      auto __beg = __uv.begin();
	      char32_t __c = *__beg++;
	      if (__is_scalar_value(__c))
		if (auto __next = __beg.base(); __next != __last)
		  if (_Align __align = _S_align(*__next); __align != _Align_default)
		    {
		      _M_fill = __c;
		      _M_align = __align;
		      return ++__next;
		    }
	     }
	  }
	else if (__last - __first >= 2)
	  if (_Align __align = _S_align(__first[1]); __align != _Align_default)
	    {
	      _M_fill = *__first;
	      _M_align = __align;
	      return __first + 2;
	    }

	if (_Align __align = _S_align(__first[0]); __align != _Align_default)
	  {
	    _M_fill = ' ';
	    _M_align = __align;
	    return __first + 1;
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      static constexpr _Sign
      _S_sign(_CharT __c) noexcept
      {
	switch (__c)
	{
	  case '+': return _Sign_plus;
	  case '-': return _Sign_minus;
	  case ' ': return _Sign_space;
	  default:  return _Sign_default;
	}
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_sign(iterator __first, iterator) noexcept
      {
	if (_Sign __sign = _S_sign(*__first); __sign != _Sign_default)
	  {
	    _M_sign = __sign;
	    return __first + 1;
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      // pre: *__first is valid
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_alternate_form(iterator __first, iterator) noexcept
      {
	if (*__first == '#')
	  {
	    _M_alt = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_zero_fill(iterator __first, iterator /* __last */) noexcept
      {
	if (*__first == '0')
	  {
	    _M_zero_fill = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      static constexpr iterator
      _S_parse_width_or_precision(iterator __first, iterator __last,
				  unsigned short& __val, bool& __arg_id,
				  basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	if (__format::__is_digit(*__first))
	  {
	    auto [__v, __ptr] = __format::__parse_integer(__first, __last);
	    if (!__ptr)
	      __throw_format_error("format error: invalid width or precision "
				   "in format-spec");
	    __first = __ptr;
	    __val = __v;
	  }
	else if (*__first == '{')
	  {
	    __arg_id = true;
	    ++__first;
	    if (__first == __last)
	      __format::__unmatched_left_brace_in_format_string();
	    if (*__first == '}')
	      __val = __pc.next_arg_id();
	    else
	      {
		auto [__v, __ptr] = __format::__parse_arg_id(__first, __last);
		if (__ptr == nullptr || __ptr == __last || *__ptr != '}')
		  __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
		__first = __ptr;
		__pc.check_arg_id(__v);
		__val = __v;
	      }
#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202305L
	    __pc.check_dynamic_spec_integral(__val);
#endif
	    ++__first; // past the '}'
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_width(iterator __first, iterator __last,
		     basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	bool __arg_id = false;
	if (*__first == '0')
	  __throw_format_error("format error: width must be non-zero in "
			       "format string");
	auto __next = _S_parse_width_or_precision(__first, __last, _M_width,
						  __arg_id, __pc);
	if (__next != __first)
	  _M_width_kind = __arg_id ? _WP_from_arg : _WP_value;
	return __next;
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_precision(iterator __first, iterator __last,
			 basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	if (__first[0] != '.')
	  return __first;

	iterator __next = ++__first;
	bool __arg_id = false;
	if (__next != __last)
	  __next = _S_parse_width_or_precision(__first, __last, _M_prec,
					       __arg_id, __pc);
	if (__next == __first)
	  __throw_format_error("format error: missing precision after '.' in "
			       "format string");
	_M_prec_kind = __arg_id ? _WP_from_arg : _WP_value;
	return __next;
      }

      // pre: __first != __last
      constexpr iterator
      _M_parse_locale(iterator __first, iterator /* __last */) noexcept
      {
	if (*__first == 'L')
	  {
	    _M_localized = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
	return __first;
      }

      template<typename _Context>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
	_M_get_width(_Context& __ctx) const
	{
	  size_t __width = 0;
	  if (_M_width_kind == _WP_value)
	    __width = _M_width;
	  else if (_M_width_kind == _WP_from_arg)
	    __width = __format::__int_from_arg(__ctx.arg(_M_width));
	  return __width;
	}

      template<typename _Context>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
	_M_get_precision(_Context& __ctx) const
	{
	  size_t __prec = -1;
	  if (_M_prec_kind == _WP_value)
	    __prec = _M_prec;
	  else if (_M_prec_kind == _WP_from_arg)
	    __prec = __format::__int_from_arg(__ctx.arg(_M_prec));
	  return __prec;
	}
    };

  template<typename _Int>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT char*
    __put_sign(_Int __i, _Sign __sign, char* __dest) noexcept
    {
      if (__i < 0)
	*__dest = '-';
      else if (__sign == _Sign_plus)
	*__dest = '+';
      else if (__sign == _Sign_space)
	*__dest = ' ';
      else
	++__dest;
      return __dest;
    }

  // Write STR to OUT (and do so efficiently if OUT is a _Sink_iter).
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const _CharT&>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str)
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
	{
	  if (__str.size())
	    __out = __str;
	}
      else
	for (_CharT __c : __str)
	  *__out++ = __c;
      return __out;
    }

  // Write STR to OUT with NFILL copies of FILL_CHAR specified by ALIGN.
  // pre: __align != _Align_default
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_padded(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
		   _Align __align, size_t __nfill, char32_t __fill_char)
    {
      const size_t __buflen = 0x20;
      _CharT __padding_chars[__buflen];
      __padding_chars[0] = _CharT();
      basic_string_view<_CharT> __padding{__padding_chars, __buflen};

      auto __pad = [&__padding] (size_t __n, _Out& __o) {
	if (__n == 0)
	  return;
	while (__n > __padding.size())
	  {
	    __o = __format::__write(std::move(__o), __padding);
	    __n -= __padding.size();
	  }
	if (__n != 0)
	  __o = __format::__write(std::move(__o), __padding.substr(0, __n));
      };

      size_t __l, __r, __max;
      if (__align == _Align_centre)
	{
	  __l = __nfill / 2;
	  __r = __l + (__nfill & 1);
	  __max = __r;
	}
      else if (__align == _Align_right)
	{
	  __l = __nfill;
	  __r = 0;
	  __max = __l;
	}
      else
	{
	  __l = 0;
	  __r = __nfill;
	  __max = __r;
	}

      using namespace __unicode;
      if constexpr (__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	if (!__is_single_code_unit<_CharT>(__fill_char)) [[unlikely]]
	  {
	    // Encode fill char as multiple code units of type _CharT.
	    const char32_t __arr[1]{ __fill_char };
	    _Utf_view<_CharT, span<const char32_t, 1>> __v(__arr);
	    basic_string<_CharT> __padstr(__v.begin(), __v.end());
	    __padding = __padstr;
	    while (__l-- > 0)
	      __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __padding);
	    __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __str);
	    while (__r-- > 0)
	      __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __padding);
	    return __out;
	  }

      if (__max < __buflen)
	__padding.remove_suffix(__buflen - __max);
      else
	__max = __buflen;

      char_traits<_CharT>::assign(__padding_chars, __max, __fill_char);
      __pad(__l, __out);
      __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __str);
      __pad(__r, __out);

      return __out;
    }

  // Write STR to OUT, with alignment and padding as determined by SPEC.
  // pre: __spec._M_align != _Align_default || __align != _Align_default
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_padded_as_spec(basic_string_view<type_identity_t<_CharT>> __str,
			   size_t __estimated_width,
			   basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
			   const _Spec<_CharT>& __spec,
			   _Align __align = _Align_left)
    {
      size_t __width = __spec._M_get_width(__fc);

      if (__width <= __estimated_width)
	return __format::__write(__fc.out(), __str);

      const size_t __nfill = __width - __estimated_width;

      if (__spec._M_align != _Align_default)
	__align = __spec._M_align;

      return __format::__write_padded(__fc.out(), __str, __align, __nfill,
				      __spec._M_fill);
    }

   template<typename _CharT>
     _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
     __truncate(basic_string_view<_CharT>& __s, size_t __prec)
     {
       if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	 {
	   if (__prec != (size_t)-1)
	     return __unicode::__truncate(__s, __prec);
	   else
	     return __unicode::__field_width(__s);
	 }
       else
	 {
	   __s = __s.substr(0, __prec);
	   return __s.size();
	 }
    }

  enum class _Term_char : unsigned char {
    _Term_none,
    _Term_quote,
    _Term_apos,
  };
  using enum _Term_char;

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Escapes
    {
      using _Str_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_all()
      { return _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("\t\\t\n\\n\r\\r\\\\\\\"\\\"'\\'\\u\\x"); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_tab()
      { return _S_all().substr(0, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_newline()
      { return _S_all().substr(3, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_return()
      { return _S_all().substr(6, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_bslash()
      { return _S_all().substr(9, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_quote()
      { return _S_all().substr(12, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_apos()
      { return _S_all().substr(15, 3); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_u()
      { return _S_all().substr(18, 2); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_x()
      { return _S_all().substr(20, 2); }

      static constexpr
      _Str_view _S_term(_Term_char __term)
      {
	switch (__term)
	  {
	  case _Term_none:
	    return _Str_view();
	  case _Term_quote:
	    return _S_quote().substr(0, 1);
	  case _Term_apos:
	    return _S_apos().substr(0, 1);
	  }
	__builtin_unreachable();
      }
    };

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Separators
    {
      using _Str_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_all()
      { return _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("[]{}(), : "); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_squares()
      { return _S_all().substr(0, 2); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_braces()
      { return _S_all().substr(2, 2); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_parens()
      { return _S_all().substr(4, 2); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_comma()
      { return _S_all().substr(6, 2); }

      static consteval
      _Str_view _S_colon()
      { return _S_all().substr(8, 2); }
    };

  template<typename _CharT>
    constexpr bool __should_escape_ascii(_CharT __c, _Term_char __term)
    {
      using _Esc = _Escapes<_CharT>;
      switch (__c)
	{
	  case _Esc::_S_tab()[0]:
	  case _Esc::_S_newline()[0]:
	  case _Esc::_S_return()[0]:
	  case _Esc::_S_bslash()[0]:
	    return true;
	  case _Esc::_S_quote()[0]:
	    return __term == _Term_quote;
	  case _Esc::_S_apos()[0]:
	    return __term == _Term_apos;
	  default:
	    return (__c >= 0 && __c < 0x20) || __c == 0x7f;
	};
  }

  // @pre __c <= 0x10FFFF
  constexpr bool __should_escape_unicode(char32_t __c, bool __prev_esc)
  {
    if (__unicode::__should_escape_category(__c))
      return __c != U' ';
    if (!__prev_esc)
      return false;
    return __unicode::__grapheme_cluster_break_property(__c)
	     == __unicode::_Gcb_property::_Gcb_Extend;
  }

  using uint_least32_t = __UINT_LEAST32_TYPE__;
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escape_seq(_Out __out, uint_least32_t __val,
		       basic_string_view<_CharT> __prefix)
    {
      constexpr size_t __max = 8;
      char __buf[__max];
      const string_view __narrow(
	__buf,
	std::__to_chars_i<uint_least32_t>(__buf, __buf + __max, __val, 16).ptr);

      __out = __format::__write(__out, __prefix);
      *__out = _Separators<_CharT>::_S_braces()[0];
      ++__out;
      if constexpr (is_same_v<char, _CharT>)
	__out = __format::__write(__out, __narrow);
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
      else
	{
	  wchar_t __wbuf[__max];
	  const size_t __n = __narrow.size();
	  std::__to_wstring_numeric(__narrow.data(), __n, __wbuf);
	  __out = __format::__write(__out, wstring_view(__wbuf, __n));
	}
#endif
      *__out = _Separators<_CharT>::_S_braces()[1];
      return ++__out;
    }

  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escape_seqs(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __units)
    {
      using _UChar = make_unsigned_t<_CharT>;
      for (_CharT __c : __units)
	__out = __format::__write_escape_seq(
		  __out, static_cast<_UChar>(__c), _Escapes<_CharT>::_S_x());
      return __out;
    }

  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escaped_char(_Out __out, _CharT __c)
    {
      using _UChar = make_unsigned_t<_CharT>;
      using _Esc = _Escapes<_CharT>;
      switch (__c)
	{
	  case _Esc::_S_tab()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_tab().substr(1, 2));
	  case _Esc::_S_newline()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_newline().substr(1, 2));
	  case _Esc::_S_return()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_return().substr(1, 2));
	  case _Esc::_S_bslash()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_bslash().substr(1, 2));
	  case _Esc::_S_quote()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_quote().substr(1, 2));
	  case _Esc::_S_apos()[0]:
	    return __format::__write(__out, _Esc::_S_apos().substr(1, 2));
	  default:
	    return __format::__write_escape_seq(
		     __out, static_cast<_UChar>(__c), _Esc::_S_u());
	}
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escaped_ascii(_Out __out,
			  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
			  _Term_char __term)
    {
      using _Str_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
      if consteval {
	// As set of the escaped characters depends on the encoding, for
	// compile time allow only printable ASCII and standard escapes.
	constexpr _Str_view __supported(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN(
	    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ"
	    "abdeefghijklmnopqrstuwzyz"
	    " !#$%&'()*+-./:;<=>?[]^_{|}~"
	    "0123456789" "\t\n\r\\\"\'\0"
	  ), 95);
	if (__str.find_first_not_of(__supported) != _Str_view::npos)
#if __has_builtin(__builtin_constexpr_diag)
	  __builtin_constexpr_diag (2, "",
				    "for non-Unicode literal encodings, only"
				    " printable ASCII characters and standard"
				    " escape sequencess can be escaped in constant"
				    " expressions");
#else
	  __asm__("");
#endif
      }

      auto __first = __str.begin();
      auto const __last = __str.end();
      while (__first != __last)
      {
	auto __print = __first;
	// assume anything outside ASCII is printable
	while (__print != __last
		 && !__format::__should_escape_ascii(*__print, __term))
	  ++__print;

	if (__print != __first)
	  __out = __format::__write(__out, _Str_view(__first, __print));

	if (__print == __last)
	  return __out;

	__first = __print;
	__out = __format::__write_escaped_char(__out, *__first);
	++__first;
      }
      return __out;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escaped_unicode_part(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT>& __str,
				 bool& __prev_esc, _Term_char __term)
    {
      using _Str_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
      using _Esc = _Escapes<_CharT>;

      static constexpr char32_t __replace = U'\uFFFD';
      static constexpr _Str_view __replace_rep = []
	{
	  // N.B. "\uFFFD" is ill-formed if encoding is not unicode.
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<char, _CharT>)
	    return "\xEF\xBF\xBD";
	  else
	    return L"\xFFFD";
	}();

      __unicode::_Utf_view<char32_t, _Str_view> __v(std::move(__str));
      __str = {};

      auto __first = __v.begin();
      auto const __last = __v.end();
      while (__first != __last)
	{
	  bool __esc_ascii = false;
	  bool __esc_unicode = false;
	  bool __esc_replace = false;
	  auto __should_escape = [&](auto const& __it)
	    {
	      if (*__it <= 0x7f)
		return __esc_ascii
			 = __format::__should_escape_ascii(*__it.base(), __term);
	      if (__format::__should_escape_unicode(*__it, __prev_esc))
		return __esc_unicode = true;
	      if (*__it == __replace)
		{
		  _Str_view __units(__it.base(), __it._M_units());
		  return __esc_replace = (__units != __replace_rep);
		}
	      return false;
	    };

	  auto __print = __first;
	  while (__print != __last && !__should_escape(__print))
	    {
	      __prev_esc = false;
	      ++__print;
	    }

	  if (__print != __first)
	    __out = __format::__write(__out, _Str_view(__first.base(), __print.base()));

	  if (__print == __last)
	    return __out;

	  __first = __print;
	  if (__esc_ascii)
	    __out = __format::__write_escaped_char(__out, *__first.base());
	  else if (__esc_unicode)
	    __out = __format::__write_escape_seq(__out, *__first, _Esc::_S_u());
	  // __esc_replace
	  else if (_Str_view __units(__first.base(), __first._M_units());
		   __units.end() != __last.base())
	    __out = __format::__write_escape_seqs(__out, __units);
	  else
	    {
	      __str = __units;
	      return __out;
	    }

	  __prev_esc = true;
	  ++__first;
	}

      return __out;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escaped_unicode(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
			    _Term_char __term)
    {
      bool __prev_escape = true;
      __out = __format::__write_escaped_unicode_part(__out, __str,
						     __prev_escape, __term);
      __out = __format::__write_escape_seqs(__out, __str);
      return __out;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __write_escaped(_Out __out,  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, _Term_char __term)
    {
      __out = __format::__write(__out, _Escapes<_CharT>::_S_term(__term));

      if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	__out = __format::__write_escaped_unicode(__out, __str, __term);
      else if constexpr (is_same_v<char, _CharT>
			  && __unicode::__literal_encoding_is_extended_ascii())
	__out = __format::__write_escaped_ascii(__out, __str, __term);
      else
	// TODO Handle non-ascii extended encoding
	__out = __format::__write_escaped_ascii(__out, __str, __term);

      return __format::__write(__out, _Escapes<_CharT>::_S_term(__term));
    }

  // A lightweight optional<locale>.
  struct _Optional_locale
  {
    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    _Optional_locale() : _M_dummy(), _M_hasval(false) { }

    _Optional_locale(const locale& __loc) noexcept
    : _M_loc(__loc), _M_hasval(true)
    { }

    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    _Optional_locale(const _Optional_locale& __l) noexcept
    : _M_dummy(), _M_hasval(__l._M_hasval)
    {
      if (_M_hasval)
	std::construct_at(&_M_loc, __l._M_loc);
    }

    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    _Optional_locale&
    operator=(const _Optional_locale& __l) noexcept
    {
      if (_M_hasval)
	{
	  if (__l._M_hasval)
	    _M_loc = __l._M_loc;
	  else
	    {
	      _M_loc.~locale();
	      _M_hasval = false;
	    }
	}
      else if (__l._M_hasval)
	{
	  std::construct_at(&_M_loc, __l._M_loc);
	  _M_hasval = true;
	}
      return *this;
    }

    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    ~_Optional_locale() { if (_M_hasval) _M_loc.~locale(); }

    _Optional_locale&
    operator=(locale&& __loc) noexcept
    {
      if (_M_hasval)
	_M_loc = std::move(__loc);
      else
	{
	  std::construct_at(&_M_loc, std::move(__loc));
	  _M_hasval = true;
	}
      return *this;
    }

    const locale&
    value() noexcept
    {
      if (!_M_hasval)
	{
	  std::construct_at(&_M_loc);
	  _M_hasval = true;
	}
      return _M_loc;
    }

    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
    has_value() const noexcept { return _M_hasval; }

    union {
      char _M_dummy = '\0';
      std::locale _M_loc;
    };
    bool _M_hasval = false;
  };

  template<__char _CharT>
    struct __formatter_str
    {
      __formatter_str() = default;

      constexpr
      __formatter_str(_Spec<_CharT> __spec) noexcept
       : _M_spec(__spec)
      { }

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	auto __first = __pc.begin();
	const auto __last = __pc.end();
	_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};

	auto __finalize = [this, &__spec] {
	  _M_spec = __spec;
	};

	auto __finished = [&] {
	  if (__first == __last || *__first == '}')
	    {
	      __finalize();
	      return true;
	    }
	  return false;
	};

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_precision(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	if (*__first == 's')
	  {
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_s;
	    ++__first;
	  }
#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
	else if (*__first == '?')
	  {
	    __spec._M_debug = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
#endif

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
	format(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if (_M_spec._M_debug)
	    return _M_format_escaped(__s, __fc);

	  if (_M_spec._M_width_kind == _WP_none
		&& _M_spec._M_prec_kind == _WP_none)
	    return __format::__write(__fc.out(), __s);

	  const size_t __maxwidth = _M_spec._M_get_precision(__fc);
	  const size_t __width = __format::__truncate(__s, __maxwidth);
	  return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__s, __width, __fc, _M_spec);
	}

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
	_M_format_escaped(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s,
			  basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  const size_t __padwidth = _M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);
	  if (__padwidth == 0 && _M_spec._M_prec_kind == _WP_none)
	    return __format::__write_escaped(__fc.out(), __s, _Term_quote);

	  const size_t __maxwidth = _M_spec._M_get_precision(__fc);
	  const size_t __width = __truncate(__s, __maxwidth);
	  // N.B. Escaping only increases width
	  if (__padwidth <= __width && _M_spec._M_prec_kind == _WP_none)
	    return __format::__write_escaped(__fc.out(), __s, _Term_quote);

	  // N.B. [tab:format.type.string] defines '?' as
	  // Copies the escaped string ([format.string.escaped]) to the output,
	  // so precision seem to appy to escaped string.
	  _Padding_sink<_Out, _CharT> __sink(__fc.out(), __padwidth, __maxwidth);
	  __format::__write_escaped(__sink.out(), __s, _Term_quote);
	  return __sink._M_finish(_M_spec._M_align, _M_spec._M_fill);
	}

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
	requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>>, _CharT>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
	_M_format_range(_Rg&& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  using _Range = remove_reference_t<_Rg>;
	  using _String_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
	  if constexpr (ranges::contiguous_range<_Rg>)
	    {
	      _String_view __str(ranges::data(__rg),
				 size_t(ranges::distance(__rg)));
	      return format(__str, __fc);
	    }
	  else if constexpr (!is_const_v<_Range>
			        && __simply_formattable_range<_Range, _CharT>)
	    return _M_format_range<const _Range&>(__rg, __fc);
	  else if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Rg>)
	    return _M_format_range<_Range&>(__rg, __fc);
	  else
	    {
	      auto __handle_debug = [this, &__rg]<typename _NOut>(_NOut __nout)
		{
		  if (!_M_spec._M_debug)
		    return ranges::copy(__rg, std::move(__nout)).out;

		  _Escaping_sink<_NOut, _CharT>
		    __sink(std::move(__nout), _Term_quote);
		  ranges::copy(__rg, __sink.out());
		  return __sink._M_finish();
		};

	      const size_t __padwidth = _M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);
	      if (__padwidth == 0 && _M_spec._M_prec_kind == _WP_none)
		return __handle_debug(__fc.out());

	      _Padding_sink<_Out, _CharT>
		__sink(__fc.out(), __padwidth, _M_spec._M_get_precision(__fc));
	      __handle_debug(__sink.out());
	      return __sink._M_finish(_M_spec._M_align, _M_spec._M_fill);
	    }
	}

      constexpr void
      set_debug_format() noexcept
      { _M_spec._M_debug = true; }
#endif

    private:
      _Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
    };

  // A partial implementation of std::toupper that is constexpr-enabled,
  // sufficient for formatting purposes.
  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
  constexpr char
  __toupper_numeric(char __c)
  {
    switch (__c)
    {
      case 'a': return 'A';
      case 'b': return 'B';
      case 'c': return 'C';
      case 'd': return 'D';
      case 'e': return 'E';
      case 'f': return 'F';
      case 'i': return 'I';
      case 'n': return 'N';
      case 'p': return 'P';
      case 'x': return 'X';
      default: return __c;
    }
  }

  template<__char _CharT>
    struct __formatter_int
    {
      // If no presentation type is specified, meaning of "none" depends
      // whether we are formatting an integer or a char or a bool.
      static constexpr _Pres_type _AsInteger = _Pres_d;
      static constexpr _Pres_type _AsBool = _Pres_s;
      static constexpr _Pres_type _AsChar = _Pres_c;

      __formatter_int() = default;

      constexpr
      __formatter_int(_Spec<_CharT> __spec) noexcept
      : _M_spec(__spec)
      {
	if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_none)
	  _M_spec._M_type = _Pres_d;
      }

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      _M_do_parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc, _Pres_type __type)
      {
	_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};
	__spec._M_type = __type;

	const auto __last = __pc.end();
	auto __first = __pc.begin();

	auto __finalize = [this, &__spec] {
	  _M_spec = __spec;
	};

	auto __finished = [&] {
	  if (__first == __last || *__first == '}')
	    {
	      __finalize();
	      return true;
	    }
	  return false;
	};

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_sign(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_alternate_form(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_zero_fill(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_locale(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	switch (*__first)
	{
	  case 'b':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_b;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'B':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_B;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'c':
	    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	    // 3586. format should not print bool with 'c'
	    if (__type != _AsBool)
	      {
		__spec._M_type = _Pres_c;
		++__first;
	      }
	    break;
	  case 'd':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_d;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'o':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_o;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'x':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_x;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'X':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_X;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 's':
	    if (__type == _AsBool)
	      {
		__spec._M_type = _Pres_s; // same meaning as "none" for bool
		++__first;
	      }
	    break;
#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
	  case '?':
	    if (__type == _AsChar)
	      {
		__spec._M_debug = true;
		++__first;
	      }
#endif
	    break;
	  }

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      template<typename _Tp>
	constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
	_M_parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
	{
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, bool>)
	    {
	      auto __end = _M_do_parse(__pc, _AsBool);
	      if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_s)
		if (_M_spec._M_sign != _Sign_default || _M_spec._M_alt
		      || _M_spec._M_zero_fill)
		  __throw_format_error("format error: format-spec contains "
				       "invalid formatting options for "
				       "'bool'");
	      return __end;
	    }
	  else if constexpr (__char<_Tp>)
	    {
	      auto __end = _M_do_parse(__pc, _AsChar);
	      if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_c)
		if (_M_spec._M_sign != _Sign_default || _M_spec._M_alt
		      || _M_spec._M_zero_fill
		      /* XXX should be invalid? || _M_spec._M_localized */)
		  __throw_format_error("format error: format-spec contains "
				       "invalid formatting options for "
				       "'charT'");
	      return __end;
	    }
	  else
	    return _M_do_parse(__pc, _AsInteger);
	}

      template<typename _Int, typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Int __i, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_c)
	    return _M_format_character(_S_to_character(__i), __fc);

	  constexpr size_t __buf_size = sizeof(_Int) * __CHAR_BIT__ + 3;
	  char __buf[__buf_size];
	  to_chars_result __res{};

	  string_view __base_prefix;
	  make_unsigned_t<_Int> __u;
	  if (__i < 0)
	    __u = -static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_Int>>(__i);
	  else
	    __u = __i;

	  char* __start = __buf + 3;
	  char* const __end = __buf + sizeof(__buf);
	  char* const __start_digits = __start;

	  switch (_M_spec._M_type)
	  {
	    case _Pres_b:
	    case _Pres_B:
	      __base_prefix = _M_spec._M_type == _Pres_b ? "0b" : "0B";
	      __res = to_chars(__start, __end, __u, 2);
	      break;
#if 0
	    case _Pres_c:
	      return _M_format_character(_S_to_character(__i), __fc);
#endif
	    default: // Fallback for _Pres_type values introduces in later versions.
	    case _Pres_none:
	      // Should not reach here with _Pres_none for bool or charT, so:
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_d:
	      __res = to_chars(__start, __end, __u, 10);
	      break;
	    case _Pres_o:
	      if (__i != 0)
		__base_prefix = "0";
	      __res = to_chars(__start, __end, __u, 8);
	      break;
	    case _Pres_x:
	    case _Pres_X:
	      __base_prefix = _M_spec._M_type == _Pres_x ? "0x" : "0X";
	      __res = to_chars(__start, __end, __u, 16);
	      if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_X)
		for (auto __p = __start; __p != __res.ptr; ++__p)
		  *__p = __format::__toupper_numeric(*__p);
	      break;
	  }

	  if (_M_spec._M_alt && __base_prefix.size())
	    {
	      __start -= __base_prefix.size();
	      ranges::copy(__base_prefix, __start);
	    }
	  __start = __format::__put_sign(__i, _M_spec._M_sign, __start - 1);

	  string_view __narrow_str(__start, __res.ptr - __start);
	  size_t __prefix_len = __start_digits - __start;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<char, _CharT>)
	    return _M_format_int(__narrow_str,  __prefix_len, __fc);
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
	  else
	    {
	      _CharT __wbuf[__buf_size];
	      size_t __n = __narrow_str.size();
	      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	      // 4522. Clarify that `std::format` transcodes for `std::wformat_strings`
	      std::__to_wstring_numeric(__narrow_str.data(), __n, __wbuf);
	      return _M_format_int(basic_string_view<_CharT>(__wbuf, __n),
				   __prefix_len, __fc);
	    }
#endif
	}

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(bool __i, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_c)
	    return _M_format_character(static_cast<unsigned char>(__i), __fc);
	  if (_M_spec._M_type != _Pres_s)
	    return format(static_cast<unsigned char>(__i), __fc);

	  basic_string<_CharT> __s;
	  size_t __est_width;
	  if (_M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
	    {
	      auto& __np = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__fc.locale());
	      __s = __i ? __np.truename() : __np.falsename();
	      __est_width = __s.size(); // TODO Unicode-aware estimate
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      if constexpr (is_same_v<char, _CharT>)
		__s = __i ? "true" : "false";
	      else
		__s = __i ? L"true" : L"false";
	      __est_width = __s.size();
	    }

	  return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__s, __est_width, __fc,
						  _M_spec);
	}

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format_character(_CharT __c,
			    basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  basic_string_view<_CharT> __in(&__c, 1u);
	  size_t __width = 1u;
	  // N.B. single byte cannot encode character of width greater than 1
	  if constexpr (sizeof(_CharT) > 1u &&
			  __unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	    __width = __unicode::__field_width(__c);

	  if (!_M_spec._M_debug)
	    return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__in, __width,
						    __fc, _M_spec);

	  __width += 2;
	  if (_M_spec._M_get_width(__fc) <= __width)
	    return __format::__write_escaped(__fc.out(), __in, _Term_apos);

	  _CharT __buf[12];
	  _Fixedbuf_sink<_CharT> __sink(__buf);
	  __format::__write_escaped(__sink.out(), __in, _Term_apos);

	  __in = __sink.view();
	  if (__in[1] == _Escapes<_CharT>::_S_bslash()[0]) // escape sequence
	    __width = __in.size();
	  return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__in, __width,
						  __fc, _M_spec);
	}

      template<typename _Int>
	static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _CharT
	_S_to_character(_Int __i)
	{
	  using _Traits = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_CharT>;
	  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Int> == is_signed_v<_CharT>)
	    {
	      if (_Traits::__min <= __i && __i <= _Traits::__max)
		return static_cast<_CharT>(__i);
	    }
	  else if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Int>)
	    {
	      if (__i >= 0 && make_unsigned_t<_Int>(__i) <= _Traits::__max)
		return static_cast<_CharT>(__i);
	    }
	  else if (__i <= make_unsigned_t<_CharT>(_Traits::__max))
	    return static_cast<_CharT>(__i);
	  __throw_format_error("format error: integer not representable as "
			       "character");
	}

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format_int(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, size_t __prefix_len,
		      basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  size_t __width = _M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);
	  if (_M_spec._M_localized)
	    {
	      const auto& __l = __fc.locale();
	      if (__l.name() != "C")
		{
		  auto& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__l);
		  string __grp = __np.grouping();
		  if (!__grp.empty())
		    {
		      size_t __n = __str.size() - __prefix_len;
		      auto __p = (_CharT*)__builtin_alloca(2 * __n
							     * sizeof(_CharT)
							     + __prefix_len);
		      auto __s = __str.data();
		      char_traits<_CharT>::copy(__p, __s, __prefix_len);
		      __s += __prefix_len;
		      auto __end = std::__add_grouping(__p + __prefix_len,
						       __np.thousands_sep(),
						       __grp.data(),
						       __grp.size(),
						       __s, __s + __n);
		      __str = {__p, size_t(__end - __p)};
		    }
		}
	    }

	  if (__width <= __str.size())
	    return __format::__write(__fc.out(), __str);

	  char32_t __fill_char = _M_spec._M_fill;
	  _Align __align = _M_spec._M_align;

	  size_t __nfill = __width - __str.size();
	  auto __out = __fc.out();
	  if (__align == _Align_default)
	    {
	      __align = _Align_right;
	      if (_M_spec._M_zero_fill)
		{
		  __fill_char = _CharT('0');
		  // Write sign and base prefix before zero filling.
		  if (__prefix_len != 0)
		    {
		      __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out),
						__str.substr(0, __prefix_len));
		      __str.remove_prefix(__prefix_len);
		    }
		}
	      else
		__fill_char = _CharT(' ');
	    }
	  return __format::__write_padded(std::move(__out), __str,
					  __align, __nfill, __fill_char);
	}

      _Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
    };

#ifdef __BFLT16_DIG__
   using __bflt16_t = decltype(0.0bf16);
#endif

  // Decide how 128-bit floating-point types should be formatted (or not).
  // When supported, the typedef __format::__flt128_t is the type that format
  // arguments should be converted to before passing them to __formatter_fp.
  // Define the macro _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128 to say they're supported.
  // The __float128, _Float128 will be formatted by converting them to:
  // __ieee128 (same as __float128) when _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128=1,
  // long double when _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128=2,
  // _Float128 when _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128=3.
#undef _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT

  // Format 128-bit floating-point types using __ieee128.
  using __flt128_t = __ieee128;
# define _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128 1

#ifdef __LONG_DOUBLE_IEEE128__
  // These overloads exist in the library, but are not declared.
  // Make them available as std::__format::to_chars.
  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ibm128) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_e");

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ibm128, chars_format) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_eSt12chars_format");

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ibm128, chars_format, int) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_eSt12chars_formati");
#elif __cplusplus == 202002L
  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ieee128) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_u9__ieee128");

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ieee128, chars_format) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_u9__ieee128St12chars_format");

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, __ieee128, chars_format, int) noexcept
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_u9__ieee128St12chars_formati");
#endif

#elif defined _GLIBCXX_LDOUBLE_IS_IEEE_BINARY128

  // Format 128-bit floating-point types using long double.
  using __flt128_t = long double;
# define _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128 2

#elif __FLT128_DIG__ && defined(_GLIBCXX_HAVE_FLOAT128_MATH)

  // Format 128-bit floating-point types using _Float128.
  using __flt128_t = _Float128;
# define _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128 3

# if __cplusplus == 202002L
  // These overloads exist in the library, but are not declared for C++20.
  // Make them available as std::__format::to_chars.
  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, _Float128) noexcept
#  if _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
    __asm("_ZNSt3__88to_charsEPcS0_DF128_");
#  else
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_DF128_");
#  endif

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, _Float128, chars_format) noexcept
#  if _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
    __asm("_ZNSt3__88to_charsEPcS0_DF128_NS_12chars_formatE");
#  else
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_DF128_St12chars_format");
#  endif

  to_chars_result
  to_chars(char*, char*, _Float128, chars_format, int) noexcept
#  if _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
    __asm("_ZNSt3__88to_charsEPcS0_DF128_NS_12chars_formatEi");
#  else
    __asm("_ZSt8to_charsPcS_DF128_St12chars_formati");
#  endif
# endif
#endif

  using std::to_chars;

  // We can format a floating-point type iff it is usable with to_chars.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept __formattable_float
      = is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Tp> && requires (_Tp __t, char* __p)
      { __format::to_chars(__p, __p, __t, chars_format::scientific, 6); };

  template<__char _CharT>
    struct __formatter_fp
    {
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};
	const auto __last = __pc.end();
	auto __first = __pc.begin();

	auto __finalize = [this, &__spec] {
	  _M_spec = __spec;
	};

	auto __finished = [&] {
	  if (__first == __last || *__first == '}')
	    {
	      __finalize();
	      return true;
	    }
	  return false;
	};

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_sign(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_alternate_form(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_zero_fill(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	if (__first[0] != '.')
	  {
	    __first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	    if (__finished())
	      return __first;
	  }

	__first = __spec._M_parse_precision(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_locale(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	switch (*__first)
	{
	  case 'a':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_a;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'A':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_A;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'e':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_e;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'E':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_E;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'f':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_f;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'F':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_F;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'g':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_g;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  case 'G':
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_G;
	    ++__first;
	    break;
	  }

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      template<typename _Fp, typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Fp __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  std::string __dynbuf;
	  char __buf[128];
	  to_chars_result __res{};

	  size_t __prec = 6;
	  bool __use_prec = _M_spec._M_prec_kind != _WP_none;
	  if (__use_prec)
	    __prec = _M_spec._M_get_precision(__fc);

	  chars_format __fmt{};
	  bool __upper = false;
	  bool __trailing_zeros = false;
	  char __expc = 'e';
	  size_t __offset = 1; // reserve space for sign

	  switch (_M_spec._M_type)
	  {
	    case _Pres_P:
	      if (__builtin_isfinite(__v))
	        __offset += 2; // reserve space for prefix
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_A:
	      __upper = true;
	      __expc = 'P';
	      __fmt = chars_format::hex;
	      break;
	    case _Pres_p:
	      if (__builtin_isfinite(__v))
	        __offset += 2; // reserve space for prefix
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_a:
	      __expc = 'p';
	      __fmt = chars_format::hex;
	      break;
	    case _Pres_E:
	      __upper = true;
	      __expc = 'E';
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_e:
	      __use_prec = true;
	      __fmt = chars_format::scientific;
	      break;
	    case _Pres_F:
	      __upper = true;
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_f:
	      __use_prec = true;
	      __fmt = chars_format::fixed;
	      break;
	    case _Pres_G:
	      __upper = true;
	      __expc = 'E';
	      [[fallthrough]];
	    case _Pres_g:
	      __trailing_zeros = true;
	      __use_prec = true;
	      __fmt = chars_format::general;
	      break;
	    default: // Fallback for _Pres_type values introduces in later versions.
	    case _Pres_none:
	      if (__use_prec)
		__fmt = chars_format::general;
	      break;
	  }

	  char* __start = __buf + __offset;
	  char* __end = __buf + sizeof(__buf);

	  // Write value into buffer using std::to_chars.
	  auto __to_chars = [&](char* __b, char* __e) {
	    if (__use_prec)
	      return __format::to_chars(__b, __e, __v, __fmt, __prec);
	    else if (__fmt != chars_format{})
	      return __format::to_chars(__b, __e, __v, __fmt);
	    else
	      return __format::to_chars(__b, __e, __v);
	  };

	  // First try using stack buffer.
	  __res = __to_chars(__start, __end);

	  if (__builtin_expect(__res.ec == errc::value_too_large, 0))
	    {
	      // If the buffer is too small it's probably because of a large
	      // precision, or a very large value in fixed format.
	      size_t __guess = 7 + __offset + __prec;
	      if (__fmt == chars_format::fixed) // +ddd.prec
		{
		  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Fp, float> || is_same_v<_Fp, double>
				  || is_same_v<_Fp, long double>)
		    {
		      // The number of digits to the left of the decimal point
		      // is floor(log10(max(abs(__v),1)))+1
		      int __exp{};
		      if constexpr (is_same_v<_Fp, float>)
			__builtin_frexpf(__v, &__exp);
		      else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Fp, double>)
			__builtin_frexp(__v, &__exp);
		      else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Fp, long double>)
			__builtin_frexpl(__v, &__exp);
		      if (__exp > 0)
			__guess += 1U + __exp * 4004U / 13301U; // log10(2) approx.
		    }
		  else
		    __guess += numeric_limits<_Fp>::max_exponent10;
		}
	      if (__guess <= sizeof(__buf)) [[unlikely]]
		__guess = sizeof(__buf) * 2;
	      __dynbuf.reserve(__guess);

	      do
		{
		  // Mangling of this lambda, and thus resize_and_overwrite
		  // instantiated with it, was fixed in ABI 18 (G++ 13).  Since
		  // <format> was new in G++ 13, and is experimental, that
		  // isn't a problem.
		  auto __overwrite = [&__to_chars, &__res, __offset] (char* __p, size_t __n)
		  {
		    __res = __to_chars(__p + __offset, __p + __n - __offset);
		    return __res.ec == errc{} ? __res.ptr - __p : 0;
		  };

		  __dynbuf.__resize_and_overwrite(__dynbuf.capacity() * 2,
						  __overwrite);
		  __start = __dynbuf.data() + __offset; // reserve space for sign and prefix
		  __end = __dynbuf.data() + __dynbuf.size();
		}
	      while (__builtin_expect(__res.ec == errc::value_too_large, 0));
	  }

          if (__offset == 3)
	    {
	      __start -= 2;
	      if (__builtin_signbit(__v))
	        ranges::copy(string_view("-0x"), __start);
	      else
	        ranges::copy(string_view("0x"), __start);
	    }

	  // Use uppercase for 'A', 'P', 'E', and 'G' formats.
	  if (__upper)
	    {
	      for (char* __p = __start; __p != __res.ptr; ++__p)
		*__p = __format::__toupper_numeric(*__p);
	    }

	  // Add sign for non-negative values.
	  if (!__builtin_signbit(__v))
	    {
	      if (_M_spec._M_sign == _Sign_plus)
		*--__start = '+';
	      else if (_M_spec._M_sign == _Sign_space)
		*--__start = ' ';
	      else
		--__offset;
	    }

	  string_view __narrow_str(__start, __res.ptr - __start);

	  // Use alternate form. Ensure decimal point is always present,
	  // and add trailing zeros (up to precision) for g and G forms.
	  if (_M_spec._M_alt && __builtin_isfinite(__v))
	    {
	      string_view __s = __narrow_str;
	      size_t __sigfigs; // Number of significant figures.
	      size_t __z = 0;   // Number of trailing zeros to add.
	      size_t __p;       // Position of the exponent character (if any).
	      size_t __d = __s.find('.'); // Position of decimal point.
	      if (__d != __s.npos) // Found decimal point.
		{
		  __p = __s.find(__expc, __d + 1);
		  if (__p == __s.npos)
		    __p = __s.size();

		  // If presentation type is g or G we might need to add zeros.
		  if (__trailing_zeros)
		    {
		      // Find number of digits after first significant figure.
		      if (__s[__offset] != '0')
			// A string like "D.D" or "-D.DDD"
			__sigfigs = __p - __offset - 1;
		      else
			// A string like "0.D" or "-0.0DD".
			// Safe to assume there is a non-zero digit, because
			// otherwise there would be no decimal point.
			__sigfigs = __p - __s.find_first_not_of('0', __d + 1);
		    }
		}
	      else // No decimal point, we need to insert one.
		{
		  __p = __s.find(__expc); // Find the exponent, if present.
		  if (__p == __s.npos)
		    __p = __s.size();
		  __d = __p; // Position where '.' should be inserted.
		  __sigfigs = __d - __offset;
		}

	      if (__trailing_zeros && __prec != 0)
		{
		  // For g and G presentation types std::to_chars produces
		  // no more than prec significant figures. Insert this many
		  // zeros so the result has exactly prec significant figures.
		  __z = __prec - __sigfigs;
		}

	      if (size_t __extras = int(__d == __p) + __z) // How many to add.
		{
		  if (__dynbuf.empty() && __extras <= size_t(__end - __res.ptr))
		    {
		      // The stack buffer is large enough for the result.
		      // Move exponent to make space for extra chars.
		      __builtin_memmove(__start + __p + __extras,
					__start + __p,
					__s.size() - __p);
		      if (__d == __p)
			__start[__p++] = '.';
		      __builtin_memset(__start + __p, '0', __z);
		      __narrow_str = {__s.data(), __s.size() + __extras};
		    }
		  else // Need to switch to the dynamic buffer.
		    {
		      __dynbuf.reserve(__s.size() + __extras);
		      if (__dynbuf.empty())
			{
			  __dynbuf = __s.substr(0, __p);
			  if (__d == __p)
			    __dynbuf += '.';
			  if (__z)
			    __dynbuf.append(__z, '0');
			  __dynbuf.append(__s.substr(__p));
			}
		      else
			{
			  __dynbuf.insert(__p, __extras, '0');
			  if (__d == __p)
			    __dynbuf[__p] = '.';
			}
		      __narrow_str = __dynbuf;
		    }
		}
	    }

	  basic_string<_CharT> __wstr;
	  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
	    __str = __narrow_str;
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
	  else
	    {
	      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	      // 4522. Clarify that `std::format` transcodes for `std::wformat_strings`
	      __wstr = std::__to_wstring_numeric(__narrow_str);
	      __str = __wstr;
	    }
#endif

	  if (_M_spec._M_localized && __builtin_isfinite(__v))
	    {
	      auto __s = _M_localize(__str, __expc, __offset, __fc.locale());
	      if (!__s.empty())
		__str = __wstr = std::move(__s);
	    }

	  size_t __width = _M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);

	  if (__width <= __str.size())
	    return __format::__write(__fc.out(), __str);

	  char32_t __fill_char = _M_spec._M_fill;
	  _Align __align = _M_spec._M_align;

	  size_t __nfill = __width - __str.size();
	  auto __out = __fc.out();
	  if (__align == _Align_default)
	    {
	      __align = _Align_right;
	      if (_M_spec._M_zero_fill && __builtin_isfinite(__v))
		{
		  __fill_char = _CharT('0');
		  if (__offset > 0)
		    {
		      __out = __format::__write(__out, __str.substr(0, __offset));
		      __str.remove_prefix(__offset);
		    }
		}
	      else
		__fill_char = _CharT(' ');
	    }
	  return __format::__write_padded(std::move(__out), __str,
					  __align, __nfill, __fill_char);
	}

      // Locale-specific format.
      basic_string<_CharT>
      _M_localize(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, char __expc,
		  int __offset, const locale& __loc) const
      {
	basic_string<_CharT> __lstr;

	if (__loc == locale::classic())
	  return __lstr; // Nothing to do.

	const auto& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__loc);
	const _CharT __point = __np.decimal_point();
	const string __grp = __np.grouping();

	_CharT __dot, __exp;
	if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
	  {
	    __dot = '.';
	    __exp = __expc;
	  }
	else
	  {
	    __dot = L'.';
	    switch (__expc)
	    {
	      case 'e':
		__exp = L'e';
		break;
	      case 'E':
		__exp = L'E';
		break;
	      case 'p':
		__exp = L'p';
		break;
	      case 'P':
		__exp = L'P';
		break;
	      default:
		__builtin_unreachable();
	    }
	  }

	if (__grp.empty() && __point == __dot)
	  return __lstr; // Locale uses '.' and no grouping.

	size_t __d = __str.find(__dot); // Index of radix character (if any).
	size_t __e = min(__d, __str.find(__exp)); // First of radix or exponent
	if (__e == __str.npos)
	  __e = __str.size();
	const size_t __r = __str.size() - __e; // Length of remainder.
	auto __overwrite = [&](_CharT* __p, size_t) {
	  // Copy any +/- sign and "0x" prefix
	  ranges::copy_n(__str.data(), __offset, __p); 
	  // Apply grouping to the digits before the radix or exponent.
	  auto __end = std::__add_grouping(__p + __offset, __np.thousands_sep(),
					   __grp.data(), __grp.size(),
					   __str.data() + __offset,
					   __str.data() + __e);
	  if (__r) // If there's a fractional part or exponent
	    {
	      if (__d != __str.npos)
		{
		  *__end = __point; // Add the locale's radix character.
		  ++__end;
		  ++__e;
		}
	      const size_t __rlen = __str.size() - __e;
	      // Append fractional digits and/or exponent:
	      char_traits<_CharT>::copy(__end, __str.data() + __e, __rlen);
	      __end += __rlen;
	    }
	  return (__end - __p);
	};
	__lstr.__resize_and_overwrite(__e * 2 + __r, __overwrite);
	return __lstr;
      }

      _Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
    };

  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct __formatter_ptr
    {
      constexpr
      __formatter_ptr() noexcept
      : _M_spec()
      {
	_M_spec._M_type = _Pres_x;
	_M_spec._M_alt = true;
      }

      constexpr
      __formatter_ptr(_Spec<_CharT> __spec) noexcept
      : _M_spec(__spec)
      { _M_set_default(); }

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	__format::_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};
	const auto __last = __pc.end();
	auto __first = __pc.begin();

	auto __finalize = [this, &__spec] {
	  _M_spec = __spec;
	  _M_set_default();
	};

	auto __finished = [&] {
	  if (__first == __last || *__first == '}')
	    {
	      __finalize();
	      return true;
	    }
	  return false;
	};

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
// P2510R3 Formatting pointers
#if __glibcxx_format >= 202304L
	__first = __spec._M_parse_zero_fill(__first, __last);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;
#endif

	__first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	if (*__first == 'p')
	  {
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_x;
	    __spec._M_alt = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
#if __glibcxx_format >= 202304L
	else if (*__first == 'P')
	  {
	    __spec._M_type = _Pres_X;
	    __spec._M_alt = true;
	    ++__first;
	  }
#endif

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(const void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  auto __u = __v
	    ? reinterpret_cast<__UINTPTR_TYPE__>(__v)
	    : static_cast<__UINTPTR_TYPE__>(0);
	  return __formatter_int<_CharT>(_M_spec).format(__u, __fc);
	}

    private:
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr void
      _M_set_default()
      {
	if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_none)
	{
	  _M_spec._M_type = _Pres_x;
	  _M_spec._M_alt = true;
	}
      }

      __format::_Spec<_CharT> _M_spec;
    };

} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  /// Format a character.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_CharT, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	return _M_f.template _M_parse<_CharT>(__pc);
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_CharT __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if (_M_f._M_spec._M_type == __format::_Pres_c)
	    return _M_f._M_format_character(__u, __fc);
	  else
	    return _M_f.format(static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_CharT>>(__u), __fc);
	}

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void
      set_debug_format() noexcept
      { _M_f._M_spec._M_debug = true; }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_int<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_CharT> = true;
#endif

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  /// Format a char value for wide character output.
  template<>
    struct formatter<char, wchar_t>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>& __pc)
      {
	return _M_f._M_parse<char>(__pc);
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
	format(char __u, basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
	{
	  if (_M_f._M_spec._M_type == __format::_Pres_c)
	    return _M_f._M_format_character(__u, __fc);
	  else
	    return _M_f.format(static_cast<unsigned char>(__u), __fc);
	}

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void
      set_debug_format() noexcept
      { _M_f._M_spec._M_debug = true; }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_int<wchar_t> _M_f;
    };
#endif // USE_WCHAR_T

  /** Format a string.
   * @{
   */
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_CharT*, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	[[__gnu__::__nonnull__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_CharT* __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_CharT*> = true;
#endif

  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<const _CharT*, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	[[__gnu__::__nonnull__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(const _CharT* __u,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<const _CharT*> = true;
#endif

  template<__format::__char _CharT, size_t _Nm>
    struct formatter<_CharT[_Nm], _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(const _CharT (&__u)[_Nm],
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format({__u, _Nm}, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__char _CharT, size_t _Nm>
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_CharT[_Nm]> = true;
#endif

  template<typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    struct formatter<basic_string<char, _Traits, _Alloc>, char>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<char>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<char>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, char>::iterator
	format(const basic_string<char, _Traits, _Alloc>& __u,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, char>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<char> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<typename _Tr, typename _Alloc>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<basic_string<char, _Tr, _Alloc>>
      = true;
#endif

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    struct formatter<basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Alloc>, wchar_t>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
	format(const basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Alloc>& __u,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<wchar_t> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<typename _Tr, typename _Alloc>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<basic_string<wchar_t, _Tr, _Alloc>>
      = true;
#endif

#endif // USE_WCHAR_T

  template<typename _Traits>
    struct formatter<basic_string_view<char, _Traits>, char>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<char>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<char>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, char>::iterator
	format(basic_string_view<char, _Traits> __u,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, char>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<char> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<typename _Tr>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<basic_string_view<char, _Tr>>
      = true;
#endif

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Traits>
    struct formatter<basic_string_view<wchar_t, _Traits>, wchar_t>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
	format(basic_string_view<wchar_t, _Traits> __u,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
      constexpr void set_debug_format() noexcept { _M_f.set_debug_format(); }
#endif

    private:
      __format::__formatter_str<wchar_t> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<typename _Tr>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<basic_string_view<wchar_t, _Tr>>
      = true;
#endif
#endif // USE_WCHAR_T
  /// @}

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  // each cv-unqualified arithmetic type ArithmeticT other than
  // char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t, or char32_t
  template<typename _Tp>
    constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer = __is_integer<_Tp>::__value;

#if defined __SIZEOF_INT128__
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<__int128>  = true;
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<unsigned __int128>
      = true;
#endif

  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<char> = false;
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<wchar_t> = false;
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<char8_t> = false;
#endif
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<char16_t> = false;
  template<> inline constexpr bool __is_formattable_integer<char32_t> = false;

  template<typename _Tp>
    concept __formattable_integer = __is_formattable_integer<_Tp>;
}
/// @endcond

  /// Format an integer.
  template<__format::__formattable_integer _Tp, __format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Tp, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	return _M_f.template _M_parse<_Tp>(__pc);
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Tp __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_int<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__formattable_integer _Tp>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_Tp> = true;
#endif

#if defined __glibcxx_to_chars
  /// Format a floating-point value.
  template<__format::__formattable_float _Tp, __format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Tp, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Tp __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<__format::__formattable_float _Tp>
    constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_Tp> = true;
#endif

#if __LDBL_MANT_DIG__ == __DBL_MANT_DIG__
  // Reuse __formatter_fp<C>::format<double, Out> for long double.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<long double, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(long double __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format((double)__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
#endif

#if defined(__FLT32_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
  // Reuse __formatter_fp<C>::format<float, Out> for _Float32.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Float32, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Float32 __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format((float)__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
#endif

#if defined(__FLT64_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_DOUBLE_IS_IEEE_BINARY64)
  // Reuse __formatter_fp<C>::format<double, Out> for _Float64.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Float64, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Float64 __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format((double)__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
#endif

#if defined(__FLT128_DIG__) && _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128
  // Use __formatter_fp<C>::format<__format::__flt128_t, Out> for _Float128.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Float128, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Float128 __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format((__format::__flt128_t)__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
#endif

#if defined(__SIZEOF_FLOAT128__) && _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128 == 2
  // Use __formatter_fp<C>::format<__format::__flt128_t, Out> for __float128,
  // when long double is not 128bit IEEE type.
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<__float128, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(__float128 __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format((__format::__flt128_t)__u, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_fp<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
#endif

#endif // __cpp_lib_to_chars

  /** Format a pointer.
   * @{
   */
  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<const void*, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(const void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__v, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_ptr<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<>
    inline constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<const void*> = true;
#endif

  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<void*, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(__v, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_ptr<_CharT> _M_f;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403l
  template<>
    inline constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<void*> = true;
#endif

  template<__format::__char _CharT>
    struct formatter<nullptr_t, _CharT>
    {
      formatter() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(nullptr_t, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_f.format(nullptr, __fc); }

    private:
      __format::__formatter_ptr<_CharT> _M_f;
    };
  /// @}

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202403L
  template<>
    inline constexpr bool
    enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<nullptr_t> = true;
#endif

#if defined _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T && __glibcxx_format_ranges
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3944. Formatters converting sequences of char to sequences of wchar_t

  struct __formatter_disabled
  {
    __formatter_disabled() = delete; // Cannot format char sequence to wchar_t
    __formatter_disabled(const __formatter_disabled&) = delete;
    __formatter_disabled& operator=(const __formatter_disabled&) = delete;
  };

  template<>
    struct formatter<char*, wchar_t>
    : private __formatter_disabled { };
  template<>
    struct formatter<const char*, wchar_t>
    : private __formatter_disabled { };
  template<size_t _Nm>
    struct formatter<char[_Nm], wchar_t>
    : private __formatter_disabled { };
  template<class _Traits, class _Allocator>
    struct formatter<basic_string<char, _Traits, _Allocator>, wchar_t>
    : private __formatter_disabled { };
  template<class _Traits>
    struct formatter<basic_string_view<char, _Traits>, wchar_t>
    : private __formatter_disabled { };
#endif

  /// An iterator after the last character written, and the number of
  /// characters that would have been written.
  template<typename _Out>
    struct format_to_n_result
    {
      _Out out;
      iter_difference_t<_Out> size;
    };

_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CONTAINER
template<typename, typename> class vector;
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CONTAINER

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Drop_iter
    {
    public:
      using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
      using value_type = void;
      using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
      using pointer = void;
      using reference = void;

      _Drop_iter() = default;
      _Drop_iter(const _Drop_iter&) = default;
      _Drop_iter& operator=(const _Drop_iter&) = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Drop_iter&
      operator=(_CharT __c)
      { return *this;  }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Drop_iter&
      operator=(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s)
      { return *this; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Drop_iter&
      operator*() { return *this; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Drop_iter&
      operator++() { return *this; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Drop_iter
      operator++(int) { return *this; }
    };

  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Sink_iter
    {
      _Sink<_CharT>* _M_sink = nullptr;

    public:
      using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
      using value_type = void;
      using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
      using pointer = void;
      using reference = void;

      _Sink_iter() = default;
      _Sink_iter(const _Sink_iter&) = default;
      _Sink_iter& operator=(const _Sink_iter&) = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      explicit constexpr
      _Sink_iter(_Sink<_CharT>& __sink) : _M_sink(std::addressof(__sink)) { }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter&
      operator=(_CharT __c)
      {
	_M_sink->_M_write(__c);
	return *this;
      }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter&
      operator=(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s)
      {
	_M_sink->_M_write(__s);
	return *this;
      }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter&
      operator*() { return *this; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter&
      operator++() { return *this; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter
      operator++(int) { return *this; }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
      _M_reserve(size_t __n) const
      { return _M_sink->_M_reserve(__n); }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_discarding() const
      { return _M_sink->_M_discarding(); }
    };

  // Abstract base class for type-erased character sinks.
  // All formatting and output is done via this type's iterator,
  // to reduce the number of different template instantiations.
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Sink
    {
      friend class _Sink_iter<_CharT>;

      span<_CharT> _M_span;
      typename span<_CharT>::iterator _M_next;

      // Called when the span is full, to make more space available.
      // Precondition: _M_next != _M_span.begin()
      // Postcondition: _M_next != _M_span.end()
      // TODO: remove the precondition? could make overflow handle it.
      virtual void _M_overflow() = 0;

    protected:
      // Precondition: __span.size() != 0
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      explicit constexpr
      _Sink(span<_CharT> __span) noexcept
      : _M_span(__span), _M_next(__span.begin())
      { }

      // The portion of the span that has been written to.
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT span<_CharT>
      _M_used() const noexcept
      { return _M_span.first(_M_next - _M_span.begin()); }

      // The portion of the span that has not been written to.
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr span<_CharT>
      _M_unused() const noexcept
      { return _M_span.subspan(_M_next - _M_span.begin()); }

      // Use the start of the span as the next write position.
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr void
      _M_rewind() noexcept
      { _M_next = _M_span.begin(); }

      // Replace the current output range.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_reset(span<_CharT> __s, size_t __pos = 0) noexcept
      {
	_M_span = __s;
	_M_next = __s.begin() + __pos;
      }

      // Called by the iterator for *it++ = c
      constexpr void
      _M_write(_CharT __c)
      {
	*_M_next++ = __c;
	if (_M_next - _M_span.begin() == std::ssize(_M_span)) [[unlikely]]
	  _M_overflow();
      }

      constexpr void
      _M_write(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s)
      {
	span __to = _M_unused();
	while (__to.size() <= __s.size())
	  {
	    __s.copy(__to.data(), __to.size());
	    _M_next += __to.size();
	    __s.remove_prefix(__to.size());
	    _M_overflow();
	    __to = _M_unused();
	  }
	if (__s.size())
	  {
	    __s.copy(__to.data(), __s.size());
	    _M_next += __s.size();
	  }
      }

      // A successful _Reservation can be used to directly write
      // up to N characters to the sink to avoid unwanted buffering.
      struct _Reservation
      {
	// True if the reservation was successful, false otherwise.
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return _M_sink; }
	// A pointer to write directly to the sink.
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _CharT*
	get() const noexcept { return _M_sink->_M_next.operator->(); }
	// Add n to the _M_next iterator for the sink.
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	_M_bump(size_t __n) { _M_sink->_M_bump(__n); }
	_Sink* _M_sink;
      };

      // Attempt to reserve space to write n characters to the sink.
      // If anything is written to the reservation then there must be a call
      // to _M_bump(N2) before any call to another member function of *this,
      // where N2 is the number of characters written.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT virtual _Reservation
      _M_reserve(size_t __n)
      {
	if (__n <= _M_unused().size())
	  return { this };

	if (__n <= _M_span.size()) // Cannot meet the request.
	  {
	    _M_overflow(); // Make more space available.
	    if (__n <= _M_unused().size())
	      return { this };
	  }
	return { nullptr };
      }

      // Update the next output position after writing directly to the sink.
      // pre: no calls to _M_write or _M_overflow since _M_reserve.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT virtual void
      _M_bump(size_t __n)
      { _M_next += __n; }

      // Returns true if the _Sink is discarding incoming characters.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT virtual bool
      _M_discarding() const
      { return false; }

    public:
      _Sink(const _Sink&) = delete;
      _Sink& operator=(const _Sink&) = delete;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr _Sink_iter<_CharT>
      out() noexcept
      { return _Sink_iter<_CharT>(*this); }
    };


  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Fixedbuf_sink final : public _Sink<_CharT>
    {
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(false);
	this->_M_rewind();
      }

    public:
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr explicit
      _Fixedbuf_sink(span<_CharT> __buf)
	: _Sink<_CharT>(__buf)
      { }

      constexpr basic_string_view<_CharT>
      view() const
      {
	auto __s = this->_M_used();
	return basic_string_view<_CharT>(__s.data(), __s.size());
      }
    };

  // A sink with an internal buffer. This is used to implement concrete sinks.
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Buf_sink : public _Sink<_CharT>
    {
    protected:
      _CharT _M_buf[__stackbuf_size<_CharT>];

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr
      _Buf_sink() noexcept
      : _Sink<_CharT>(_M_buf)
      { }
    };

  using _GLIBCXX_STD_C::vector;

  // A sink that fills a sequence (e.g. std::string, std::vector, std::deque).
  // Writes to a buffer then appends that to the sequence when it fills up.
  template<typename _Seq>
    class _Seq_sink : public _Buf_sink<typename _Seq::value_type>
    {
      using _CharT = typename _Seq::value_type;

      _Seq _M_seq;
    protected:
      // Transfer buffer contents to the sequence, so buffer can be refilled.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	auto __s = this->_M_used();
	if (__s.empty()) [[unlikely]]
	  return; // Nothing in the buffer to transfer to _M_seq.

	// If _M_reserve was called then _M_bump must have been called too.
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(__s.data() != _M_seq.data());

	if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>)
	  _M_seq.append(__s.data(), __s.size());
	else
	  _M_seq.insert(_M_seq.end(), __s.begin(), __s.end());

	// Make the whole of _M_buf available for the next write:
	this->_M_rewind();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
      _M_reserve(size_t __n) override
      {
	// We might already have n characters available in this->_M_unused(),
	// but the whole point of this function is to be an optimization for
	// the std::format("{}", x) case. We want to avoid writing to _M_buf
	// and then copying that into a basic_string if possible, so this
	// function prefers to create space directly in _M_seq rather than
	// using _M_buf.

	if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>
			|| __is_specialization_of<_Seq, vector>)
	  {
	    // Flush the buffer to _M_seq first (should not be needed).
	    if (this->_M_used().size()) [[unlikely]]
	      _Seq_sink::_M_overflow();

	    // Expand _M_seq to make __n new characters available:
	    const auto __sz = _M_seq.size();
	    if constexpr (is_same_v<string, _Seq> || is_same_v<wstring, _Seq>)
	      _M_seq.__resize_and_overwrite(__sz + __n,
					    [](auto, auto __n2) {
					      return __n2;
					    });
	    else
	      _M_seq.resize(__sz + __n);

	    // Set _M_used() to be a span over the original part of _M_seq
	    // and _M_unused() to be the extra capacity we just created:
	    this->_M_reset(_M_seq, __sz);
	    return { this };
	  }
	else // Try to use the base class' buffer.
	  return _Sink<_CharT>::_M_reserve(__n);
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_bump(size_t __n) override
      {
	if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>
			|| __is_specialization_of<_Seq, vector>)
	  {
	    auto __s = this->_M_used();
	    _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(__s.data() == _M_seq.data());
	    // Truncate the sequence to the part that was actually written to:
	    _M_seq.resize(__s.size() + __n);
	    // Switch back to using buffer:
	    this->_M_reset(this->_M_buf);
	  }
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_trim(span<const _CharT> __s)
	requires __is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>
      {
	_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(__s.data() == this->_M_buf
				|| __s.data() == _M_seq.data());
	if (__s.data() == _M_seq.data())
	  _M_seq.resize(__s.size());
	else
	  this->_M_reset(this->_M_buf, __s.size());
      }

    public:
      // TODO: for SSO string, use SSO buffer as initial span, then switch
      // to _M_buf if it overflows? Or even do that for all unused capacity?

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Seq_sink() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Seq>)
      { }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Seq_sink(_Seq&& __s) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Seq>)
      : _M_seq(std::move(__s))
      { }

      using _Sink<_CharT>::out;

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Seq
      get() &&
      {
	if (this->_M_used().size() != 0)
	  _Seq_sink::_M_overflow();
	return std::move(_M_seq);
      }

      // A writable span that views everything written to the sink.
      // Will be either a view over _M_seq or the used part of _M_buf.
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT span<_CharT>
      _M_span()
      {
	auto __s = this->_M_used();
	if (_M_seq.size())
	  {
	    if (__s.size() != 0)
	      _Seq_sink::_M_overflow();
	    return _M_seq;
	  }
	return __s;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT basic_string_view<_CharT>
      view()
      {
	auto __span = _M_span();
	return basic_string_view<_CharT>(__span.data(), __span.size());
      }
    };

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Alloc = allocator<_CharT>>
    using _Str_sink
      = _Seq_sink<basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Alloc>>;

  // template<typename _CharT, typename _Alloc = allocator<_CharT>>
  // using _Vec_sink = _Seq_sink<vector<_CharTthis-> sink that writes to an output iterator.
  // Writes to a fixed-size buffer and then flushes to the output iterator
  // when the buffer fills up.
  template<typename _CharT, typename _OutIter>
    class _Iter_sink : public _Buf_sink<_CharT>
    {
      _OutIter _M_out;
      iter_difference_t<_OutIter> _M_max;

    protected:
      size_t _M_count = 0;

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	auto __s = this->_M_used();
	if (_M_max < 0) // No maximum.
	  _M_out = ranges::copy(__s, std::move(_M_out)).out;
	else if (_M_count < static_cast<size_t>(_M_max))
	  {
	    auto __max = _M_max - _M_count;
	    span<_CharT> __first;
	    if (__max < __s.size())
	      __first = __s.first(static_cast<size_t>(__max));
	    else
	      __first = __s;
	    _M_out = ranges::copy(__first, std::move(_M_out)).out;
	  }
	this->_M_rewind();
	_M_count += __s.size();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_discarding() const override
      {
	// format_to_n return total number of characters, that would be written,
	// see C++20 [format.functions] p20
	return false;
      }

    public:
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
      _Iter_sink(_OutIter __out, iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __max = -1)
      : _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_max(__max)
      { }

      using _Sink<_CharT>::out;

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
      _M_finish() &&
      {
	if (this->_M_used().size() != 0)
	  _Iter_sink::_M_overflow();
	iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __count(_M_count);
	return { std::move(_M_out), __count };
      }
    };

  // Used for contiguous iterators.
  // No buffer is used, characters are written straight to the iterator.
  // We do not know the size of the output range, so the span size just grows
  // as needed. The end of the span might be an invalid pointer outside the
  // valid range, but we never actually call _M_span.end(). This class does
  // not introduce any invalid pointer arithmetic or overflows that would not
  // have happened anyway.
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Ptr_sink : public _Sink<_CharT>
    {
      static constexpr size_t _S_no_limit = size_t(-1);

      size_t _M_max;
    protected:
      size_t _M_count = 0;
    private:
      _CharT _M_buf[64]; // Write here after outputting _M_max characters.

    protected:
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	if (this->_M_unused().size() != 0)
	  return; // No need to switch to internal buffer yet.

	auto __s = this->_M_used();

	if (_M_max != _S_no_limit)
	  {
	    _M_count += __s.size();
	    // Span was already sized for the maximum character count,
	    // if it overflows then any further output must go to the
	    // internal buffer, to be discarded.
	    this->_M_reset(this->_M_buf);
	  }
	else
	  {
	    // No maximum character count. Just extend the span to allow
	    // writing more characters to it.
	    _M_rebuf(__s.data(), __s.size() + 1024, __s.size());
	  }
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_discarding() const override
      {
	// format_to_n return total number of characters, that would be written,
	// see C++20 [format.functions] p20
	return false;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
      _M_reserve(size_t __n) final
      {
	auto __avail = this->_M_unused();
	if (__n > __avail.size())
	  {
	    if (_M_max != _S_no_limit)
	      return {}; // cannot grow

	    auto __s = this->_M_used();
	    _M_rebuf(__s.data(), __s.size() + __n, __s.size());
	  }
	return { this };
      }

    private:
      template<typename _IterDifference>
	static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
	_S_trim_max(_IterDifference __max)
	{
	  if (__max < 0)
	    return _S_no_limit;
	  if constexpr (!is_integral_v<_IterDifference> || sizeof(__max) > sizeof(size_t))
	    // __int128 or __detail::__max_diff_type
	    if (_IterDifference((size_t)-1) < __max)
	      return _S_no_limit;
	  return size_t(__max);
	}

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_rebuf(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __total, size_t __inuse = 0)
      {
	std::span<_CharT> __span(__ptr, __total);
	this->_M_reset(__span, __inuse);
      }

    public:
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
      _Ptr_sink(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n = _S_no_limit) noexcept
      : _Sink<_CharT>(_M_buf), _M_max(__n)
      {
	if (__n == 0)
	  return; // Only write to the internal buffer.
	else if (__n != _S_no_limit)
	  _M_rebuf(__ptr, __n);
#if __has_builtin(__builtin_dynamic_object_size)
	else if (size_t __bytes = __builtin_dynamic_object_size(__ptr, 2))
	  _M_rebuf(__ptr, __bytes / sizeof(_CharT));
#endif
	else
	  {
	    // Avoid forming a pointer to a different memory page.
	    const auto __off = reinterpret_cast<__UINTPTR_TYPE__>(__ptr) % 1024;
	    __n = (1024 - __off) / sizeof(_CharT);
	    if (__n > 0) [[likely]]
	      _M_rebuf(__ptr, __n);
	    else // Misaligned/packed buffer of wchar_t?
	      _M_rebuf(__ptr, 1);
	  }
      }

      template<contiguous_iterator _OutIter>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
	_Ptr_sink(_OutIter __out, iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __n = -1)
	: _Ptr_sink(std::to_address(__out), _S_trim_max(__n))
	{ }

      template<contiguous_iterator _OutIter>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
	_M_finish(_OutIter __first) const
	{
	  auto __s = this->_M_used();
	  if (__s.data() == _M_buf)
	    {
	      // Switched to internal buffer, so must have written _M_max.
	      iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __m(_M_max);
	      iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __count(_M_count + __s.size());
	      return { __first + __m, __count };
	    }
	  else // Not using internal buffer yet
	    {
	      iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __count(__s.size());
	      return { __first + __count, __count };
	    }
	 }
    };

  template<typename _CharT, typename _OutIter>
    concept __contiguous_char_iter
      = contiguous_iterator<_OutIter>
	&& same_as<iter_value_t<_OutIter>, _CharT>;

  // A sink for handling the padded outputs (_M_padwidth) or truncated
  // (_M_maxwidth). The handling is done by writting to buffer (_Str_strink)
  // until sufficient number of characters is written. After that if sequence
  // is longer than _M_padwidth it's written to _M_out, and further writes are
  // either:
  //	* buffered and forwarded to _M_out, if below _M_maxwidth,
  //	* ignored otherwise
  // If field width of written sequence is no greater than _M_padwidth, the
  // sequence is written during _M_finish call.
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    class _Padding_sink : public _Str_sink<_CharT>
    {
      size_t _M_padwidth;
      size_t _M_maxwidth;
      _Out _M_out;
      size_t _M_printwidth;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_ignoring() const
      { return _M_printwidth >= _M_maxwidth; }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_buffering() const
      {
	if (_M_printwidth < _M_padwidth)
	  return true;
	if (_M_maxwidth != (size_t)-1)
	  return _M_printwidth < _M_maxwidth;
	return false;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_sync_discarding()
      {
	if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
	  if (_M_out._M_discarding())
	    _M_maxwidth = _M_printwidth;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_flush()
      {
	span<_CharT> __new = this->_M_used();
	basic_string_view<_CharT> __str(__new.data(), __new.size());
	_M_out = __format::__write(std::move(_M_out), __str);
	_M_sync_discarding();
	this->_M_rewind();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_force_update()
      {
	auto __str = this->view();
	// Compute actual field width, possibly truncated.
	_M_printwidth = __format::__truncate(__str, _M_maxwidth);
	if (_M_ignoring())
	  this->_M_trim(__str);
	if (_M_buffering())
	  return true;

	// We have more characters than padidng, no padding is needed,
	// write direclty to _M_out.
	if (_M_printwidth >= _M_padwidth)
	  {
	    _M_out = __format::__write(std::move(_M_out), __str);
	    _M_sync_discarding();
	  }
	// We reached _M_maxwidth that is smaller than _M_padwidth.
	// Store the prefix sequence in _M_seq, and free _M_buf.
	else
	  _Str_sink<_CharT>::_M_overflow();

	// Use internal buffer for writes to _M_out.
	this->_M_reset(this->_M_buf);
	return false;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_update(size_t __new)
      {
	_M_printwidth += __new;
	// Compute estimated width, to see if is not reduced.
	if (_M_printwidth >= _M_padwidth || _M_printwidth >= _M_maxwidth)
	  return _M_force_update();
	return true;
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	// Ignore characters in buffer, and override it.
	if (_M_ignoring())
	  this->_M_rewind();
	// Write buffer to _M_out, and override it.
	else if (!_M_buffering())
	  _M_flush();
	// Update written count, and if input still should be buffered,
	// flush the to _M_seq.
	else if (_M_update(this->_M_used().size()))
	  _Str_sink<_CharT>::_M_overflow();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_discarding() const override
      { return _M_ignoring(); }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
      _M_reserve(size_t __n) override
      {
	// Ignore characters in buffer, if any.
	if (_M_ignoring())
	  this->_M_rewind();
	else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
	  if (!_M_buffering())
	    {
	      // Write pending characters if any
	      if (!this->_M_used().empty())
		_M_flush();
	      // Try to reserve from _M_out sink.
	      if (auto __reserved = _M_out._M_reserve(__n))
		return __reserved;
	    }
	return _Sink<_CharT>::_M_reserve(__n);
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_bump(size_t __n) override
      {
	// Ignore the written characters.
	if (_M_ignoring())
	  return;
	// If reservation was made directy sink associated _M_out,
	// _M_bump will be called on that sink.
	_Sink<_CharT>::_M_bump(__n);
	if (_M_buffering())
	  _M_update(__n);
      }

    public:
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
      _Padding_sink(_Out __out, size_t __padwidth, size_t __maxwidth)
      : _M_padwidth(__padwidth), _M_maxwidth(__maxwidth),
	_M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_printwidth(0)
      { _M_sync_discarding(); }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
      _Padding_sink(_Out __out, size_t __padwidth)
      : _Padding_sink(std::move(__out), __padwidth, (size_t)-1)
      { }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
      _M_finish(_Align __align, char32_t __fill_char)
      {
	// Handle any characters in the buffer.
	if (auto __rem = this->_M_used().size())
	  {
	    if (_M_ignoring())
	      this->_M_rewind();
	    else if (!_M_buffering())
	      _M_flush();
	    else
	      _M_update(__rem);
	  }

	if (!_M_buffering() || !_M_force_update())
	  // Characters were already written to _M_out.
	  if (_M_printwidth >= _M_padwidth)
	    return std::move(_M_out);

	const auto __str = this->view();
	if (_M_printwidth >= _M_padwidth)
	  return __format::__write(std::move(_M_out), __str);

	const size_t __nfill = _M_padwidth - _M_printwidth;
	return __format::__write_padded(std::move(_M_out), __str,
					__align, __nfill, __fill_char);
      }
    };

  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    class _Escaping_sink : public _Buf_sink<_CharT>
    {
      using _Esc = _Escapes<_CharT>;

      _Out _M_out;
      _Term_char _M_term : 2;
      unsigned _M_prev_escape : 1;
      unsigned _M_out_discards : 1;

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_sync_discarding()
      {
	if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
	  _M_out_discards = _M_out._M_discarding();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_write()
      {
	span<_CharT> __bytes = this->_M_used();
	basic_string_view<_CharT> __str(__bytes.data(), __bytes.size());

	size_t __rem = 0;
	if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	  {
	    bool __prev_escape = _M_prev_escape;
	    _M_out = __format::__write_escaped_unicode_part(
		       std::move(_M_out), __str, __prev_escape, _M_term);
	    _M_prev_escape = __prev_escape;

	    __rem = __str.size();
	    if (__rem > 0 && __str.data() != this->_M_buf) [[unlikely]]
	      ranges::move(__str, this->_M_buf);
	  }
	else
	  _M_out = __format::__write_escaped_ascii(
		     std::move(_M_out), __str, _M_term);

	this->_M_reset(this->_M_buf, __rem);
	_M_sync_discarding();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	if (_M_out_discards)
	  this->_M_rewind();
	else
	  _M_write();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT bool
      _M_discarding() const override
      { return _M_out_discards; }

    public:
      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
      _Escaping_sink(_Out __out, _Term_char __term)
      : _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_term(__term),
	_M_prev_escape(true), _M_out_discards(false)
      {
	_M_out = __format::__write(std::move(_M_out), _Esc::_S_term(_M_term));
	_M_sync_discarding();
      }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
      _M_finish()
      {
	if (_M_out_discards)
	  return std::move(_M_out);

	if (!this->_M_used().empty())
	{
	  _M_write();
	  if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
	    if (auto __rem = this->_M_used(); !__rem.empty())
	      {
		basic_string_view<_CharT> __str(__rem.data(), __rem.size());
		_M_out = __format::__write_escape_seqs(std::move(_M_out), __str);
	      }
	}
	return __format::__write(std::move(_M_out), _Esc::_S_term(_M_term));
      }
    };

  template<typename _Context>
    struct _Arg_value
    {
      using _CharT = typename _Context::char_type;

      class handle
      {
	using _CharT = typename _Context::char_type;
	using _Func = void(*)(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>&,
			      _Context&, const void*);

	// Format as const if possible, to reduce instantiations.
	template<typename _Tp>
	  using __maybe_const_t
	    = __conditional_t<__formattable_with<const _Tp, _Context>,
			      const _Tp, _Tp>;

	template<typename _Tq>
	  static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	  _S_format(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __parse_ctx,
		    _Context& __format_ctx, const void* __ptr)
	  {
	    using _Td = remove_const_t<_Tq>;
	    typename _Context::template formatter_type<_Td> __f;
	    __parse_ctx.advance_to(__f.parse(__parse_ctx));
	    _Tq& __val = *const_cast<_Tq*>(static_cast<const _Td*>(__ptr));
	    __format_ctx.advance_to(__f.format(__val, __format_ctx));
	  }

	template<typename _Tp>
	  requires (!is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, handle>)
	  explicit _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	  handle(_Tp& __val) noexcept
	  : _M_ptr(__builtin_addressof(__val))
	  , _M_func(&_S_format<__maybe_const_t<_Tp>>)
	  { }

	friend class basic_format_arg<_Context>;

      public:
	handle(const handle&) = default;
	handle& operator=(const handle&) = default;

	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	void _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	format(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc, _Context& __fc) const
	{ _M_func(__pc, __fc, this->_M_ptr); }

      private:
	const void* _M_ptr;
	_Func _M_func;
      };

      union
      {
	monostate _M_none;
	bool _M_bool;
	_CharT _M_c;
	int _M_i;
	unsigned _M_u;
	long long _M_ll;
	unsigned long long _M_ull;
	float _M_flt;
	double _M_dbl;
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT // No long double if it's ambiguous.
	long double _M_ldbl;
#else
	__ibm128  _M_ibm128;
	__ieee128 _M_ieee128;
#endif
#ifdef __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__
	__float128 _M_float128;
#endif
	const _CharT* _M_str;
	basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_sv;
	const void* _M_ptr;
	handle _M_handle;
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
	__int128 _M_i128;
	unsigned __int128 _M_u128;
#endif
#ifdef __BFLT16_DIG__
	__bflt16_t _M_bf16;
#endif
#ifdef __FLT16_DIG__
	_Float16 _M_f16;
#endif
#ifdef __FLT32_DIG__
	_Float32 _M_f32;
#endif
#ifdef __FLT64_DIG__
	_Float64 _M_f64;
#endif
      };

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Arg_value() : _M_none() { }

#if 0
      template<typename _Tp>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	_Arg_value(in_place_type_t<_Tp>, _Tp __val)
	{ _S_get<_Tp>() = __val; }
#endif

      // Returns reference to the _Arg_value member with the type _Tp.
      // Value of second argument (if provided), is assigned to that member.
      template<typename _Tp, typename _Self, typename... _Value>
	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto&
	_S_access(_Self& __u, _Value... __value) noexcept
	{
	  static_assert(sizeof...(_Value) <= 1);
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, bool>)
	    return (__u._M_bool = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _CharT>)
	    return (__u._M_c = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, int>)
	    return (__u._M_i = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned>)
	    return (__u._M_u = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long long>)
	    return (__u._M_ll = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned long long>)
	    return (__u._M_ull = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, float>)
	    return (__u._M_flt = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, double>)
	    return (__u._M_dbl = ... = __value);
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long double>)
	    return (__u._M_ldbl = ... = __value);
#else
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ibm128>)
	    return (__u._M_ibm128 = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ieee128>)
	    return (__u._M_ieee128 = ... = __value);
#endif
#ifdef __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __float128>)
	    return (__u._M_float128 = ... = __value);
#endif
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const _CharT*>)
	    return (__u._M_str = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
	    return (__u._M_sv = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const void*>)
	    return (__u._M_ptr = ... = __value);
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __int128>)
	    return (__u._M_i128 = ... = __value);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned __int128>)
	    return (__u._M_u128 = ... = __value);
#endif
#ifdef __BFLT16_DIG__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __bflt16_t>)
	    return (__u._M_bf16 = ... = __value);
#endif
#ifdef __FLT16_DIG__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float16>)
	    return (__u._M_f16 = ... = __value);
#endif
#ifdef __FLT32_DIG__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float32>)
	    return (__u._M_f32 = ... = __value);
#endif
#ifdef __FLT64_DIG__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float64>)
	    return (__u._M_f64 = ... = __value);
#endif
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
	    return __u._M_handle;
	  // Otherwise, ill-formed.
	  __builtin_unreachable();
	}

      template<typename _Tp>
	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto&
	_M_get() noexcept
	{ return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }

      template<typename _Tp>
	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT const auto&
	_M_get() const noexcept
	{ return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }

      template<typename _Tp>
	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	_M_set(_Tp __v) noexcept
	{
	  // Explicitly construct types without trivial default constructor.
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
	    std::construct_at(&_M_sv, __v);
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
	    std::construct_at(&_M_handle, __v);
	  else
	    // Builtin types are trivially default constructible, and assignment
	    // changes active member per N5032 [class.union.general] p5.
	    _S_access<_Tp>(*this, __v);
	}
      };

  // [format.arg.store], class template format-arg-store
  template<typename _Context, typename... _Args>
    class _Arg_store;

  template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
    __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&&, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);

  template<typename _Ch, typename _Tp>
    consteval _Arg_t
    __to_arg_t_enum() noexcept;
} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  template<typename _Context>
    class basic_format_arg
    {
      using _CharT = typename _Context::char_type;

    public:
      using handle = __format::_Arg_value<_Context>::handle;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      basic_format_arg() noexcept : _M_type(__format::_Arg_none) { }

      [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      explicit _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT operator bool() const noexcept
      { return _M_type != __format::_Arg_none; }

#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202306L // >= C++26
      template<typename _Visitor>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
	visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis)
	{ return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)); }

      template<typename _Res, typename _Visitor>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Res
	visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis)
	{ return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)); }
#endif

    private:
      template<typename _Ctx>
	friend class basic_format_args;

      template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Args>
	friend class __format::_Arg_store;

      static_assert(is_trivially_copyable_v<__format::_Arg_value<_Context>>);

      __format::_Arg_value<_Context> _M_val;
      __format::_Arg_t _M_type;

      // Transform incoming argument type to the type stored in _Arg_value.
      // e.g. short -> int, std::string -> std::string_view,
      // char[3] -> const char*.
      template<typename _Tp>
	static consteval auto
	_S_to_arg_type()
	{
	  using _Td = remove_const_t<_Tp>;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, bool>)
	    return type_identity<bool>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, _CharT>)
	    return type_identity<_CharT>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, char> && is_same_v<_CharT, wchar_t>)
	    return type_identity<_CharT>();
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__ // Check before signed/unsigned integer
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, __int128>)
	    return type_identity<__int128>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, unsigned __int128>)
	    return type_identity<unsigned __int128>();
#endif
	  else if constexpr (__is_signed_integer<_Td>::value)
	    {
	      if constexpr (sizeof(_Td) <= sizeof(int))
		return type_identity<int>();
	      else if constexpr (sizeof(_Td) <= sizeof(long long))
		return type_identity<long long>();
	    }
	  else if constexpr (__is_unsigned_integer<_Td>::value)
	    {
	      if constexpr (sizeof(_Td) <= sizeof(unsigned))
		return type_identity<unsigned>();
	      else if constexpr (sizeof(_Td) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
		return type_identity<unsigned long long>();
	    }
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, float>)
	    return type_identity<float>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, double>)
	    return type_identity<double>();
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, long double>)
	    return type_identity<long double>();
#else
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, __ibm128>)
	    return type_identity<__ibm128>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, __ieee128>)
	    return type_identity<__ieee128>();
#endif
#if defined(__SIZEOF_FLOAT128__) && _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, __float128>)
	    return type_identity<__float128>();
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_BFLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, __format::__bflt16_t>)
	    return type_identity<__format::__bflt16_t>();
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_FLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, _Float16>)
	    return type_identity<_Float16>();
#endif
#if defined(__FLT32_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, _Float32>)
	    return type_identity<_Float32>();
#endif
#if defined(__FLT64_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_DOUBLE_IS_IEEE_BINARY64)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, _Float64>)
	    return type_identity<_Float64>();
#endif
	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Td, basic_string_view>
			    || __is_specialization_of<_Td, basic_string>)
	    {
	      if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Td::value_type, _CharT>)
		return type_identity<basic_string_view<_CharT>>();
	      else
		return type_identity<handle>();
	    }
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<decay_t<_Td>, const _CharT*>)
	    return type_identity<const _CharT*>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<decay_t<_Td>, _CharT*>)
	    return type_identity<const _CharT*>();
	  else if constexpr (is_void_v<remove_pointer_t<_Td>>)
	    return type_identity<const void*>();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, nullptr_t>)
	    return type_identity<const void*>();
	  else
	    return type_identity<handle>();
	}

      // Transform a formattable type to the appropriate storage type.
      template<typename _Tp>
	using _Normalize = typename decltype(_S_to_arg_type<_Tp>())::type;

      // Get the _Arg_t value corresponding to a normalized type.
      template<typename _Tp>
	static consteval __format::_Arg_t
	_S_to_enum()
	{
	  using namespace __format;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, bool>)
	    return _Arg_bool;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _CharT>)
	    return _Arg_c;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, int>)
	    return _Arg_i;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned>)
	    return _Arg_u;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long long>)
	    return _Arg_ll;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned long long>)
	    return _Arg_ull;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, float>)
	    return _Arg_flt;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, double>)
	    return _Arg_dbl;
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long double>)
	    return _Arg_ldbl;
#else
	  // Don't use _Arg_ldbl for this target, it's ambiguous.
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ibm128>)
	    return _Arg_ibm128;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ieee128>)
	    return _Arg_ieee128;
#endif
#if defined(__SIZEOF_FLOAT128__) && _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __float128>)
	    return _Arg_float128;
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_BFLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __format::__bflt16_t>)
	    return _Arg_bf16;
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_FLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float16>)
	    return _Arg_f16;
#endif
#if defined(__FLT32_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float32>)
	    return _Arg_f32;
#endif
#if defined(__FLT64_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_DOUBLE_IS_IEEE_BINARY64)
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float64>)
	    return _Arg_f64;
#endif
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const _CharT*>)
	    return _Arg_str;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
	    return _Arg_sv;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const void*>)
	    return _Arg_ptr;
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __int128>)
	    return _Arg_i128;
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned __int128>)
	    return _Arg_u128;
#endif
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
	    return _Arg_handle;
	}

      template<typename _Tp>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	_M_set(_Tp __v) noexcept
	{
	  _M_type = _S_to_enum<_Tp>();
	  _M_val._M_set(__v);
	}

      template<typename _Tp>
	requires __format::__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT explicit
	basic_format_arg(_Tp& __v) noexcept
	{
	  using _Td = _Normalize<_Tp>;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Td, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
	    _M_set(_Td{__v.data(), __v.size()});
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<remove_const_t<_Tp>, char>
			       && is_same_v<_CharT, wchar_t>)
	    _M_set(static_cast<_Td>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__v)));
	  else
	    _M_set(static_cast<_Td>(__v));
	}

      template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Argz>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
	make_format_args(_Argz&...) noexcept;

      template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
	visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);

      template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
	__format::__visit_format_arg(_Visitor&&, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);

      template<typename _Ch, typename _Tp>
	friend consteval __format::_Arg_t
	__format::__to_arg_t_enum() noexcept;

      [[__gnu__::__noinline__]]
      handle
      _M_handle_unrecognized() const;

      template<typename _Visitor>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
	_M_visit(_Visitor&& __vis)
	{
	  switch (_M_type)
	  {
	    using enum __format::_Arg_t;
	    case _Arg_none:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_none);
	    case _Arg_bool:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_bool);
	    case _Arg_c:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_c);
	    case _Arg_i:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_i);
	    case _Arg_u:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_u);
	    case _Arg_ll:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ll);
	    case _Arg_ull:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ull);
#if __glibcxx_to_chars // FIXME: need to be able to format these types!
	    case _Arg_flt:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_flt);
	    case _Arg_dbl:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_dbl);
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
	    case _Arg_ldbl:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ldbl);
#if defined(__SIZEOF_FLOAT128__) && _GLIBCXX_FORMAT_F128
	    case _Arg_float128:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_float128);
#endif
#else
	    case _Arg_ibm128:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ibm128);
	    case _Arg_ieee128:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ieee128);
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_BFLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	    case _Arg_bf16:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_bf16);
#endif
#if defined(__STDCPP_FLOAT16_T__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	    case _Arg_f16:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_f16);
#endif
#if defined(__FLT32_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_FLOAT_IS_IEEE_BINARY32)
	    case _Arg_f32:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_f32);
#endif
#if defined(__FLT64_DIG__) && defined(_GLIBCXX_DOUBLE_IS_IEEE_BINARY64)
	    case _Arg_f64:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_f64);
#endif
#endif // __glibcxx_to_chars
	    case _Arg_str:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_str);
	    case _Arg_sv:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_sv);
	    case _Arg_ptr:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_ptr);
	    case _Arg_handle:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_handle);
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
	    case _Arg_i128:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_i128);
	    case _Arg_u128:
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(_M_val._M_u128);
#endif
	    default:
	      // Call exported definition of _M_handle_unrecognized from
	      // libstdc++.so, that should recognize new _Arg_t values and
	      // return basic_format_arg, containing a handle to that value.
	      handle __h = _M_handle_unrecognized();
	      return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(__h);
	  }
	}

      template<typename _Visitor>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
	_M_visit_user(_Visitor&& __vis)
	{
	  return _M_visit([&__vis]<typename _Tp>(_Tp& __val) -> decltype(auto)
	    {
	      constexpr bool __user_facing = __is_one_of<_Tp,
		monostate, bool, _CharT,
		int, unsigned int, long long int, unsigned long long int,
		float, double, long double,
		const _CharT*, basic_string_view<_CharT>,
		const void*, handle>::value;
	     if constexpr (__user_facing)
	       return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(__val);
	     else
	       {
		 handle __h(__val);
		 return std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)(__h);
	       }
	  });
	}
    };

  template<typename _Visitor, typename _Context>
    _GLIBCXX26_DEPRECATED_SUGGEST("std::basic_format_arg::visit")
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
    visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg)
    { return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)); }

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT decltype(auto)
    __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Ctx> __arg)
    { return __arg._M_visit(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis)); }

  struct _WidthPrecVisitor
  {
    template<typename _Tp>
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
      operator()(_Tp& __arg) const
      {
	if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, monostate>)
	  __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
	// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	// 3720. Restrict the valid types of arg-id for width and precision
	// 3721. Allow an arg-id with a value of zero for width
	else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(long long))
	  {
	    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	    // 3720. Restrict the valid types of arg-id for width and precision
	    if constexpr (__is_unsigned_integer<_Tp>::value)
	      return __arg;
	    else if constexpr (__is_signed_integer<_Tp>::value)
	      if (__arg >= 0)
		return __arg;
	  }
	__throw_format_error("format error: argument used for width or "
			     "precision must be a non-negative integer");
      }
  };

#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
  template<typename _Context>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
    __int_from_arg(const basic_format_arg<_Context>& __arg)
    { return __format::__visit_format_arg(_WidthPrecVisitor(), __arg); }

  // Pack _Arg_t enum values into a single 60-bit integer.
  template<int _Bits, size_t _Nm>
    constexpr auto
    __pack_arg_types(const array<_Arg_t, _Nm>& __types)
    {
      __UINT64_TYPE__ __packed_types = 0;
      for (auto __i = __types.rbegin(); __i != __types.rend(); ++__i)
	__packed_types = (__packed_types << _Bits) | (unsigned)*__i;
      return __packed_types;
    }
} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  template<typename _Context>
    class basic_format_args
    {
      static constexpr int _S_packed_type_bits = 5; // _Arg_t values [0,20]
      static constexpr int _S_packed_type_mask = 0b11111;
      static constexpr int _S_max_packed_args = 12;

      static_assert( (unsigned)__format::_Arg_max_ <= (1u << _S_packed_type_bits) );

      template<typename... _Args>
	using _Store = __format::_Arg_store<_Context, _Args...>;

      template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Args>
	friend class __format::_Arg_store;

      using uint64_t = __UINT64_TYPE__;
      using _Format_arg = basic_format_arg<_Context>;
      using _Format_arg_val = __format::_Arg_value<_Context>;

      // If args are packed then the number of args is in _M_packed_size and
      // the packed types are in _M_unpacked_size, accessed via _M_type(i).
      // If args are not packed then the number of args is in _M_unpacked_size
      // and _M_packed_size is zero.
      uint64_t _M_packed_size : 4;
      uint64_t _M_unpacked_size : 60;

      union {
	const _Format_arg_val* _M_values; // Active when _M_packed_size != 0
	const _Format_arg* _M_args;       // Active when _M_packed_size == 0
      };

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
      _M_size() const noexcept
      { return _M_packed_size ? _M_packed_size : _M_unpacked_size; }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT typename __format::_Arg_t
      _M_type(size_t __i) const noexcept
      {
	uint64_t __t = _M_unpacked_size >> (__i * _S_packed_type_bits);
	return static_cast<__format::_Arg_t>(__t & _S_packed_type_mask);
      }

      template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Args>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
	make_format_args(_Args&...) noexcept;

      // An array of _Arg_t enums corresponding to _Args...
      template<typename... _Args>
	static consteval array<__format::_Arg_t, sizeof...(_Args)>
	_S_types_to_pack()
	{ return {_Format_arg::template _S_to_enum<_Args>()...}; }

    public:
      template<typename... _Args>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	basic_format_args(const _Store<_Args...>& __store) noexcept;

      [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT basic_format_arg<_Context>
      get(size_t __i) const noexcept
      {
	basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg;
	if (__i < _M_packed_size)
	  {
	    __arg._M_type = _M_type(__i);
	    __arg._M_val = _M_values[__i];
	  }
	else if (_M_packed_size == 0 && __i < _M_unpacked_size)
	  __arg = _M_args[__i];
	return __arg;
      }
    };

  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3810. CTAD for std::basic_format_args
  template<typename _Context, typename... _Args>
    basic_format_args(__format::_Arg_store<_Context, _Args...>)
      -> basic_format_args<_Context>;

  template<typename _Context, typename... _Args>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
    make_format_args(_Args&... __fmt_args) noexcept;

  // An array of type-erased formatting arguments.
  template<typename _Context, typename... _Args>
    class __format::_Arg_store
    {
      friend std::basic_format_args<_Context>;

      template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Argz>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto std::
#if _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
	__8:: // Needed for PR c++/59256
#endif
	make_format_args(_Argz&...) noexcept;

      // For a sufficiently small number of arguments we only store values.
      // basic_format_args can get the types from the _Args pack.
      static constexpr bool _S_values_only
	= sizeof...(_Args) <= basic_format_args<_Context>::_S_max_packed_args;

      using _Element_t
	= __conditional_t<_S_values_only,
			  __format::_Arg_value<_Context>,
			  basic_format_arg<_Context>>;

      _Element_t _M_args[sizeof...(_Args)];

      template<typename _Tp>
	static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Element_t
	_S_make_elt(_Tp& __v)
	{
	  using _Tq = remove_const_t<_Tp>;
	  using _CharT = typename _Context::char_type;
	  static_assert(is_default_constructible_v<formatter<_Tq, _CharT>>,
			"std::formatter must be specialized for the type "
			"of each format arg");
	  using __format::__formattable_with;
	  if constexpr (is_const_v<_Tp>)
	    if constexpr (!__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>)
	      if constexpr (__formattable_with<_Tq, _Context>)
		static_assert(__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>,
			      "format arg must be non-const because its "
			      "std::formatter specialization has a "
			      "non-const reference parameter");
	  basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg(__v);
	  if constexpr (_S_values_only)
	    return __arg._M_val;
	  else
	    return __arg;
	}

      template<typename... _Tp>
	requires (sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Args))
	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	_Arg_store(_Tp&... __a) noexcept
	: _M_args{_S_make_elt(__a)...}
	{ }
    };

  template<typename _Context>
    class __format::_Arg_store<_Context>
    { };

  template<typename _Context>
    template<typename... _Args>
      inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      basic_format_args<_Context>::
      basic_format_args(const _Store<_Args...>& __store) noexcept
      {
	if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) == 0)
	  {
	    _M_packed_size = 0;
	    _M_unpacked_size = 0;
	    _M_args = nullptr;
	  }
	else if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) <= _S_max_packed_args)
	  {
	    // The number of packed arguments:
	    _M_packed_size = sizeof...(_Args);
	    // The packed type enums:
	    _M_unpacked_size
	      = __format::__pack_arg_types<_S_packed_type_bits>(_S_types_to_pack<_Args...>());
	    // The _Arg_value objects.
	    _M_values = __store._M_args;
	  }
	else
	  {
	    // No packed arguments:
	    _M_packed_size = 0;
	    // The number of unpacked arguments:
	    _M_unpacked_size = sizeof...(_Args);
	    // The basic_format_arg objects:
	    _M_args = __store._M_args;
	  }
      }

  /// Capture formatting arguments for use by `std::vformat`.
  template<typename _Context = format_context, typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
    make_format_args(_Args&... __fmt_args) noexcept
    {
      using _Fmt_arg = basic_format_arg<_Context>;
      using _Store = __format::_Arg_store<_Context, typename _Fmt_arg::template
		     _Normalize<_Args>...>;
      return _Store(__fmt_args...);
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  /// Capture formatting arguments for use by `std::vformat` (for wide output).
  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
    make_wformat_args(_Args&... __args) noexcept
    { return std::make_format_args<wformat_context>(__args...); }
#endif

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT, typename _Context>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __do_vformat_to(_Out, basic_string_view<_CharT>,
		    const basic_format_args<_Context>&,
		    const locale* = nullptr);

  template<typename _CharT> struct __formatter_chrono;

} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  /** Context for std::format and similar functions.
   *
   * A formatting context contains an output iterator and locale to use
   * for the formatting operations. Most programs will never need to use
   * this class template explicitly. For typical uses of `std::format` the
   * library will use the specializations `std::format_context` (for `char`)
   * and `std::wformat_context` (for `wchar_t`).
   *
   * You are not allowed to define partial or explicit specializations of
   * this class template.
   *
   * @since C++20
   */
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    // 3975. Specializations of basic_format_context should not be permitted
    class _GLIBCXX_NO_SPECIALIZATIONS basic_format_context
    {
      static_assert( output_iterator<_Out, const _CharT&> );

      basic_format_args<basic_format_context> _M_args;
      _Out _M_out;
      __format::_Optional_locale _M_loc;

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      basic_format_context(basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args,
			   _Out __out)
      : _M_args(__args), _M_out(std::move(__out))
      { }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      basic_format_context(basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args,
			   _Out __out, const std::locale& __loc)
      : _M_args(__args), _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_loc(__loc)
      { }

      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 4061. Should std::basic_format_context be
      //       default-constructible/copyable/movable?
      basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
      basic_format_context& operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;

      template<typename _Out2, typename _CharT2, typename _Context2>
	friend _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out2
	__format::__do_vformat_to(_Out2, basic_string_view<_CharT2>,
				  const basic_format_args<_Context2>&,
				  const locale*);

      friend __format::__formatter_chrono<_CharT>;

    public:
      ~basic_format_context() = default;

      using iterator = _Out;
      using char_type = _CharT;
      template<typename _Tp>
	using formatter_type = formatter<_Tp, _CharT>;

      [[nodiscard]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>
      arg(size_t __id) const noexcept
      { return _M_args.get(__id); }

      [[nodiscard]]
      std::locale locale() { return _M_loc.value(); }

      [[nodiscard]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT iterator
      out() { return std::move(_M_out); }

      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
      advance_to(iterator __it) { _M_out = std::move(__it); }
    };

#if _GLIBCXX_EXTERN_TEMPLATE
   // The defintion _M_handle_unrecognized is placed in format-inst.cc
   // source file, to ensure that it will not be inlined by compiler.
   extern template basic_format_arg<format_context>::handle
     basic_format_arg<format_context>::_M_handle_unrecognized() const;
# ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
   extern template basic_format_arg<wformat_context>::handle
     basic_format_arg<wformat_context>::_M_handle_unrecognized() const;
# endif
#else
  template<typename _Context>
    typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle
    basic_format_arg<_Context>::_M_handle_unrecognized() const
    {
      // If _M_type corresponds to a new value of _Arg_t introduced after
      // GCC 16, this function should return a handle that refers to the 
      // union member of _M_val corresponding to that _Arg_t value.	    
      __throw_format_error("format error: unrecognized argument type");
    }
#endif

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  // Abstract base class defining an interface for scanning format strings.
  // Scan the characters in a format string, dividing it up into strings of
  // ordinary characters, escape sequences, and replacement fields.
  // Call virtual functions for derived classes to parse format-specifiers
  // or write formatted output.
  template<typename _CharT>
    struct _Scanner
    {
      using iterator = typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator;

      typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::_Scan_parse_context _M_pc;

      constexpr explicit
      _Scanner(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, size_t __nargs = (size_t)-1)
      : _M_pc(__str, __nargs)
      { }

      constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept { return _M_pc.begin(); }
      constexpr iterator end() const noexcept { return _M_pc.end(); }

      constexpr void
      _M_scan()
      {
	basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt = _M_fmt_str();

	if (__fmt.size() == 2 && __fmt[0] == '{' && __fmt[1] == '}')
	  {
	    _M_pc.advance_to(begin() + 1);
	    _M_format_arg(_M_pc.next_arg_id());
	    return;
	  }

	size_t __lbr = __fmt.find('{');
	size_t __rbr = __fmt.find('}');

	while (__fmt.size())
	  {
	    auto __cmp = __lbr <=> __rbr;
	    if (__cmp == 0)
	      {
		_M_on_chars(end());
		_M_pc.advance_to(end());
		return;
	      }
	    else if (__cmp < 0)
	      {
		if (__lbr + 1 == __fmt.size()
		      || (__rbr == __fmt.npos && __fmt[__lbr + 1] != '{'))
		  __format::__unmatched_left_brace_in_format_string();
		const bool __is_escape = __fmt[__lbr + 1] == '{';
		iterator __last = begin() + __lbr + int(__is_escape);
		_M_on_chars(__last);
		_M_pc.advance_to(__last + 1);
		__fmt = _M_fmt_str();
		if (__is_escape)
		  {
		    if (__rbr != __fmt.npos)
		      __rbr -= __lbr + 2;
		    __lbr = __fmt.find('{');
		  }
		else
		  {
		    _M_on_replacement_field();
		    __fmt = _M_fmt_str();
		    __lbr = __fmt.find('{');
		    __rbr = __fmt.find('}');
		  }
	      }
	    else
	      {
		if (++__rbr == __fmt.size() || __fmt[__rbr] != '}')
		  __format::__unmatched_right_brace_in_format_string();
		iterator __last = begin() + __rbr;
		_M_on_chars(__last);
		_M_pc.advance_to(__last + 1);
		__fmt = _M_fmt_str();
		if (__lbr != __fmt.npos)
		  __lbr -= __rbr + 1;
		__rbr = __fmt.find('}');
	      }
	  }
      }

      constexpr basic_string_view<_CharT>
      _M_fmt_str() const noexcept
      { return {begin(), end()}; }

      constexpr virtual void _M_on_chars(iterator) { }

      constexpr void _M_on_replacement_field()
      {
	auto __next = begin();

	size_t __id;
	if (*__next == '}')
	  __id = _M_pc.next_arg_id();
	else if (*__next == ':')
	  {
	    __id = _M_pc.next_arg_id();
	    _M_pc.advance_to(++__next);
	  }
	else
	  {
	    auto [__i, __ptr] = __format::__parse_arg_id(begin(), end());
	    if (!__ptr || !(*__ptr == '}' || *__ptr == ':'))
	      __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
	    _M_pc.check_arg_id(__id = __i);
	    if (*__ptr == ':')
	      {
		_M_pc.advance_to(++__ptr);
	      }
	    else
	      _M_pc.advance_to(__ptr);
	  }
	_M_format_arg(__id);
	if (begin() == end() || *begin() != '}')
	  __format::__unmatched_left_brace_in_format_string();
	_M_pc.advance_to(begin() + 1); // Move past '}'
      }

      constexpr virtual void _M_format_arg(size_t __id) = 0;
    };

  // Process a format string and format the arguments in the context.
  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    class _Formatting_scanner : public _Scanner<_CharT>
    {
    public:
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Formatting_scanner(basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
			  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str)
      : _Scanner<_CharT>(__str), _M_fc(__fc)
      { }

    private:
      basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& _M_fc;

      using iterator = typename _Scanner<_CharT>::iterator;

      constexpr void
      _M_on_chars(iterator __last) override
      {
	basic_string_view<_CharT> __str(this->begin(), __last);
	_M_fc.advance_to(__format::__write(_M_fc.out(), __str));
      }

      constexpr void
      _M_format_arg(size_t __id) override
      {
	using _Context = basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>;
	using handle = typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle;

	__format::__visit_format_arg([this](auto& __arg) {
	  using _Type = remove_reference_t<decltype(__arg)>;
	  using _Formatter = typename _Context::template formatter_type<_Type>;
	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Type, monostate>)
	    __format::__invalid_arg_id_in_format_string();
	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Type, handle>)
	    __arg.format(this->_M_pc, this->_M_fc);
	  else if constexpr (is_default_constructible_v<_Formatter>)
	    {
	      _Formatter __f;
	      this->_M_pc.advance_to(__f.parse(this->_M_pc));
	      this->_M_fc.advance_to(__f.format(__arg, this->_M_fc));
	    }
	  else
	    static_assert(__format::__formattable_with<_Type, _Context>);
	}, _M_fc.arg(__id));
      }
    };

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Tp>
    consteval _Arg_t
    __to_arg_t_enum() noexcept
    {
      using _Context = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
      using _Fmt_arg = basic_format_arg<_Context>;
      using _NormalizedTp = typename _Fmt_arg::template _Normalize<_Tp>;
      return _Fmt_arg::template _S_to_enum<_NormalizedTp>();
    }

  // Validate a format string for Args.
  template<typename _CharT, typename... _Args>
    class _Checking_scanner : public _Scanner<_CharT>
    {
      static_assert(
	(is_default_constructible_v<formatter<_Args, _CharT>> && ...),
	"std::formatter must be specialized for each type being formatted");

    public:
      consteval
      _Checking_scanner(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str)
      : _Scanner<_CharT>(__str, sizeof...(_Args))
      {
#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202305L
	this->_M_pc._M_types = _M_types.data();
#endif
      }

    private:
      constexpr void
      _M_format_arg(size_t __id) override
      {
	if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) != 0)
	  {
	    if (__id < sizeof...(_Args))
	      {
		_M_parse_format_spec<_Args...>(__id);
		return;
	      }
	  }
	__builtin_unreachable();
      }

      template<typename _Tp, typename... _OtherArgs>
	constexpr void
	_M_parse_format_spec(size_t __id)
	{
	  if (__id == 0)
	    {
	      formatter<_Tp, _CharT> __f;
	      this->_M_pc.advance_to(__f.parse(this->_M_pc));
	    }
	  else if constexpr (sizeof...(_OtherArgs) != 0)
	    _M_parse_format_spec<_OtherArgs...>(__id - 1);
	  else
	    __builtin_unreachable();
	}

#if __cpp_lib_format >= 202305L
      array<_Arg_t, sizeof...(_Args)>
	_M_types{ { __format::__to_arg_t_enum<_CharT, _Args>()... } };
#endif
    };

  template<typename _CharT, unsigned = __unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>()>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Sink_iter<_CharT>
    __do_vformat_to(_Sink_iter<_CharT> __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
		    __format_context<_CharT>& __ctx)
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
	// Fast path for "{}" format strings and simple format arg types.
	if (__fmt.size() == 2 && __fmt[0] == '{' && __fmt[1] == '}')
	  {
	    bool __done = false;
	    __format::__visit_format_arg([&](auto& __arg) {
	      using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<decltype(__arg)>;
	      if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, bool>)
		{
		  size_t __len = 4 + !__arg;
		  const char* __chars[] = { "false", "true" };
		  if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(__len))
		    {
		      ranges::copy_n(__chars[__arg], __len, __res.get());
		      __res._M_bump(__len);
		      __done = true;
		    }
		}
	      else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, char>)
		{
		  if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(1))
		    {
		      *__res.get() = __arg;
		      __res._M_bump(1);
		      __done = true;
		    }
		}
	      else if constexpr (is_integral_v<_Tp>)
		{
		  make_unsigned_t<_Tp> __uval;
		  const bool __neg = __arg < 0;
		  if (__neg)
		    __uval = make_unsigned_t<_Tp>(~__arg) + 1u;
		  else
		    __uval = __arg;
		  const auto __n = __detail::__to_chars_len(__uval);
		  if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(__n + __neg))
		    {
		      auto __ptr = __res.get();
		      *__ptr = '-';
		      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__ptr + (int)__neg, __n,
						   __uval);
		      __res._M_bump(__n + __neg);
		      __done = true;
		    }
		}
	      else if constexpr (is_convertible_v<_Tp, string_view>)
		{
		  string_view __sv = __arg;
		  if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(__sv.size()))
		    {
		      ranges::copy(__sv, __res.get());
		      __res._M_bump(__sv.size());
		      __done = true;
		    }
		}
	    }, __ctx.arg(0));

	    if (__done)
	      return __out;
	  }

      _Formatting_scanner<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT> __scanner(__ctx, __fmt);
      __scanner._M_scan();
      return __out;
    }

// The behavior of the formatters (interpretation of fill character) depends
// on the literal encoding. As explicit instantiation of __do_vformat_to
// instantiates formatters for types stored in basic_format_arg, we can
// support only single encoding, in this case unicode. This should cover
// most common use cases.
#if __cplusplus <= 202002L && _GLIBCXX_EXTERN_TEMPLATE
    extern template _Sink_iter<char>
      __do_vformat_to<char, 1>(_Sink_iter<char>, string_view,
			       format_context&);
# ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    extern template _Sink_iter<wchar_t>
      __do_vformat_to<wchar_t, 1>(_Sink_iter<wchar_t>, wstring_view,
				  wformat_context&);
# endif
#endif

  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT, typename _Context>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    __do_vformat_to(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
		    const basic_format_args<_Context>& __args,
		    const locale* __loc)
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
	{
	  auto __ctx = __loc == nullptr
		     ? _Context(__args, __out)
		     : _Context(__args, __out, *__loc);
	  return __format::__do_vformat_to(__out, __fmt, __ctx);
	}
      else if constexpr (__contiguous_char_iter<_CharT, _Out>)
	{
	  _Ptr_sink<_CharT> __sink(__out);
	  __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
	  return std::move(__sink)._M_finish(__out).out;
	}
      else
	{
	  _Iter_sink<_CharT, _Out> __sink(std::move(__out));
	  __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
	  return std::move(__sink)._M_finish().out;
	}
    }

  template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT format_to_n_result<_Out>
    __do_vformat_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
		      basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
		      const type_identity_t<
			basic_format_args<__format_context<_CharT>>>& __args,
		      const locale* __loc = nullptr)
    {
      if constexpr (__contiguous_char_iter<_CharT, _Out>)
	{
	  _Ptr_sink<_CharT> __sink(__out, __n);
	  __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
	  return std::move(__sink)._M_finish(__out);
	}
      else
	{
	  _Iter_sink<_CharT, _Out> __sink(std::move(__out), __n);
	  __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
	  return std::move(__sink)._M_finish();
	}
    }

#pragma GCC diagnostic pop

} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  template<typename _CharT, typename... _Args>
    template<typename _Tp>
      requires convertible_to<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT>>
      consteval
      basic_format_string<_CharT, _Args...>::
      basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s) noexcept
      : _M_str(__s)
      {
	__format::_Checking_scanner<_CharT, remove_cvref_t<_Args>...>
	  __scanner(_M_str);
	__scanner._M_scan();
      }

  // [format.functions], formatting functions

  template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    vformat_to(_Out __out, string_view __fmt, format_args __args)
    { return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args); }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    vformat_to(_Out __out, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args)
    { return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args); }
#endif

  template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _Out
    vformat_to(_Out __out, const locale& __loc, string_view __fmt,
	       format_args __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args, &__loc);
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
    inline _Out
    vformat_to(_Out __out, const locale& __loc, wstring_view __fmt,
	       wformat_args __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args, &__loc);
    }
#endif

  [[nodiscard]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT string
  vformat(string_view __fmt, format_args __args)
  {
    __format::_Str_sink<char> __buf;
    std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __fmt, __args);
    return std::move(__buf).get();
  }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  [[nodiscard]]
  inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT wstring
  vformat(wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args)
  {
    __format::_Str_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
    std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __fmt, __args);
    return std::move(__buf).get();
  }
#endif

  [[nodiscard]]
  inline string
  vformat(const locale& __loc, string_view __fmt, format_args __args)
  {
    __format::_Str_sink<char> __buf;
    std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __loc, __fmt, __args);
    return std::move(__buf).get();
  }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  [[nodiscard]]
  inline wstring
  vformat(const locale& __loc, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args)
  {
    __format::_Str_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
    std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __loc, __fmt, __args);
    return std::move(__buf).get();
  }
#endif

  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT string
    format(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    { return std::vformat(__fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...)); }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT wstring
    format(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    { return std::vformat(__fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...)); }
#endif

  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline string
    format(const locale& __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt,
	   _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat(__loc, __fmt.get(),
			  std::make_format_args(__args...));
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline wstring
    format(const locale& __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt,
	   _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat(__loc, __fmt.get(),
			  std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
    }
#endif

  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    format_to(_Out __out, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt.get(),
			     std::make_format_args(__args...));
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT _Out
    format_to(_Out __out, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt.get(),
			     std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
    }
#endif

  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    inline _Out
    format_to(_Out __out, const locale& __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt,
	      _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __loc, __fmt.get(),
			     std::make_format_args(__args...));
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    inline _Out
    format_to(_Out __out, const locale& __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt,
	      _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __loc, __fmt.get(),
			     std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
    }
#endif

  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT format_to_n_result<_Out>
    format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
		format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to_n(
	       std::move(__out), __n, __fmt.get(),
	       std::make_format_args(__args...));
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT format_to_n_result<_Out>
    format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
		wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to_n(
	       std::move(__out), __n, __fmt.get(),
	       std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
    }
#endif

  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
    inline format_to_n_result<_Out>
    format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n, const locale& __loc,
		format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to_n(
	       std::move(__out), __n, __fmt.get(),
	       std::make_format_args(__args...), &__loc);
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
    requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
    inline format_to_n_result<_Out>
    format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n, const locale& __loc,
		wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      return __format::__do_vformat_to_n(
	       std::move(__out), __n, __fmt.get(),
	       std::make_wformat_args(__args...), &__loc);
    }
#endif

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
#if 1
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Counting_sink final : public _Ptr_sink<_CharT>
    {
    public:
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
      _Counting_sink() : _Ptr_sink<_CharT>(nullptr, 0) { }

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
      count() const
      { return this->_M_count + this->_M_used().size(); }
    };
#else
  template<typename _CharT>
    class _Counting_sink : public _Buf_sink<_CharT>
    {
      size_t _M_count = 0;

      void
      _M_overflow() override
      {
	if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
	  _M_count += this->_M_used().size();
	this->_M_rewind();
      }

    public:
      _Counting_sink() = default;

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      size_t
      count() noexcept
      {
	_Counting_sink::_M_overflow();
	return _M_count;
      }
    };
#endif
} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
    formatted_size(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      __format::_Counting_sink<char> __buf;
      std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __fmt.get(),
		      std::make_format_args(__args...));
      return __buf.count();
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT size_t
    formatted_size(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
    {
      __format::_Counting_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
      std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __fmt.get(),
		      std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
      return __buf.count();
    }
#endif

  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline size_t
    formatted_size(const locale& __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt,
		   _Args&&... __args)
    {
      __format::_Counting_sink<char> __buf;
      std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __loc, __fmt.get(),
		      std::make_format_args(__args...));
      return __buf.count();
    }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<typename... _Args>
    [[nodiscard]]
    inline size_t
    formatted_size(const locale& __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt,
		   _Args&&... __args)
    {
      __format::_Counting_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
      std::vformat_to(__buf.out(), __loc, __fmt.get(),
		      std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
      return __buf.count();
    }
#endif

#if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
  /// @cond undocumented
  template<typename _Tp>
    consteval range_format
    __fmt_kind()
    {
      using _Ref = ranges::range_reference_t<_Tp>;
      if constexpr (is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Ref>, _Tp>)
	return range_format::disabled;
      else if constexpr (requires { typename _Tp::key_type; })
	{
	  if constexpr (requires { typename _Tp::mapped_type; })
	    {
	      using _Up = remove_cvref_t<_Ref>;
	      if constexpr (__is_pair<_Up>)
		return range_format::map;
	      else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Up, tuple>)
		if constexpr (tuple_size_v<_Up> == 2)
		  return range_format::map;
	    }
	  return range_format::set;
	}
      else
	return range_format::sequence;
    }
  /// @endcond

  /// A constant determining how a range should be formatted.
  template<ranges::input_range _Rg> requires same_as<_Rg, remove_cvref_t<_Rg>>
    constexpr range_format format_kind<_Rg> = __fmt_kind<_Rg>();

/// @cond undocumented
namespace __format
{
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Out, typename _Callback>
    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
    typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
    __format_padded(basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
		    const _Spec<_CharT>& __spec,
		    _Callback&& __call)
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Drop_iter<_CharT>>)
	return __fc.out();
      else
	{
	  // This is required to implement formatting with padding,
	  // as we need to format to temporary buffer, using the same iterator.
	  static_assert(is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>);

	 const size_t __padwidth = __spec._M_get_width(__fc);
	 if (__padwidth == 0)
	   return __call(__fc);

	 struct _Restore_out
	 {
	   _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	   _Restore_out(basic_format_context<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT>& __fc)
	   : _M_ctx(std::addressof(__fc)), _M_out(__fc.out())
	  { }

	  _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	  _M_disarm()
	  { _M_ctx = nullptr; }

	  _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	  ~_Restore_out()
	  {
	    if (_M_ctx)
	      _M_ctx->advance_to(_M_out);
	  }

	private:
	  basic_format_context<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT>* _M_ctx;
	  _Sink_iter<_CharT> _M_out;
	};

	_Restore_out __restore(__fc);
	_Padding_sink<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT> __sink(__fc.out(), __padwidth);
	__fc.advance_to(__sink.out());
	__call(__fc);
	__fc.advance_to(__sink._M_finish(__spec._M_align, __spec._M_fill));
	__restore._M_disarm();
	return __fc.out();
      }
    }

  template<size_t _Pos, typename _Tp, typename _CharT>
    struct __indexed_formatter_storage
    {
      constexpr void
      _M_parse()
      {
	// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	// 3892. Incorrect formatting of nested ranges and tuples
	basic_format_parse_context<_CharT> __pc({});
	if (_M_formatter.parse(__pc) != __pc.end())
	  __format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	_M_format(__maybe_const<_Tp, _CharT>& __elem,
		  basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
		  basic_string_view<_CharT> __sep) const
	{
	  if constexpr (_Pos != 0)
	    __fc.advance_to(__format::__write(__fc.out(), __sep));
	  __fc.advance_to(_M_formatter.format(__elem, __fc));
	}

      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
      constexpr void
      set_debug_format()
      {
	if constexpr (__has_debug_format<formatter<_Tp, _CharT>>)
	  _M_formatter.set_debug_format();
      }

    private:
      formatter<_Tp, _CharT> _M_formatter;
    };

  template<typename _CharT, typename... _Tps>
    class __tuple_formatter
    {
      using _String_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
      using _Seps = __format::_Separators<_CharT>;

    public:
      constexpr void
      set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __sep) noexcept
      { _M_sep = __sep; }

      constexpr void
      set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __open,
		   basic_string_view<_CharT> __close) noexcept
      {
	_M_open = __open;
	_M_close = __close;
      }

      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained ParseContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	auto __first = __pc.begin();
	const auto __last = __pc.end();
	__format::_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};

	auto __finished = [&]
	  {
	    if (__first != __last && *__first != '}')
	      return false;

	    _M_spec = __spec;
	    _M_felems._M_parse();
	    _M_felems.set_debug_format();
	    return true;
	  };

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last, "{:");
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	if (*__first == 'n')
	  {
	    ++__first;
	    _M_open = _M_close = _String_view();
	  }
	else if (*__first == 'm')
	  {
	    ++__first;
	    if constexpr (sizeof...(_Tps) == 2)
	      {
		_M_sep = _Seps::_S_colon();
		_M_open = _M_close = _String_view();
	      }
	    else
	      __throw_format_error("format error: 'm' specifier requires range"
				   " of pair or tuple of two elements");
	  }

	if (__finished())
	  return __first;

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

    protected:
      template<typename _Tuple, typename _Out, size_t... _Ids>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format(_Tuple& __tuple, index_sequence<_Ids...>,
		  basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return _M_format_elems(std::get<_Ids>(__tuple)..., __fc); }

      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format_elems(__maybe_const<_Tps, _CharT>&... __elems,
			basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  return __format::__format_padded(
		   __fc, _M_spec,
		   [this, &__elems...](basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __nfc)
		     {
		       __nfc.advance_to(__format::__write(__nfc.out(), _M_open));
		       _M_felems._M_format(__elems..., __nfc, _M_sep);
		       return __format::__write(__nfc.out(), _M_close);
		     });
	}

    private:
      template<size_t... _Ids>
	struct __formatters_storage
	  : __indexed_formatter_storage<_Ids, _Tps, _CharT>...
	{
	  template<size_t _Id, typename _Up>
	    using _Base = __indexed_formatter_storage<_Id, _Up, _CharT>;

	  constexpr void
	  _M_parse()
	  {
	    (_Base<_Ids, _Tps>::_M_parse(), ...);
	  }

	  template<typename _Out>
	    _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT void
	    _M_format(__maybe_const<_Tps, _CharT>&... __elems,
		      basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
		      _String_view __sep) const
	    {
	      (_Base<_Ids, _Tps>::_M_format(__elems, __fc, __sep), ...);
	    }

	  constexpr void
	  set_debug_format()
	  {
	    (_Base<_Ids, _Tps>::set_debug_format(), ...);
	  }
	};

      template<size_t... _Ids>
	static _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT auto
	_S_create_storage(index_sequence<_Ids...>)
	  -> __formatters_storage<_Ids...>;
      using _Formatters
	= decltype(_S_create_storage(index_sequence_for<_Tps...>()));

      _Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
      _String_view _M_open = _Seps::_S_parens().substr(0, 1);
      _String_view _M_close = _Seps::_S_parens().substr(1, 1);
      _String_view _M_sep = _Seps::_S_comma();
      _Formatters _M_felems;
    };

  template<typename _Tp>
    concept __is_map_formattable
      = __is_pair<_Tp> || (__is_tuple_v<_Tp> && tuple_size_v<_Tp> == 2);

} // namespace __format
/// @endcond

  // [format.tuple] Tuple formatter
  template<__format::__char _CharT, formattable<_CharT> _Fp,
	   formattable<_CharT> _Sp>
    struct formatter<pair<_Fp, _Sp>, _CharT>
      : __format::__tuple_formatter<_CharT, remove_cvref_t<_Fp>,
				    remove_cvref_t<_Sp>>
    {
    private:
      using __maybe_const_pair
	= __conditional_t<formattable<const _Fp, _CharT>
			  && formattable<const _Sp, _CharT>,
			  const pair<_Fp, _Sp>, pair<_Fp, _Sp>>;
    public:
      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(__maybe_const_pair& __p,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return this->_M_format_elems(__p.first, __p.second, __fc); }
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202406L
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 4399. enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization for pair and tuple needs remove_cvref_t
  template<typename _Fp, typename _Sp>
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<pair<_Fp, _Sp>>
      = enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<remove_cvref_t<_Fp>>
	&& enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<remove_cvref_t<_Sp>>;
#endif

  template<__format::__char _CharT, formattable<_CharT>... _Tps>
    struct formatter<tuple<_Tps...>, _CharT>
      : __format::__tuple_formatter<_CharT, remove_cvref_t<_Tps>...>
    {
    private:
      using __maybe_const_tuple
	= __conditional_t<(formattable<const _Tps, _CharT> && ...),
			  const tuple<_Tps...>, tuple<_Tps...>>;
    public:
      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(__maybe_const_tuple& __t,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{ return this->_M_format(__t, index_sequence_for<_Tps...>(), __fc); }
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202406L
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 4399. enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization for pair and tuple needs remove_cvref_t
  template<typename... _Tps>
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<tuple<_Tps...>>
      = (enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<remove_cvref_t<_Tps>> && ...);
#endif

  // [format.range.formatter], class template range_formatter
  template<typename _Tp, __format::__char _CharT>
    requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, _Tp> && formattable<_Tp, _CharT>
    class range_formatter
    {
       using _String_view = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
       using _Seps = __format::_Separators<_CharT>;

    public:
       constexpr void
       set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __sep) noexcept
       { _M_sep = __sep; }

       constexpr void
       set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __open,
		    basic_string_view<_CharT> __close) noexcept
       {
	 _M_open = __open;
	 _M_close = __close;
       }

       constexpr formatter<_Tp, _CharT>&
       underlying() noexcept
       { return _M_fval; }

       constexpr const formatter<_Tp, _CharT>&
       underlying() const noexcept
       { return _M_fval; }

       // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
       // unconstrained ParseContext type, which seems unimplementable.
       constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
       parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
       {
	 auto __first = __pc.begin();
	 const auto __last = __pc.end();
	 __format::_Spec<_CharT> __spec{};
	 bool __no_brace = false;

	 auto __finished = [&]
	   { return __first == __last || *__first == '}'; };

	 auto __finalize = [&]
	   {
	     _M_spec = __spec;
	     return __first;
	   };

	 auto __parse_val = [&](_String_view __nfs = _String_view())
	   {
	     // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
	     // 3892. Incorrect formatting of nested ranges and tuples
	     basic_format_parse_context<_CharT> __npc(__nfs);
	     if (_M_fval.parse(__npc) != __npc.end())
	       __format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
	     if constexpr (__format::__has_debug_format<formatter<_Tp, _CharT>>)
	       _M_fval.set_debug_format();
	     return __finalize();
	   };

	 if (__finished())
	   return __parse_val();

	 __first = __spec._M_parse_fill_and_align(__first, __last, "{:");
	 if (__finished())
	   return __parse_val();

	 __first = __spec._M_parse_width(__first, __last, __pc);
	 if (__finished())
	   return __parse_val();

	 if (*__first == '?')
	   {
	     ++__first;
	     __spec._M_debug = true;
	     if (__finished() || *__first != 's')
	       __throw_format_error("format error: '?' is allowed only in"
				    " combination with 's'");
	   }

	 if (*__first == 's')
	   {
	     ++__first;
	     if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, _CharT>)
	       {
		 __spec._M_type = __format::_Pres_s;
		 if (__finished())
		   return __finalize();
		 __throw_format_error("format error: element format specifier"
				      " cannot be provided when 's' specifier is used");
	       }
	     else
	       __throw_format_error("format error: 's' specifier requires"
				    " range of character types");
	   }

	 if (__finished())
	   return __parse_val();

	 if (*__first == 'n')
	   {
	     ++__first;
	     _M_open = _M_close = _String_view();
	     __no_brace = true;
	   }

	 if (__finished())
	   return __parse_val();

	 if (*__first == 'm')
	   {
	     _String_view __m(__first, 1);
	     ++__first;
	     if constexpr (__format::__is_map_formattable<_Tp>)
	       {
		 _M_sep = _Seps::_S_comma();
		 if (!__no_brace)
		   {
		     _M_open = _Seps::_S_braces().substr(0, 1);
		     _M_close = _Seps::_S_braces().substr(1, 1);
		   }
		 if (__finished())
		   return __parse_val(__m);
		 __throw_format_error("format error: element format specifier"
				      " cannot be provided when 'm' specifier is used");
	       }
	     else
	       __throw_format_error("format error: 'm' specifier requires"
				    " range of pairs or tuples of two elements");
	   }

	if (__finished())
	  return __parse_val();

	if (*__first == ':')
	  {
	    __pc.advance_to(++__first);
	    __first = _M_fval.parse(__pc);
	  }

	if (__finished())
	  return __finalize();

	__format::__failed_to_parse_format_spec();
      }

      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
	requires formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>, _CharT> &&
		 same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>>, _Tp>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(_Rg&& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  using _Range = remove_reference_t<_Rg>;
	  if constexpr (ranges::contiguous_range<_Rg>)
	    {
	      const span<__format::__maybe_const<_Tp, _CharT>>
		__spn(ranges::data(__rg), size_t(ranges::distance(__rg)));
	      return _M_format(__spn, __fc);
	    }
	  else if constexpr (__format::__simply_formattable_range<_Range, _CharT>)
	    return _M_format<const _Range>(__rg, __fc);
	  else
	    return _M_format(__rg, __fc);
	}

    private:
      template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format(_Rg& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, _CharT>)
	    if (_M_spec._M_type == __format::_Pres_s)
	      {
		__format::__formatter_str __fstr(_M_spec);
		return __fstr._M_format_range(__rg, __fc);
	      }
	  return __format::__format_padded(
		   __fc, _M_spec,
		   [this, &__rg](basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __nfc)
		     { return _M_format_elems(__rg, __nfc); });
	}


      template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	_M_format_elems(_Rg& __rg,
			basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  auto __out = __format::__write(__fc.out(), _M_open);

	  auto __first = ranges::begin(__rg);
	  auto const __last = ranges::end(__rg);
	  if (__first == __last)
	    return __format::__write(__out, _M_close);

	  __fc.advance_to(__out);
	  __out = _M_fval.format(*__first, __fc);
	  for (++__first; __first != __last; ++__first)
	    {
	      __out = __format::__write(__out, _M_sep);
	      __fc.advance_to(__out);
	      __out = _M_fval.format(*__first, __fc);
	    }

	  return __format::__write(__out, _M_close);
	}

      __format::_Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
      _String_view _M_open = _Seps::_S_squares().substr(0, 1);
      _String_view _M_close = _Seps::_S_squares().substr(1, 1);
      _String_view _M_sep = _Seps::_S_comma();
      formatter<_Tp, _CharT> _M_fval;
    };

  // In standard this is shown as inheriting from specialization of
  // exposition only specialization for range-default-formatter for
  // each range_format. We opt for simpler implementation.
  // [format.range.fmtmap], [format.range.fmtset], [format.range.fmtstr],
  // specializations for maps, sets, and strings
  template<ranges::input_range _Rg, __format::__char _CharT>
    requires (format_kind<_Rg> != range_format::disabled)
      && formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>, _CharT>
    struct formatter<_Rg, _CharT>
    {
    private:
      static const bool _S_range_format_is_string =
	(format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::string)
	 || (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::debug_string);
      using _Vt = remove_cvref_t<
		    ranges::range_reference_t<
		      __format::__maybe_const_range<_Rg, _CharT>>>;

      static consteval bool _S_is_correct()
	{
	  if constexpr (_S_range_format_is_string)
	    static_assert(same_as<_Vt, _CharT>);
	  return true;
	}

      static_assert(_S_is_correct());

    public:
      constexpr formatter() noexcept
      {
	using _Seps = __format::_Separators<_CharT>;
	if constexpr (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::map)
	  {
	    static_assert(__format::__is_map_formattable<_Vt>);
	    _M_under.set_brackets(_Seps::_S_braces().substr(0, 1),
				  _Seps::_S_braces().substr(1, 1));
	    _M_under.underlying().set_brackets({}, {});
	    _M_under.underlying().set_separator(_Seps::_S_colon());
	  }
	else if constexpr (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::set)
	  _M_under.set_brackets(_Seps::_S_braces().substr(0, 1),
				_Seps::_S_braces().substr(1, 1));
      }

      constexpr void
      set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __sep) noexcept
	requires (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::sequence)
      { _M_under.set_separator(__sep); }

      constexpr void
      set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __open,
		   basic_string_view<_CharT> __close) noexcept
	requires (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::sequence)
      { _M_under.set_brackets(__open, __close); }

      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained ParseContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
      parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
      {
	auto __res = _M_under.parse(__pc);
	if constexpr (format_kind<_Rg> == range_format::debug_string)
	  _M_under.set_debug_format();
	return __res;
      }

      // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template accepting
      // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
      template<typename _Out>
	_GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT
	typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
	format(__format::__maybe_const_range<_Rg, _CharT>& __rg,
	       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
	{
	  if constexpr (_S_range_format_is_string)
	    return _M_under._M_format_range(__rg, __fc);
	  else
	    return _M_under.format(__rg, __fc);
	}

    private:
      using _Formatter_under
	= __conditional_t<_S_range_format_is_string,
			  __format::__formatter_str<_CharT>,
			  range_formatter<_Vt, _CharT>>;
      _Formatter_under _M_under;
    };

#if __glibcxx_print >= 202406L
  template<ranges::input_range _Rg>
    requires (format_kind<_Rg> != range_format::disabled)
    constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<_Rg> = false;
#endif

#endif // C++23 formatting ranges
#undef _GLIBCXX_WIDEN
#undef _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR_FORMAT

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std
#endif // __cpp_lib_format
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif // _GLIBCXX_FORMAT